SUBFAMILY Otothyrinae Schaefer 1991 - small mailed

GENUS Britski, 1997 - armored catfishes [=Corumbataia Britski [H. A.], 1997:233] Notes: [ref. 24174]. Fem. Britski, 1997. Type by original designation. •Valid as Corumbataia Britski, 1997 – (Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:322 [ref. 27061], Ferreira & Ribeiro 2007:59 [ref. 28908], Ferraris 2007:232 [ref. 29155], Carvalho 2008:552 [ref. 29798]). Current status: Valid as Corumbataia Britski, 1997. : .

Species Corumbataia britskii Ferreira & Ribeiro, 2007 - Sucuriu armored (author) [=Corumbataia britskii Ferreira [K. M.] & Ribeiro [A. C.], 2007:60, Figs. 1, 3A, 4A, 5A] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1386; ref. 28908] Chapadão Pedra Azul, 19°12'15"S, 52°43'55"W, Rio Sucuriú, upper Rio Paraná basin, Mato Grosso do Sul State, . Current status: Valid as Corumbataia britskii Ferreira & Ribeiro, 2007. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper Paraná River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Corumbataia cuestae Britski, 1997 - Corumbatai armored catfish (author) [=Corumbataia cuestae Britski [H. A.], 1997:234, Figs. 3, 5-6] Notes: [Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, São Paulo v. 40 (no. 15); ref. 24174] Rio Corumbataí, Cachoeira de Analândia, São Paulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Corumbataia cuestae Britski, 1997. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Tietê River basin, upper Paraná river basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Corumbataia tocantinensis Britski, 1997 - Vermelho armored catfish (author) [=Corumbataia tocantinensis Britski [H. A.], 1997:237, Fig. 4] Notes: [Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, São Paulo v. 40 (no. 15); ref. 24174] Vermelho River, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Corumbataia tocantinensis Britski, 1997. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Araguaia and Tocantins River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Corumbataia veadeiros Carvalho, 2008 - Goias armored catfish (author) [=Corumbataia veadeiros Carvalho [T. P.], 2008:552, Fig. 1, 2B, 3] Notes: [Copeia 2008 (no. 3); ref. 29798] Teresina de Goiás, creek at highway GO-241, Kilometer 2, tributary of Ribeirão dos Bois, tributary of Río Paranã, Rio Tocantins basin, 13°47'39"S, 47°17'28"W, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Corumbataia veadeiros Carvalho, 2008. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Tributaries of the Paraná River, Goiás, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Curculionichthys Roxo et al., 2015 - small mailed catfishes [=Curculionichthys Roxo [F. F.], Silva [G. S. C.], Ochoa [L. E.] & Oliveira [C.], 2015:105] Notes: [ref. 34024]. insperatus Britski & Garavello, 2003. Type by original designation. •Valid as Curculionichthys Roxo, Silva, Ochoa & Oliveira, 2015 -- (Silva et al. 2016:281 [ref. 34828]). Current status: Valid as Curculionichthys Roxo, Silva, Ochoa & Oliveira, 2015. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae.

Species Curculionichthys coxipone Roxo et al., 2015 - Cuiaba small mailed catfish (author) [=Curculionichthys coxipone Roxo [F. F.], Silva [G. S. C.], Ochoa [L. E.] & Oliveira [C.], 2015:117, Figs. 4B, 5D, 9-10] Notes: [ZooKeys No. 534; ref. 34024] Municipality of Cuiabá, tributary of. Rio Aricá Mirim, Rio Cuiabá drainage, Rio Paraguay basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 15°46'03"S, 55°30'44"W. Current status: Valid as Curculionichthys coxipone Roxo, Silva, Ochoa & Oliveira, 2015. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Rio Cuiabá dranage, Rio Paraguay basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Curculionichthys insperatus (Britski & Garavello, 2003) - Capivara small mailed catfish (author) [=Hisonotus insperatus Britski [H. A.] & Garavello [J. C.], 2003:588, Fig. 1] Notes: [Copeia 2003 (no. 3); ref. 27131] Rio Capivara, Rio Tietê drainage, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Curculionichthys insperatus (Britski & Garavello, 2003). Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Curculionichthys karipuna Silva et al., 2016 - Cassipore small mailed catfish (author) [=Curculionichthys karipuna Silva [G. S. C.], Roxo [F. F.], Melo [B. F.] & Oliveira [C.], 2016:282, Figs. 1, 2A, 3C, 4B, 5] Notes: [Zootaxa 4175 (no. 3); ref. 34828] Rio Cassiporé, Atlantic coastal river, small stream under the bridge of the road BR-156 at Campo Alegre farm, municipality of Oiapoque, state of Amapá, Brazil, 3°04'49.7"N, 51°28'50.7"W. Current status: Valid as Curculionichthys karipuna Silva, Roxo, Melo & Oliveira, 2016. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Northern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Curculionichthys luteofrenatus (Britski & Garavello, 2007) - Sinop small mailed catfish (author) [=Hisonotus luteofrenatus Britski [H. A.] & Garavello [J. C.], 2007:416, Fig. 2] Notes: [Brazilian Journal of Biology v. 67 (no. 3); ref. 29429] Sinop, Riacho Loanda, tributary of Rio Teles Pires, about 54 kilometers north of Sinop on BR-163 road to Santarém 11°25'S, 55°21'W, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Curculionichthys luteofrenatus (Britski & Garavello, 2007). Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Upper Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Curculionichthys oliveirai (Roxo et al., 2014) - Parana small mailed catfish (author) [=Hisonotus oliveirai Roxo [F. F.], Zawadzki [C. H.] & Troy [W. P.], 2014:59, Figs. 2D, 4E, 5E.] Notes: [ZooKeys No. 395; ref. 33252] Paraná State, boundry between municipalities of Cambira and Apucarana, ribeirão Cambira, affluent of rio Ivaí, upper rio Pananá basin, 23°38'54"S, 51°29"58"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Curculionichthys oliveirai (Roxo, Zawadzki & Troy, 2014). Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Paraná State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Curculionichthys paresi (Roxo et al., 2014) - Mato Grosso small mailed catfish (author) [=Hisonotus paresi Roxo [F. F.], Zawadzki [C. H.] & Troy [W. P.], 2014:66, Figs. 2C-D, 4A,E, 6, 7] Notes: [ZooKeys No. 395; ref. 33252] Mato Grosso State, municipality of Santo Áfonso, riacho Claras Aguas Clarius, affluent of rio Sepotuba, rio Paraguay basin, 14°21'03"S, 57°33'07"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Curculionichthys paresi (Roxo, Zawadzki & Troy, 2014). Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Rio Sepotuba, upper rio Paraguay, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Curculionichthys piracanjuba (Martins & Langeani, 2012) - Paranaiba small mailed catfish (author) [=Hisonotus piracanjuba Martins [F. de O.] & Langeani [F.], 2012:30, Figs. 1, 2a] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 23 (no. 1); ref. 32060] Rio Paranaíba basin; unnamed stream tributary of rio Piracanjuba at GO-213 road from Morrinhos to Rio Quenta, right after the access to Água Limpa, upper rio Paraná system, 17°43'23"S, 48°57'47"W, Marcelândia County, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Curculionichthys piracanjuba (Martins & Langeani, 2012). Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Headwaters of the rio Paranaíba, upper rio Paraná system, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Curculionichthys sabaji Roxo et al., 2015 - Altamira small mailed catfish (author) [=Curculionichthys sabaji Roxo [F. F.], Silva [G. S. C.], Ochoa [L. E.] & Oliveira [C.], 2015:108, Figs. 2G, 3, 4A, 5A, 7] Notes: [ZooKeys No. 534; ref. 34024] Municipality of Altamira, Rio 13 de Maio, Rio Curuá, Rio Iriri drainage, Pará, Brazil, 8°43'41"S, 55°01'38"W. Current status: Valid as Curculionichthys sabaji Roxo, Silva, Ochoa & Oliveira, 2015. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Rio Xingu basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Curculionichthys sagarana Roxo et al., 2015 - Santo Hipolito small mailed catfish (author) [=Curculionichthys sagarana Roxo [F. F.], Silva [G. S. C.], Ochoa [L. E.] & Oliveira [C.], 2015:121, Figs. 2H, 4D, 5C, 6, 11-12.] Notes: [ZooKeys No. 534; ref. 34024] Municipality of Santo Hipólito, Rio Pardo Grande, Rio das Velhas drainage, Rio São Francisco basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 18°13'43"S, 44°13'03"W. Current status: Valid as Curculionichthys sagarana Roxo, Silva, Ochoa & Oliveira, 2015. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Rio das Velhas drainage, Rio São Francisco basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Reis & Schaefer, 1998 - armored catfishes [=Epactionotus Reis [R. E.] & Schaefer [S. A.], 1998:4] Notes: [ref. 23691]. Masc. Epactionotus bilineatus Reis & Schaefer, 1998. Type by original designation. •Valid as Epactionotus Leis & Schaefer, 1998 -- (Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:322 [ref. 27061], Azpelicueta et al. 2004:89 [ref. 28029], Ferraris 2007:235 [ref. 29155],, Martins & Langeani 2011:66 [ref. 31235], Reis et al. 2012:10 [ref. 31863]). Current status: Valid as Epactionotus Reis & Schaefer, 1998. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae.

Species Epactionotus bilineatus Reis & Schaefer, 1998 - Maquine armored catfish (author) [=Epactionotus bilineatus Reis [R. E.] & Schaefer [S. A.], 1998:5, Fig. 3] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 3254; ref. 23691] Mouth of arroio do Ouro, which flows into rio Maquiné, between Barra do Ouro and Maquiné, 29°35'S, 50°17'W, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Epactionotus bilineatus Reis & Schaefer, 1998. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Maquiné and Três Forquilhas River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Epactionotus gracilis Reis & Schaefer, 1998 - Nova Veneza armored catfish (author) [=Epactionotus gracilis Reis [R. E.] & Schaefer [S. A.], 1998:12, Fig. 6] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 3254; ref. 23691] Rio Jordão at Jordão Alto, 28°36'S, 49°29'W, Nova Veneza, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Epactionotus gracilis Reis & Schaefer, 1998. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Araranguá River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Epactionotus itaimbezinho Reis & Schaefer, 1998 - Mampituba armored catfish (author) [=Epactionotus itaimbezinho Reis [R. E.] & Schaefer [S. A.], 1998:9, Fig. 5] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 3254; ref. 23691] Rio Canoas, tributary of rio Mampituba, about 8 kilometers from Praia Grande in the direction of Mãe dos Homens, 29°14'S, 50°01'W, Praia Grande, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Epactionotus itaimbezinho Reis & Schaefer, 1998. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Mampituba River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Reis & Schaefer, 1993 - armored catfishes [=Eurycheilichthys Reis [R. E.] & Schaefer [S. A.], 1993:894, Eurycheilus Reis [R. E.] & Schaefer [S. A.], 1992:216] Notes: [ref. 20934]. Masc. Eurycheilus pantherinus Reis & Schaefer, 1992. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Eurycheilus Reis & Schaefer, 1992, preoccupied by Eurycheilus Septfontaine, 1970 in fossil cephalopods. •Valid as Eurycheilichthys Reis & Schaefer, 1993 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Schaefer 1997:41 [ref. 23213], Reis & Schaefer 1998:23 [ref. 23691], Schaefer 1998:377 [ref. 23692], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:322 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:236 [ref. 29155], Carvalho et al. 2008:336 [ref. 29839], Reis et al. 2012:10 [ref. 31863]). Current status: Valid as Eurycheilichthys Reis & Schaefer, 1993. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. (Eurycheilus) [ref. 17477]. Masc. Eurycheilus pantherinus Reis & Schaefer, 1992. Type by monotypy. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Eurycheilus Septfontaine, 1970 in fossil cephalopods, replaced by Eurycheilichthys Reis & Schaefer, 1993. •In the synonymy of Eurycheilichthys Reis & Schaefer, 1993 -- (Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:322 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:236 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Eurycheilichthys Reis & Schaefer, 1993. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Species Eurycheilichthys apocremnus Reis, 2017 - Fao armored catfish (author) [=Eurycheilichthys apocremnus Reis [R. E.], 2017:[9], Figs. 2c, 8] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 35226] Creek tributary to rio Fão, rio Taquari basin, ca. 7 km north of Barros Cassal, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 29°03'09"S, 52°34'50"W, elevation above 400 meters. Current status: Valid as Eurycheilichthys apocremnus Reis, 2017. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Rio Forqueta, Rio Taquari basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Eurycheilichthys castaneus Reis, 2017 - Guapore armored catfish (author) [=Eurycheilichthys castaneus Reis [R. E.], 2017:[11], Figs. 2d, 9] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 35226] Arroio Burro Preto, tributary to rio Guaporé, rio Taquari basin, on road RS-324, between Passo Fundo and Marau, Marau, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 28°21'29"S, 52°15'51"W, elevation above 400 meters. Current status: Valid as Eurycheilichthys castaneus Reis, 2017. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Rio Guaporé, Rio Taquari basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Eurycheilichthys coryphaenus Reis, 2017 - Taquari armored catfish (author) [=Eurycheilichthys coryphaenus Reis [R. E.], 2017:[13], Figs. 2e, 3, 10] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 35226] Arroio Contendas, rio Taquari basin, Tainhas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, approximately 29°17'S, 50°14'W, elevation above 400 meters. Current status: Valid as Eurycheilichthys coryphaenus Reis, 2017. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Rio das Antas drainage, Rio Taquari basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Eurycheilichthys limulus Reis & Schaefer, 1998 - Jacui armored catfish (author) [=Eurycheilichthys limulus Reis [R. E.] & Schaefer [S. A.], 1998:15, Fig. 7] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 3254; ref. 23691] Rio Jacuí on road RS-010, between Marau and Passo Fundo, 28°18'S, 52°18'W, Rio Grande do sul State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Eurycheilichthys limulus Reis & Schaefer, 1998. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper Jacuí River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Eurycheilichthys luisae Reis, 2017 - Arvorezinha armored catfish (author) [=Eurycheilichthys luisae Reis [R. E.], 2017:[15], Figs. 2f, 12] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 35226] Arroio Três Pontes, rio Taquari basin, on road from Soledade to Arvorezinha, ca. 18 km SE of road BR-386, Arvorezinha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 28°48'24"S, 52°18'14"W, elevation above 400 meters. Current status: Valid as Eurycheilichthys luisae Reis, 2017. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Rio Taquari basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Eurycheilichthys pantherinus (Reis & Schaefer, 1992) - Dos Touros armored catfish (author) [=Eurycheilus pantherinus Reis [R. E.] & Schaefer [S. A.], 1992:217, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Copeia 1992 (no. 1); ref. 17477] Creek tributary of Rio Dos Touros, about 28°42'S, 50°10'W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Eurycheilichthys pantherinus (Reis & Schaefer, 1992). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper and Middle Uruguay River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Eurycheilichthys paucidens Reis, 2017 - Tavoqua armored catfish (author) [=Eurycheilichthys paucidens Reis [R. E.], 2017:[19], Figs. 1, 2g, 13] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 35226] Arroio Tavoqua, rio Taquari basin, near fazenda Cambará, Muitos Capões, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 28°21'51"S, 51°17'53"W, elevation above 400 meters. Current status: Valid as Eurycheilichthys paucidens Reis, 2017. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Rio Taquari basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Eurycheilichthys planus Reis, 2017 - Guabiju armored catfish (author) [=Eurycheilichthys planus Reis [R. E.], 2017:[22], Figs. 2h, 14] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 35226] Rio da Prata at Passo do Respraiado, rio Taquari basin, on road from Guabiju to André da Rocha, Guabiju, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 28°38'04"S, 51°36'53"W, elevation above 400 meters. Current status: Valid as Eurycheilichthys planus Reis, 2017. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Rio das Antas, Rio Taquari basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Eurycheilichthys vacariensis Reis, 2017 - Muitos Capoes armored catfish (author) [=Eurycheilichthys vacariensis Reis [R. E.], 2017:[24], Figs. 2i, 15] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 35226] Arroio Espeto, also known as rio Soares, rio Taquari basin, on road from Muitos Capões to Vacaria, Muitos Capões, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 28°23'26"S, 51°03'22"W, elevation above 400 meters. Current status: Valid as Eurycheilichthys vacariensis Reis, 2017. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Rio das Antas, Rio Taquari basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 - armored catfishes [=Hisonotus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.], 1889:40, Notes: [ref. 1253]. Masc. Hisonotus notatus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Cope, 1871 -- (Isbrücker 1980:81 [ref. 2303]). •Synonym of Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 -- (Schaefer 1991:2 [ref. 18926], Schaefer 1997:8 [ref. 23213]). •Valid as Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 -- (Reis & Schaefer 1998:23 [ref. 23691], Schaefer 1998:377 [ref. 23692], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Aquino et al. 2001:2 [ref. 25673], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Britski & Garavello 2003:588 [ref. 27131], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:322 [ref. 27061], Almirón & Azpelicueta 2006:87 [ref. 28674], Azpelicueta & Almirón 2007:591 [ref. 29353], Britski & Garavello 2007:413 [ref. 29429], Ferraris 2007:248 [ref. 29155], Carvalho et al. 2008:510 [ref. 29799], Cramer et al. 2008:56 [ref. 29959] and polyphyletic, Carvalho & Reis 2009:1 [ref. 30193], Garvalho & Reis 2011:1 [ref. 31240], Carvalho & Datovo 2012:266 [ref. 32054], Martins & Langeani 2012:29 [ref. 32060], Roxo et al. 2013:319 [ref. 32527], Roxo et al. 2014:57 [ref. 33252], Lippert et al. 2014:242 [ref. 33355]). Current status: Valid as Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae.

Species Hisonotus acuen Silva et al., 2014 - Silva's armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus acuen Silva [G. S. C.], Roxo [F. F.] & Oliveria [C.], 2014:107, Figs. 1, 3-6] Notes: [ZooKeys 442; ref. 33533] Mato Grosso State, Municipality of Querência, rio Xingú basin, 13°00'26"S, 52°11'27"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus acuen Silva, Roxo & Oliveria, 2014. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Xingú basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus aky (Azpelicueta et al., 2004) - Garibaldi armored catfish (author) [=Epactionotus aky Azpelicueta [M. de las M.], Casciotta [J. R.], Almirón [A. E.] & Koerber [S.], 2004:82, Figs. 1-6] Notes: [Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Ichthyologie v. 4 (2004); ref. 28029] Arroyo Garibaldi, 26°38'46.1"S, 53°59'55"W, Río Uruguay basin at Misiones, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus aky (Azpelicueta, Casciotta, Almirón & Koerber, 2004). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Uruguay River basin, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus alberti Roxo et al., 2016 - Sao Roque armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus alberti Roxo [F. F.], Silva [G. S. C.], Waltz [B. T.] & Melo [J. E. G.], 2016:228, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Zootaxa 4109 (no. 2); ref. 34426] Minas Gerais State, municipality of São Roque de Minas, ribeirão das Posses, upper rio Paraná basin, Brazil, 20°17'15"S, 46°34'53"W. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus alberti Roxo, Silva, Waltz & Melo, 2016. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Upper rio Paraná basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus armatus Carvalho et al., 2008 - Osorio armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus armatus Carvalho [T. P.], Lehmann A. [P.], Pereira [E. H. L.] & Reis [R. E.], 2008:510, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Copeia 2008 (no. 3); ref. 29799] Pedro Osório, Arroio Arambaré, about 5 kilometers south of Vila Basílio, on road to Pedro Osório, 31°54'34"S, 53°01'39"W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus armatus Carvalho, Lehmann A., Pereira & Reis, 2008. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos system, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus bocaiuva Roxo et al., 2013 - Bocaiuva armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus bocaiuva Roxo [F. F.], Silva [G. S. C.], Oliveira [C.] & Zawadzki [C. H.], 2013:320, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 23 (no. 4) (for 2012); ref. 32527] Bocaiúva, corregó Cachoeria, Rio Jequitaí drainage, Rio São Francisco basin, 17°08'55"S, 43°49'32"W, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus bocaiuva Roxo, Silva, Oliveira & Zawadzki, 2013. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio São Francisco basin, Bocaiúva, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus bockmanni Carvalho & Datovo, 2012 - Bockman's armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus bockmanni Carvalho [M.] & Datovo [A.], 2012:266, Figs. 1-9] Notes: [Copeia 2012 (no. 2); ref. 32054] Upper Rio Tapajós basin, sandbank at Rio Cururu, tributary to Rio Teles Pires, tributary to Rio Tapajós, 8°53'42.2"S, 57°14'27.8"W, Jacareacanga Municipality, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus bockmanni Carvalho & Datovo, 2012. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Cururu, tributary to Rio Teles Pires, tributary to Rio Tapajós, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus brunneus Carvalho & Reis, 2011 - Cruz Alta armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus brunneus Carvalho [T. P.] & Reis [R. E.], 2011:38, Figs. 4g, 8g, 40-41] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31240] Cruz Alta, rio Passo Novo, on road from Cruz Alta to Ibirubá, rio Jacuí drainage, 28°38'43"S, 53°33'35"W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus brunneus Carvalho & Reis, 2011. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper rio Jacuí basin, laguna dos Patos system, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus carreiro Carvalho & Reis, 2011 - Serafina armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus carreiro Carvalho [T. P.] & Reis [R. E.], 2011:27, Figs. 4d, 8d, 28, 29] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31240] Serafina Corrêa, rio Carreiro, downstream of Carreiro bathing spot, 28°42'10"S, 51°50'57"W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus carreiro Carvalho & Reis, 2011. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Carreiro drainage, tributary of the rio Taquari, rio Jacuí basin, laguna dos Patos system, Bazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus charrua Almiron et al., 2006 - charrua armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus charrua Almirón [A. E.], Azpelicueta [M. de las M.], Casciotta [J. R.] & Litz [T.], 2006:87] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 113 (no. 1); ref. 28713] Ríp Uruguay basin, Cañada de Los Peña, 31°39.09'S, 56°12.32'W, Dept. Tacuarembó, Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus charrua Almirón, Azpelicueta, Casciotta & Litz, 2006. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: De la Plata River and Uruguay River basins, Argentina and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus chromodontus Britski & Garavello, 2007 - Diamantino armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus chromodontus Britski [H. A.] & Garavello [J. C.], 2007:414, Figs. 1] Notes: [Brazilian Journal of Biology v. 67 (no. 3); ref. 29429] Diamantino, creek no. 1, tributary of Rio Preto, on road to São Francisco, Rio Arinos drainage, about 14°18;S, 56°20'W, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus chromodontus Britski & Garavello, 2007. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper Rio Tapajós drainage, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus depressicauda (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918) - Sorocaba armored catfish (author) [=Otocinclus depressicauda Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1918:635 [7]] Notes: [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 10; ref. 3725] Sorocaba, Rio Paraná, São Paulo State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus depressicauda (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Tietê River basin, upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus depressinotus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918) - Tiete armored catfish (author) [=Microlepidogaster depressinotus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1918:633 [5]] Notes: [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 10; ref. 3725] Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus depressinotus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Tietê River basin, upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus francirochai (Ihering, 1928) - Pirangy armored catfish (author) [=Otocinclus francirochai Ihering [R. von], 1928:2, Fig. 1] Notes: [Boletim Biologia, Trab. Lab. Parasit. Fac. Med., S. Paulo v. 11 (no. 42); ref. 13840] Creeks by Pirangy, head waters of Rio Turvo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus francirochai (Ihering, 1928). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Grande River basin, upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus heterogaster Carvalho & Reis, 2011 - Felicio armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus heterogaster Carvalho [T. P.] & Reis [R. E.], 2011:40, Figs. 4h, 8h, 42-43] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31240] Júlio de Castilhos, arroio Felicio, on road from Nova Palma to Júlio de Castilhos, 29°19'04"S, 53°37'54"W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus heterogaster Carvalho & Reis, 2011. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Jacuí basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hisonotus hungy Azpelicueta et al., 2007 - Tiria armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus hungy Azpelicueta [M. de las M.], Almirón [A. E.], Casciotta [J. R.] & Koerber [S.], 2007:592, Figs. 1, 3] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 114 (no. 3); ref. 29353] Arroyo Tiria, affluent of arroyo Urugua-í, 26°01'S, 55°22'W, Río Paraná basin, Province Misiones, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus hungy Azpelicueta, Almirón, Casciotta & Koerber, 2007. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Arroyo Tirica, arroyo Urugua-í basin, Misiones, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus insperatus Britski & Garavello, 2003 - Capivara armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus insperatus Britski [H. A.] & Garavello [J. C.], 2003:588, Fig. 1] Notes: [Copeia 2003 (no. 3); ref. 27131] Rio Capivara, Rio Tietê drainage, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus insperatus Britski & Garavello, 2003. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus iota Carvalho & Reis, 2009 - Chapeco armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus iota Carvalho [T. P.] & Reis [R. E.], 2009:4, Figs. 2, 3A, 4, 5A, 6A, 7] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2113; ref. 30193] Coronel de Freitas, rio Chapecó at vila São Miguel on road from Coronel de Freitas to Quilombo, rio Uruguay basin, 26°51'26"S, 52°44'29"W, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus iota Carvalho & Reis, 2009. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Chapecó, a tributary of the upper rio Uruguay basin: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus laevior Cope, 1894 - Cope's Jacui armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus laevior Cope [E. D.], 1894:95, Pl. 8 [7] (figs. 12, 12a-b), Hisonotus leptochilus Cope [E. D.], 1894:96, Pl. 8 [7] (figs. 11 a-b)] Notes: [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 33; ref. 965] Rio Jacuhy [Jacuí] , Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus laevior Cope, 1894. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Jacuí River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (leptochilus) [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 33; ref. 965] Rio Jacuhy [Jacuí], Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Hisonotus laevior Cope, 1894. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus leucofrenatus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1908) - Pedras armored catfish (author) [=Otocinclus leucofrenatus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1908:[2]] Notes: [Kosmos, Rio de Janeiro [Rev. Art. Sci. Litt.] v. 5 (no. 2) (for 1907); ref. 3715] Rio das Pedras of Rio Ribeira, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus leucofrenatus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1908). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos drainage, rio Tramandaí system and Brazilian Atlantic coastal drainages, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus leucophrys Carvalho & Reis, 2009 - Xavantina armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus leucophrys Carvalho [T. P.] & Reis [R. E.], 2009:12, Figs. 5B, 6B, 9] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2113; ref. 30193] Rio Ariranhas on bridge of highway SC-466, rio Uruguay basin, 27°04'17"S. 52°20'34"W, Xavantina, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus leucophrys Carvalho & Reis, 2009. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper rio Uruguay basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus luteofrenatus Britski & Garavello, 2007 - Sinop armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus luteofrenatus Britski [H. A.] & Garavello [J. C.], 2007:416, Fig. 2] Notes: [Brazilian Journal of Biology v. 67 (no. 3); ref. 29429] Sinop, Riacho Loanda, tributary of Rio Teles Pires, about 54 kilometers north of Sinop on BR-163 road to Santarém 11°25'S, 55°21'W, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus luteofrenatus Britski & Garavello, 2007. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hisonotus maculipinnis (Regan, 1912) - Regan's La Plata armored catfish (author) [=Otocinclus maculipinnis Regan [C. T.], 1912:668, Pl. 77 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1912 (pt 3); ref. 14862] Rio de la Plata, . Current status: Valid as Hisonotus maculipinnis (Regan, 1912). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Lower Paraná basin, Paraguay and La Plata River basins: Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus megaloplax Carvalho & Reis, 2009 - Passo Fundo armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus megaloplax Carvalho [T. P.] & Reis [R. E.], 2009:18, Figs. 5C, 6C, 11, 12] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2113; ref. 30193] Arroio Caraguatá on secondary road to highway BR-153 between Passo Fundo and Ipiranga, 28°07'55"S, 52°20'56"W, Coxilha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus megaloplax Carvalho & Reis, 2009. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Passo Fundo drainage, upper rio Uruguay basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus montanus Carvalho & Reis, 2009 - Rufino armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus montanus Carvalho [T. P.] & Reis [R. E.], 2009:22, Figs. 5D, 6D, 13, 14] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2113; ref. 30193] Rio Rufino on highway SC-427 by the city of Rio Rufino, 27°51'36"S, 49°46'55"W, Rio Canoas drainage, rio Uruguay basin, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus montanus Carvalho & Reis, 2009. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Canoas drainage, upper rio Uruguay basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus nigricauda (Boulenger, 1891) - blacktailed armored catfish (author) [=Otocinclus nigricauda Boulenger [G. A.], 1891:234, Pl. 25 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1891 (pt 2); ref. 17039] Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus nigricauda (Boulenger, 1891). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Paraná/Paraguay River basin, Uruguay River basin, Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus notatus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 - Santa Cruz armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus notatus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.], 1889:41] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 2; ref. 1253] Santa Cruz, within urban area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus notatus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus notopagos Carvalho & Reis, 2011 - Camaqua armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus notopagos Carvalho [T. P.] & Reis [R. E.], 2011:24, Figs. 4c, 6c, 8c, 25, 26, 27c] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31240] Lavras do Sul, small creek tributary of arroio das Lavras on road from Lavras do Sul to Bagé, rio Camaquã drainage, 30°50'18"S, 53°55'43"W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus notopagos Carvalho & Reis, 2011. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Headwaters of Rio Camaquã drainage, Laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus pachysarkos Zawadzki et al., 2016 - Barra Grande armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus pachysarkos Zawadzki [C. H.], Roxo [F. F.] & da Graça [W. J.], 2016:374, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 26 (no. 4); ref. 34367] Rio Barra Grande, Rio Ivaí basin, upper rio Paraná system, Paraná, Brazil, 25°04'55"S, 51°10'35"W. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus pachysarkos Zawadzki, Roxo & da Graça, 2016. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Rio Ivaí basin, upper rio Paraná system, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus prata Carvalho & Reis, 2011 - Prata armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus prata Carvalho [T. P.] & Reis [R. E.], 2011:30, Figs. 4e, 8e, 27b, 33-35] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31240] Nova Prata, rio da Prata on Passo do Despraiado, 28°38'01"S, 51°36'51"W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus prata Carvalho & Reis, 2011. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio da Prata, in rio Taquari drainage, which is a tributrary of the rio Jacuí basin, in laguna dos Patos system, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus ringueleti Aquino et al., 2013 - Quarai armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus ringueleti Aquino [A. E.], Schaefer [S. A.] & Miquelarena [A. M.], 2001:3, Fig. 1, Hisonotus candombe Casciotta [J. R.], Azpelicueta [M. de las M.], Almirón [A. E.] & Litz [T.], 2006:147, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 3333; ref. 25673] Creek at kilometer 18 of route from Santana do Livramento, Brazil and Rivera, Uruguay [actually contiguous towns], Quaraí River system, Rivera state, Uruguay [actual: headwaters of Quarai drainage, Brazil of Uruguay]. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus ringueleti Aquino, Schaefer & Miquelarena, 2001. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Middle Uruguay River basin, Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. (candombe) [Spixiana (München) v. 29 (no. 2); ref. 28758] Arroyo Palomas, 31°04.71'S, 57°37.44'W, río Uruguay basin, Departamento Salto, Uruguay. Current status: Synonym of Hisonotus ringueleti Aquino, Schaefer & Miquelarena, 2001. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Lower Uruguay River basin, Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus taimensis (Buckup, 1981) - Taim armored catfish (author) [=Microlepidogaster taimensis Buckup [P. A.], 1981:22, Figs. 1-7] Notes: [Iheringia, Série Zoologia (Porto Alegre) No. 60; ref. 8629] Novo canal do Arroio Taim, Estação Ecológica do Taim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus taimensis (Buckup, 1981). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Mirim Lagon drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hisonotus thayeri Martins & Langeani, 2016 - Guarapari armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus thayeri Martins [F. O.] & Langeani [F.], 2016:3, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 14 (no. 2) e150100; ref. 34533] Espírito Santo State, Guarapari, Rio Grande county near the frontier between Guarapari and Anchieta, Rio Benevente drainage, Brazil, 20°37'29"S, 40°37'3"W. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus thayeri Martins & Langeani, 2016. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Coastal basins, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus vespuccii Roxo et al., 2015 - Vespucci's armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus vespuccii Roxo [F. F.], Silva [G. S. C.] & Oliveira [C.], 2015:128, Figs. 1-2a, 3] Notes: [ZooKeys 498; ref. 33763] Minas Gerais State, municipality of Pirapora, rio São Francisco, 17°21'00"S, 44°57'08"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus vespuccii Roxo, Silva & Oliveira, 2015. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio São Francisco, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus vireo Carvalho & Reis, 2011 - vireo armored catfish (author) [=Hisonotus vireo Carvalho [T. P.] & Reis [R. E.], 2011:33, 4f, 8f, 27a, 36-38] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31240] Caraá, rio dos Sinos, bridge 7 Kilometers north of Caraá, road to Fundo Quente, 29°47'S, 50°19'W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus vireo Carvalho & Reis, 2011. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Jacuí basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hisonotus yasi (Almiron et al., 2004) - Lobo armored catfish (author) [=Epactionotus yasi Almirón [A. E.], Azpelicueta [M. de las M.] & Casciotta [J. R.], 2004:138, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Zoologische Abhandlungen; Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden v. 54; ref. 27988] Arroyo Lobo, 25°42'57"S, 54°05'59"W, río Iguazú basin, Misiones Province, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Hisonotus yasi (Almirón, Azpelicueta & Casciotta, 2004). Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Iguazú River basin, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Microlepidogaster Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 - armored catfishes [=Microlepidogaster Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.], 1889:8] Notes: [ref. 1258]. Fem. Microlepidogaster perforatus [a] Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Also appeared in Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889:42 (18 Aug.) [ref. 1253], original in Apr. 1889. Species originally given as perforatus, emended to perforata. •Synonym of Otocinclus Cope, 1871 -- (Isbrücker 1980:81 [ref. 2303]). •Valid as Microlepidogaster Eigenmann & Eienmann, 1889 -- (Burgess 1989:439 [ref. 12860], Malabarba 1989:149 [ref. 14217], Schaefer 1991:2 [ref. 18926], Schaefer 1997:42 [ref. 23213], Reis & Schaefer 1998:23 [ref. 23691], Schaefer 1998:377 [ref. 23692], de Pinna 1998:305 [ref. 23847], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:324 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:272 [ref. 29155], Calegari & Reis 2010:625 [ref. 30974], Martins & Langeani 2011:66 [ref. 31235], Garvalho & Reis 2011:1 [ref. 31240], Martins et al. 2013:379 [ref. 32415]). Current status: Valid as Microlepidogaster Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae.

Species Microlepidogaster arachas Martins et al., 2013 - Paranaiba armored catfish (author) [=Microlepidogaster arachas Martins [F. O.], Calegari [B. B.] & Langeani [F.], 2013:380, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Zootaxa 3608 (no. 5); ref. 32415] Stream at Sacramento Municipality, tributary to rio Araguari at road from Sacramento to Araxá, rio Paranaíba drainage, upper rio Paraná basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 19°49'11"S, 47°16'0"W. . Current status: Valid as Microlepidogaster arachas Martins, Calegari & Langeani, 2013. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Paranaíba drainage, upper rio Paraná basin. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Microlepidogaster dimorpha Martins & Langeani, 2011 - Uberaba armored catfish (author) [=Microlepidogaster dimorpha Martins [F. de O.] & Langeani [F.], 2011:80, Figs. 1, 2b, 3] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31236] Uberaba, riacho Grotão at Fazenda Nossa Senhora da Abadia, unpaved road at BR-262, rio Grande drainage, 19°41'31"S, 47°42'57"W, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Microlepidogaster dimorpha Martins & Langeani, 2011. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Tributaries of rio Grande, upper rio Paraná system, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Microlepidogaster discontenta Calegari et al., 2014 - Cristalina armored catfish (author) [=Microlepidogaster discontenta Calegari [B. B.], Silva [E. V.] & Reis [R. E.], 2014:214, Figs. 1-2, 3b] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 25 (no. 3); ref. 33627] Goiás State: Cristalina, córrego Morais, tributary to córrego Arrependido, 1.5 km East of highway BR-251, rio São Francisco basin, 16°14'39"S, 47°21'53"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Microlepidogaster discontenta Calgari, Silva & Reis, 2014. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Microlepidogaster discus Martins et al., 2014 - Botumirim armored catfish (author) [=Microlepidogaster discus Martins [F. O.], Rosa [A. C.] & Langeani [F.], 2014:161, Figs. 1-4a] Notes: [Zootaxa 3873 (no. 5); ref. 33544] Minas Gerais State, Botumirim, unnamed stream on dirt road Ita/cambira-Botumirim, tributary to rio Itacambiruçu, rio Jequitinhonha basin, 16°47’40'S, 43°03’39'W, Brazil, elevation 946 meters. Current status: Valid as Microlepidogaster discus Martins, Rosa & Langeani, 2014. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Headwaters of rio Itacambiruçu, coastal basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Microlepidogaster longicolla Calegari & Reis, 2010 - Sao Joao armored catfish (author) [=Microlepidogaster longicolla Calegari [B. B.] & Reis [R. E.], 2010:626, Figs. 1, 2a, 3a] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 30974] Ribeirão Santana, tributary to rio São João, on road from Cidade Ocidental to Brasilia, 16°00'55"S, 47°48'02"W, Distrito Federal, Brasilia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Microlepidogaster longicolla Calegari & Reis, 2010. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper rio Paraná basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Microlepidogaster negomata Martins et al., 2017 - Arapua armored catfish (author) [=Microlepidogaster negomata Martins [F. de O.], Cherobim [A. M.], Andrade [B. N.] & Langeani [F.], 2017:235, Figs. 1, 2, 3E] Notes: [Zootaxa 4276 (no. 2); ref. 35356] Ribeirão Bebedouro on road to Chaves, upstream Arapuá, Rio Abaeté drainage, Rio São Francisco basin, Arapuá, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 19°02'50"S, 46°09'26"W, elevation 920 meters. Current status: Valid as Microlepidogaster negomata Martins, Cherobim, Andrade & Langeani, 2017. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Rio São Francisco basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Microlepidogaster perforata Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 - Carandahi armored catfish (author) [=Microlepidogaster perforatus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.], 1889:9] Notes: [West American Scientist v. 6 (no. 42); ref. 1258] Rio Carandahí, tributary of Rio das Velhas at Carandaí, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Microlepidogaster perforata Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Carandahí River in upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Myers, 1927 - armored catfishes [=Otothyris Myers [G. S.], 1927:127] Notes: [ref. 3096]. Fem. Otothyris canaliferus Myers, 1927. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Otothyris Myers, 1927 -- (Isbrücker 1980:85 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:439 [ref. 12860], Malabarba 1989:151 [ref. 14217], Schaefer 1991:2 [ref. 18926], Reis & Schaefer 1992:222 [ref. 17477], Schaefer 1997:41 [ref. 23213], Garavello et al. 1998:3 [ref. 23346], Reis & Schaefer 1998:23 [ref. 23691], Schaefer 1998:377 [ref. 23692], de Pinna 1998:305 [ref. 23847], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2002:24 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:325 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:275 [ref. 29155], Rosa et al. 2014:53 [ref. 33228]). Current status: Valid as Otothyris Myers, 1927. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae.

Species Otothyris juquiae Garavello et al., 1998 - Juquia armored catfish (author) [=Otothyris juquiae Garavello [J. C.], Britski [H. A.] & Schaefer [S. A.], 1998:8, Fig. 4] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 3222; ref. 23346] Juquiá creek at Cantaagalo farm, São Paulo State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Otothyris juquiae Garavello, Britski & Schaefer, 1998. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Ribeira de Iguapé River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Otothyris lophophanes (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889) - Santa Cruz armored catfish (author) [=Rhinelepis lophophanes Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.], 1889:9, Otocinclus cephalacanthus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1911:93, Otocinclus canaliferus Myers [G. S.], 1927:128] Notes: [West American Scientist v. 6 (no. 42); ref. 1258] Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. Current status: Valid as Otothyris lophophanes (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal streams of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (cephalacanthus) [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 16; ref. 3716] Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Otothyris lophophanes (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Habitat: freshwater. (canaliferus) [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 68 (no. 3); ref. 3096] Hills in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Otothyris lophophanes (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Otothyris rostrata Garavello et al., 1998 - Emboaba armored catfish (author) [=Otothyris rostrata Garavello [J. C.], Britski [H. A.] & Schaefer [S. A.], 1998:10, Fig. 5] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 3222; ref. 23346] Canal between lagoons Emboaba and Emboabinha, on highway between Osório and Tramandai, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Otothyris rostrata Garavello, Britski & Schaefer, 1998. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Atlantic coast of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states, Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Otothyris travassosi Garavello et al., 1998 - Barra Seca armored catfish (author) [=Otothyris travassosi Garavello [J. C.], Britski [H. A.] & Schaefer [S. A.], 1998:12, Figs. 2c, 6] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 3222; ref. 23346] Barra Sêca River at Linhares to São Mateus Road, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Otothyris travassosi Garavello, Britski & Schaefer, 1998. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Atlantic coast of southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Ribeiro et al., 2005 - armored catfishes [=Otothyropsis Ribeiro [A. C.], Carvalho [M.] & Melo [A. L. A.], 2005:491] Notes: [ref. 28566]. Otothyropsis marapoama Ribeiro, Carvalho & Melo, 2005. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Otothyropsis Ribeiro, Carvalho & Melo, 2005 -- (Ferraris 2007:276 [ref. 29155], Calegari et al. 2011:255 [ref. 31384], Calegari et al. 2013:130 [ref. 32493], Lippert et al. 2014:238 [ref. 33355]). Current status: Valid as Otothyropsis Ribeiro, Carvalho & Melo, 2005. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae.

Species Otothyropsis alicula Lippert et al., 2014 - Santo Antonio armored catfish (author) [=Otothyropsis alicula Lippert [B. G.], Calegari [B. B.] & Reis [R. E.], 2014:238, Fig. 1-5E] Notes: [Copeia 2014 (no. 2); ref. 33355] Minas Gerais, Delfim Moreira, Rio Santo Antônio at Água Limpa, near mouth of Ribeirão do Salto, Rio Grande basin, 22°28′02″S, 45°21′35″W, Brazil, elevation 870 meters. Current status: Valid as Otothyropsis alicula Lippert, Calegari & Reis, 2014. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Santo Antônio, Rio Grande basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Otothyropsis biamnicus Calegari et al., 2013 - Borba armored catfish (author) [=Otothyropsis biamnicus Calegari [B. B.], Lehmann A. [P.] & Reis [R. E.], 2013:138, Figs. 3C-D, 6] Notes: [Zootaxa 3619 (no. 2); ref. 32493] Telêmaco Borba, ribeirão Harmonia, tributary to rio Tibagi basin, rio Paraná drainage, 24°18’19"S, 50°36’23"W, Paraná State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Otothyropsis biamnicus Calegari, Lehmann A. & Reis, 2013. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Paraná Basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Otothyropsis dialeukos Calegari et al., 2017 - Ita armored catfish (author) [=Otothyropsis dialeukos Calegari [B. B.], Morlis [W. G.] & Reis [R. E.], 2017:232, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa 4244 (no. 2); ref. 35203] Arroyo Itá at Paso Itá, near to Embalse de Acaray, ca. 8 km from road between Hernandarias and Ciudad del Este, Río Paraná basin, Hernandarias, Alto Paraná, Paraguay, 25°22'56.9"S, 54°41'34.8"W, elevation approximately 200 meters. Current status: Valid as Otothyropsis dialeukos Calegari, Morlis & Reis, 2017. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Upper Rio Paraná basin, Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Otothyropsis marapoama Ribeiro et al., 2005 - Marapoama armored catfish (author) [=Ototyropsis marapoama Ribeiro [A. C.], Carvalho [M.] & Melo [A. L. A.], 2005:491, Figs. 1, 3-6, 7b, 8-9] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 28566] Rio Tietê basin, Município de Marapoama, ribeirão Cubatão, road beween Marapoama and Elisiário, 21°11'35"S, 49°07'22'W, São Paulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Otothyropsis marapoama Ribeiro, Carvalho & Melo, 2005. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Tietê River, Paraná River basin, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Otothyropsis piribebuy Calegari et al., 2011 - Piribeguy armored catfish (author) [=Otothyropsis piribebuy Calegari [B. B.], Lehmann A. [P.] & Reis [R. E.], 2011:255, Figs. 3-4, 5a, 6] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 2); ref. 31384] Rio Piribebuy, a tributary to the rio Manduvira, rio Paraguay basin, 25°22'09"S, 56°58'20"W, Eusebio Ayala, Departamento Cordillera, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Otothyropsis piribebuy Calegari, Lehmann A. & Reis, 2011. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Left tributaries to the río Paraguay, Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater. Species Otothyropsis polyodon Calegari et al., 2013 - Clara armored catfish (author) [=Otothyropsis polyodon Calegari [B. B.], Lehmann A. [P.] & Reis [R. E.], 2013:133, Figs. 3A-B, 4] Notes: [Zootaxa 3619 (no. 2); ref. 32493] Água Clara, ribeirão Tamanduá, tributary to rio Verde, near São Domingos Hydroeletric Plant, upper rio Paraná basin, 20°04’03"N, 53°11’21"W, Mato Grosso dul Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Otothyropsis polyodon Calegari, Lehmann A. & Reis, 2013. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Paraná Basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 - armored catfishes [=Parotocinclus (subgenus of Hisonotus) Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.], 1889:41] Notes: [ref. 1253]. Masc. Otocinclus maculicauda Steindachner, 1877. Type by monotypy. See Le Bail et al. 2000:262 [ref. 24549]. •Valid as Parotocinclus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 -- (Garavello 1976 [ref. 7249], Isbrücker 1980:80 [ref. 2303], Schaefer 1988:182 [ref. 6236], Garavello 1988:117 [ref. 6853], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Schaefer 1991:2 [ref. 18926], Schaefer & Provenzano 1993 [ref. 20828], Lacerda & Evers 1996:88 [ref. 22351], Schaefer 1997:41 [ref. 23213], Reis & Schaefer 1998:23 [ref. 23691], Schaefer 1998:377 [ref. 23692], de Pinna 1998:305 [ref. 23847], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:326 [ref. 27061], Garavello & Britski 2003:253 [ref. 27469], Gauger & Buckup 2005:509 [ref. 28562], Ferraris 2007:281 [ref. 29155], Cramer et al. 2008:56 [ref. 29959] as polyphyletic, Sarmento-Soares et al. 2009:191 [ref. 30254], Britski & Garavello 2009:60 [ref. 30260], Martins & Langeani 2011:76 [ref. 31235], Garvalho & Reis 2011:1 [ref. 31240], Lehmann A. & Reis 2012:56 [ref. 32074], Ramos et al. 2013:787 [ref. 33028]; Lehmann A. et al. 2014:27 [ref. 33225]). Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae.

Species Parotocinclus amazonensis Garavello, 1977 - Ilha Sorubim armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus amazonensis Garavello [J. C.], 1977:7, Figs. 21-22] Notes: [Arquivos de Zoologia (São Paulo) v. 28 (no. 4); ref. 7249] Ilha Sorubim, Rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus amazonensis Garavello, 1977. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Parotocinclus arandai Sarmento-Soares et al., 2009 - Palmopolis armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus arandai Sarmento-Soares [L. M.], Lehmann A. [P.] & Martins-Pinheiro [R. F.], 2009:192, Fig. 1, 2a, 3] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 7 (no.2); ref. 30254] Córrego Bananeiras on road Geribá-Palmópolis, 16°44'48"S, 40°25'46"W, Palmópolis, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus arandai Sarmento-Soares, Lehmann A. & Martins-Pinheiro, 2009. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Tributaries of middle and upper rio Jucuruçu and upper rio Buranhém, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus aripuanensis Garavello, 1998 - Ingazeiro armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus aripuanensis Garavello [J. C.], 1988:122, Fig. 3] Notes: [Naturalia (São Paulo) v. 13; ref. 6853] Ingazeiro, 20 kilometers upstream of Boca do Rio Canumã, Aripuanã, MT, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus aripuanensis Garavello, 1988. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Aripuanã River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus bahiensis (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918) - Itapicuru armored catfish (author) [=Microlepidogaster bahiensis Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1918:635 [7]] Notes: [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 10; ref. 3725] Rio Itapicuru, on Federal highway BR 407, 8 kilometers north of Senhor do Bonfim to Juazeiro, Bahia State, Brazil, 40°11'01"S, 10°24'49"W. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus bahiensis (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper Rio Itapicuru drainage, Bahia State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus bidentatus Gauger & Buckup, 2005 - Pirapetinga armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus bidentatus Gauger [M. F. W.] & Buckup [P. A.], 2005:512, Figs. 2, 5] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 28562] Rio Pirapetinga, Município de Resende, 22°28'08"S, 44°26'48"W, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus bidentatus Gauger & Buckup, 2005. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Paraíba do Sul River basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus britskii Boeseman, 1974 - Coppename armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus britskii Boeseman [M.], 1974:267, Fig. 2; Pl. 2] Notes: [Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (Series C, Biological and Medical Sciences) v. 77 (no. 3); ref. 7490] Left tributary of Coppename River, Suriname, 3°51'N, 56°55'W. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus britskii Boeseman, 1974. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: River basin and Atlantic coastal drainages of the Guianas: Guyana, Suriname and . Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus cabessadecuia Ramos et al., 2017 - Sao Goncalo armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus cabessadecuia Ramos [T. P. A.], Lima [S. M. Q.] & Ramos [R. T. C.], 2017:[2], Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 2) e160153; ref. 35268] São Gonçalo do Gurgueia, rio Gurgueia, rio Parnaíba basin, Piauí, Brazil, 10°06'27.0"S, 45°21'24.0"W. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus cabessadecuia Ramos, Lima & Ramos, 2017. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Upper and middle rio Parnaíba basin, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus cearensis Garavello, 1977 - Ipu armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus cearensis Garavello [J. C.], 1977:14, Figs. 19-20] Notes: [Arquivos de Zoologia (São Paulo) v. 28 (no. 4); ref. 7249] Cachoeira do Gusmao, Ipu, Ceará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus cearensis Garavello, 1977. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Ceará State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Parotocinclus cesarpintoi Miranda Ribeiro, 1939 - Paraiba armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus cesarpintoi Miranda Ribeiro [P. de], 1939:364, Fig.] Notes: [Boletím Biológico, São Paulo (Nova Série) v. 4 (no. 3); ref. 10385] Rio Paraíba, at Quebrângulo, Alagôas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus cesarpintoi Miranda Ribeiro, 1939. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Paraibá do Sul River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus collinsae Schmidt & Ferraris, 1985 - Essequibo armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus collinsae Schmidt [R. E.] & Ferraris [C. J., Jr.], 1985:341, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 98 (no. 2); ref. 17274] Essequibo River drainage, tributary to Takutu River, 6°15'N, 59°5'W, Essequibo, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus collinsae Schmidt & Ferraris, 1985. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Essequibo River basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus cristatus Garavello, 1977 - Ilheus armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus cristatus Garavello [J. C.], 1977:6, Figs. 9-10] Notes: [Arquivos de Zoologia (São Paulo) v. 28 (no. 4); ref. 7249] Fazenda Almada, Ilhéus, Bahia State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus cristatus Garavello,1977. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Coastal rivers near Ilhéus, Bahia State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus dani Roxo et al., 2016 - Teles Pires armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus dani Roxo [F. F.], Silva [G. S. C.] & Oliveira [C.], 2016:127, Figs. 1, 2a, 3] Notes: [ZooKeys No. 634; ref. 34921] Small tributary of rio Peixoto de Azevedo, drainage of rio Teles Pires, rio Tapajós basin, municipality of Peixoto de Azevedo, Mato Gross State, Brazil, 10°23'10"S, 54°18'22"W. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus dani Roxo, Silva & Oliveira, 2016. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus doceanus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918) - Doce armored catfish (author) [=Microlepidogaster doceanus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1918:634 [6]] Notes: [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 10; ref. 3725] Rio Doce, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus doceanus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Doce River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus eppleyi Schaefer & Provenzano, 1993 - Cano Curicurito armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus eppleyi Schaefer [S. A.] & Provenzano [F.], 1993:46, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 4 (no. 1); ref. 20828] Caño Curicurito, about 1 kilometer above its mouth into the Río Autana, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela, 4°47'N, 67°25'W. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus eppleyi Schaefer & Provenzano, 1993. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper and middle Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus fluminense Roxo et al., 2017 - Branco armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus fluminense Roxo [F. F.], Melo [B. F.], Silva [G. S. C.] & Oliveira [C.], 2017:261, Figs. 1, 2a] Notes: [Zootaxa 4232 (no. 2); ref. 35139] Municipality of Casemiro de Abreu, rio Branco, tributary of rio São João, coastal drainage, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 22°27'04"S, 42°05'04"W. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus fluminense Roxo, Melo, Silva & Oliveira, 2017. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. Distribution: Rio São João drainage, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus halbothi Lehmann A. et al., 2014 - Oriximina armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus halbothi Lehmann A. [P.], Lazzarotto [H.] & Reis [R. E.], 2014:28, Figs. 1-2a] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 33225] Pará, Oriximiná, creek tributary to igarapé do Moura at Platô Monte Branco, rio Trombetas drainage, Amazon basin, 1°35’58.09"S, 56°31’21.83"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus halbothi Lehmann A., Lazzarotto & Reis, 2014. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Trombetas and Marowijne river basins, Brazil and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus haroldoi Garavello, 1988 - Otaviano armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus haroldoi Garavello [J. C.], 1988:118, Fig. 1] Notes: [Naturalia (São Paulo) v. 13; ref. 6853] Córrego do Otaviano, Poço do Sanharó, Riacho Sanharó, Piauí, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus haroldoi Garavello, 1988. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Piauí State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus jequi Lehmann A. et al., 2013 -Jequitinhonha armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus jequi Lehmann A. [P.], Koech Braun [B. K.], Pereira [E. H. L.] & Reis [R. E.], 2013:435, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Copeia 2013 (no. 3); ref. 32919] Minas Gerais, Serro, headwater creek of the Rio Jequitinhonha at Cachoeira do Moinho de Esteira, on road BR-259 from Serro to Pedro Lessa, 18°34'21"S, 43°29'35"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus jequi Lehmann A., Koech Braun, Pereira & Reis, 2013. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Río Jequitinhonha, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus jimi Garavello, 1977 - jimi armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus jimi Garavello [J. C.], 1977:9, Figs. 25-26] Notes: [Arquivos de Zoologia (São Paulo) v. 28 (no. 4); ref. 7249] Rio do Peixe, small tributary of Rio de Contas, Fazenda Pedra Branca, Itagibá, Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus jimi Garavello, 1977. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Bahia State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Parotocinclus jumbo Britski & Garavello, 2002 - jumbo armored catfishes (author) [=Parotocinclus jumbo Britski [H. A.] & Garavello [J. C.], 2002:280, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 13 (no. 3); ref. 26540] Rio Paraíba do Norte, at bridge on road PB 408, northwest of Umbuzeiro, 7°38'27"S, 35°42'30"W, Paraíba, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus jumbo Britski & Garavello, 2002. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Coastal rivers in Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Alagoas states, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus longirostris Garavello, 1988 - Preto da Eva armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus longirostris Garavello [J. C.], 1988:120, Fig. 2] Notes: [Naturalia (São Paulo) v. 13; ref. 6853] Rio Preto da Eva, Manaus-Itacoatiara highway, kilometer 80, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus longirostris Garavello, 1988. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus maculicauda (Steindachner, 1877) - Steindachner's parotocinclus (author) [=Otocinclus maculicauda Steindachner [F.], 1877:222 [6], Pl. 1 (Figs. 2-2b), Parotocinclus steindachneri Di Caporiacco [L.], 1948:201, Fig. 2] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 76 (1. Abth.); ref. 14247] Southeastern Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus maculicauda (Steindachner, 1877). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Coastal rivers between Espírto Santo to Santa Catarina and Rio de Janeiro states, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (steindachneri) [Bollettino di Pesca, Piscicoltura e Idrobiologia Yr. 23 [v. 2, N.S.]; ref. 721] Rio Novo, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Parotocinclus maculicauda (Steindachner, 1877). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus minutus Garavello, 1977 - Vasa-Barris armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus minutus Garavello [J. C.], 1977:15, Figs. 13-14] Notes: [Arquivos de Zoologia (São Paulo) v. 28 (no. 4); ref. 7249] Rio Vasa-Barris, Canudos, Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus minutus Garavello, 1977. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Vasa-Barris River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus muriaensis Gauger & Buckup, 2005 - Muriae armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus muriaensis Gauger [M. F. W.] & Buckup [P. A.], 2005:514, Figs. 1, 7] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 28562] Rio Muriaé, near intersection of highways BR-356 and RJ-186, 20 kilometers downstream from Itaperuna, about 21°15'S, 41°45'S, Município de Itaperuna, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus muriaensis Gauger & Buckup, 2005. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Itaperuna River, Paraíba do Sul River basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus planicauda Garavello & Britski, 2003 - Suacui Pequeno armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus planicauda Garavello [J. C.] & Britski [H. A.], 2003:254, Fig. 1] Notes: [Brazilian Journal of Biology v. 63 (no. 2); ref. 27469] Suaçui Pequeno River, Barra do Rochedo, at Antonio Pereira de Oliveira farm, 20 kilometers from Coroaci, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus planicauda Garavello & Britski, 2003. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Doce River basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus polyochrus Schaefer, 1988 - Mawarinuma armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus polyochrus Schaefer [S. A.], 1988:184, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Copeia 1988 (no. 1); ref. 6236] Río Mawarinuma tributary at Neblina base camp, Territory Federal Amazonas, Venezuela, 0°55'N, 66°10'W, elevation 120 meters. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus polyochrus Schaefer, 1988. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Bria River, Upper Negro River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus prata Ribeiro et al., 2002 - de Prata armoed catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus prata Ribeiro [A. C.], Melo [A. L. de A.] & Pereira [E. H. L.], 2002:218, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 13 (no. 3); ref. 26534] headwaters of rio da Prata, stream tributary of ribeirão Quiricó, Rio São Francisco basin, mun. de Presidente Olegário, fazenda São Zeferino, near Galena, about 18°22'S, 46°14.3'W, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus prata Ribeiro, Melo & Pereira, 2002. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio de Prata, upper São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus robustus Lehmann A. & Reis, 2012 - rubust armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus robustus Lehmann A. [P.] & Reis [R. E.], 2012:56, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 3390; ref. 32074] Rio São Francisco basin, creek 45 km south of Montes Claros on highway BR-135 towards Bocaiuva, Rio Jequitaí basin (17°05’31'S 043°49’48'W),, Bocaiúva, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus robustus Lehmann A. & Reis, 2012. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper and middle Rio São Francico basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus seridoensis Ramos et al., 2013 - Caico armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus seridoensis Ramos [T. P. A.], Barros-Neto [L. F.], Britski [H. A.] & Lima [S. M. Q.], 2013:788, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 11 (no. 4); ref. 33028] Rio Grande do Norte State, Caicó Municipality, rio Seridó, rio Piranhas-Açu basin, 6°27’28.4'S, 37°05’10.7'W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus seridoensis Ramos, Barris-Neta, Britski & Lima, 2013. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper rio Piranhas-Açu basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. Species Parotocinclus spilosoma (Fowler, 1941) - Campina armored catfish (author) [=Plecostomus spilosoma Fowler [H. W.], 1941:152, Figs. 53-55] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Campina Grande, Parahyba, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus spilosoma (Fowler, 1941). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Paraíba State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus spilurus (Fowler, 1941) - Salgade armored catfish (author) [=Plecostomus spilurus Fowler [H. W.], 1941:148, Figs. 47-49] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Rio Salgade [Salgado], Icó, Ceará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus spilurus (Fowler, 1941). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Ceará State, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parotocinclus variola Lehmann A. et al., 2015 - Tarapaca armored catfish (author) [=Parotocinclus variola Lehmann A. [P.], Schvambach [L. J.] & Reis [R. E.], 2015:2, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology; ref. 33723] Departamento Amazonas, Leticia, Quebrada Tacana, tributary to rio Amazonas at km 6.5 of road from Leticia to Tarapacá, 4°09'15"S, 69°56'09"W, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus variola Lehmann A., Schvambach & Reis, 2015. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Tributary to Amazon River, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Britski & Garavello, 1984 - armored catfishes [=Pseudotothyris Britski [H. A.] & Garavello [J. C.], 1984:232] Notes: [ref. 5166]. Fem. Otocinclus obtusus Miranda Ribeiro, 1911. Type by original designation. •Valid as Pseudotothyris Britski & Garavello, 1984 -- (Burgess 1989:439 [ref. 12860], Schaefer 1991:2 [ref. 18926], Reis & Schaefer 1992:222 [ref. 17477], Schaefer 1997:41 [ref. 23213], Reis & Schaefer 1998:23 [ref. 23691], Schaefer 1998:377 [ref. 23692], de Pinna 1998:305 [ref. 23847], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2002:28 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:327 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:290 [ref. 29155], Martins et al. 2014:822, 824 [ref. 33221]). Current status: Valid as Pseudotothyris Britski & Garavello, 1984. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae.

Species Pseudotothyris ignota Martins et al., 2014 - ignota armored catfish (author) [=Pseudotothyris ignota Martins [F. O.], Britski [H. A.] & Langeani [F.], 2014:825, Fig. 7, 8] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 170; ref. 33221] Santa Catarina, stream tributary to lago Acaraí, São Francisco do Sul, 26°17'33"S, 48°35'21"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pseudotothyris ignota Martins, Britski & Langeani, 2014. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudotothyris janeirensis Britski & Garavello, 1984 - Macacos armored catfish (author) [=Pseudotothyris janeirensis Britski [H. A.] & Garavello [J. C.], 1984:234, Figs. 9-10] Notes: [Papéis Avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia (São Paulo) v. 35 (no. 21); ref. 5166] Rio dos Macacos, Represa Engenho da Serra, Paulo de Frontin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pseudotothyris janeirensis Britski & Garavello, 1984. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudotothyris obtusa (Miranda Ribeiro, 1911) - Fonte Grande armored catfish (author) [=Otocinclus obtusus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1911:95, Pl. 29 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 16; ref. 3716] Fonte Grande, seedling nursery, Pedrinhas, Ilha Camprida, 24°53'56"S, 47°47'49"W, Current status: Valid as Pseudotothyris obtusa (Miranda Ribeiro, 1911). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. GENUS Rhinolekos Martins & Langeani, 2011 - armored catfishes [=Rhinolekos Martins [F. de O.] & Langeani [F.], 2011:66] Notes: [ref. 31235]. Masc. Rhinolekoa britskii Martins & Langeani, 2011. Type by original designation. •Valid as Rhinolekos Martins & Langeani, 2011. Current status: Valid as Rhinolekos Martins & Langeani, 2011. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae.

Species Rhinolekos britskii Martins et al., 2011 - Bela Vista armored catfish (author) [=Rhinolekos britskii Martins [F. de O.], Langeani [F.] & Costa [F. C.], in Martins & Langeani, 2011:68, Figs. 1a. 4] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31235] Bela Vista de Goiás, tributary of the córrego Arapuca, Fazenda Arapuca, rio Paranaíba drainage, 17°04'06"S, 48°43'59"W, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Rhinolekos britskii Martins, Langeani & Costa, 2011. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Paranaíba drainage, upper rio Paraná system, Goiás State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Rhinolekos capetinga Roxo et al., 2015 - Goias rhinolekos (author) [=Rhinolekos capetinga Roxo, [F. F.], Ochoa [L. E.], Silva [G. S. C.] & Oliveira [C.] 2015:114, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [ZooKeys 481; ref. 33671] Goiás State, municipality of Água Fria de Goiás, córrego da Branca, drainage of the rio Tocantizinho, rio Tocantins basin, 14°53'47.2"S, 47°34'58.4"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Rhinolekos capetinga Roxo, Ochoa, Silva & Oliveira 2015. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Tocantizinho, rio Tocantins basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Rhinolekos garavelloi Martins & Langeani, 2011 - Caldas Novas armored catfish (author) [=Rhinolekos garavelloi Martins [F. de O.] & Langeani [F.], 2011:71, Figs. 1b, 5] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31235] Caldas Novas, rio Paranaíba drainage, stream at Fazenda Lageado, near road GO-213, after rio Corumbá bridge, 17°44'20"S, 48°28'27"W, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Rhinolekos garavelloi Martins & Langeani, 2011. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Paranaíba drainage, upper rio Paraná system, Goiás State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Rhinolekos schaeferi Martins & Langeani, 2011 - Alexania armored catfish (author) [=Rhinolekos schaeferi Martins [F. de O.] & Langeani [F.], 2011:74, Figs. 1c, 6] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31235] Alexânia, rio Paranaíba drainage, córrego Fazenda at Chácara Fernanda, about 16°07'S, 48°31'W, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Rhinolekos schaeferi Martins & Langeani, 2011. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Paranaíba drainage, upper rio Paraná system, Goiás State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Schizolecis Britski & Garavello, 1984 - loricariids [=Schizolecis Britski [H. A.] & Garavello [J. C.], 1984:228] Notes: [ref. 5166]. Fem. Microlepidogaster guntheri Miranda Ribeiro, 1918. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Schizolecis Britski & Garavello, 1984 -- (Burgess 1989:439 [ref. 12860], Schaefer 1991:2 [ref. 18926], Schaefer 1997:42 [ref. 23213], Reis & Schaefer 1998:23 [ref. 23691], Schaefer 1998:377 [ref. 23692], de Pinna 1998:305 [ref. 23847], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:327 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:295 [ref. 29155].). Current status: Valid as Schizolecis Britski & Garavello, 1984. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae.

Species (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918) - Gunther's loricariid (author) [=Microlepidogaster guntheri Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1918:634 [6], ribeiroi Gomes [A. L.], 1955:222, Pl. 1] Notes: [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 10; ref. 3725] Ilha de São Sebastião, Estado de São Paulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Schizolecis guntheri (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (ribeiroi) [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 42 (no. 1); ref. 12194] Rio Branco, Itanhaem, São Paulo State, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Schizolecis guntheri (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Habitat: freshwater. ****************************************************************************************************************************** SUBFAMILY Kner, 1853 - suckermouth armored catfishes [=Hypostomiden, Plecostomiformes, Corymbophanini, Rhinelepini, Pterygoplichthini, Ancistrinae, Ancistri, Ancistri, Acanthicini, Chaetostomidi, Pseudacanthicini, Lithoxina, Hopliancistrini, Spectracanthicina] Notes: Hypostomiden Kner, 1853a:279 [ref. 19870] (group) [latinized to Hypostomidae by Kner 1853b:10 [ref. 2627]; latinized to Hypostomini by Bleeker 1858a:40 [ref. 32230] and Bleeker 1858b:331 [ref. 365]; latinized to Hypostomatina by Günther 1864:221 [ref. 1974]; considered valid with this authorship by Kner 1853b:10 [ref. 2627], by Ferraris & de Pinna 1999:7 [ref. 32488] and by Sheiko 2013:45 [ref. 32944] Article 11.7.2] Plecostomiformes Bleeker, 1862–63:2 [ref. 393] (subfamily) Plecostomus Gronow [also as stirps Plecostomini Bleeker 1862–63:2 [ref. 393]; not available] Corymbophanini Armbruster, 2004:50, 58 [ref. 27644] (tribe) Corymbophanes Rhinelepini Armbruster, 2004:51, 58 [ref. 27644] (tribe) Rhinelepis [correct stem would be Rhinelepid-] Pterygoplichthini Armbruster, 2004:53, 58 [ref. 27644] (tribe) Pterygoplichthys [correct stem would be Pterygoplichthy-] Ancistri Kner, 1853a:282 [ref. 19870] (subgroup) Ancistrus Kner, 1854 [no valid type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Ancistri Kner, 1854:256 [ref. 2628] (subgroup) Ancistrus [Kner also used Lictores] Acanthicini Bleeker, 1862–63:2 [ref. 393] (stirps) Chaetostomidi Fowler, 1958b:14 [ref. 1470] (tribe) Chaetostoma [correct stem is Chaetostomat-] Pseudacanthicini Isbrücker, 1980:76 [ref. 2303] (tribe) Pseudacanthicus [also as subtribe Pseudacanthicina Isbrücker, 1980:76 [ref. 2303]] Lithoxina Isbrücker, 1980:77 [ref. 2303] (subtribe) Hopliancistrini Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989:543 [ref. 13622] (tribe) Hopliancistrus Spectracanthicina Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989:545 [ref. 13622] (subtribe) Spectracanthicus

GENUS Acanthicus Agassiz, in Spix & Agassiz, 1829 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfish (author) [=Acanthicus Agassiz [L.], in Spix & Agassiz, 1829:2] Notes: [ref. 13]. Masc. Agassiz, 1829. Type by monotypy. Authorship follows that suggested by Kottelat 1988:78 [ref. 13380]. •Valid as Acanthicus Agassiz, 1829 -- (Isbrücker 1980:75 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker & Nijssen 1988 [ref. 7320], Burgess 1989:437 [ref. 12860], de Pinna 1998:305 [ref. 23847], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2002:11 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2003:865 [ref. 26999], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:373 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:218 [ref. 29155] with authorship as Spix & Agassiz, Lujan et. al. 2014:15 [ref. 32454] as Acanthicus clade). Current status: Valid as Acanthicus Agassiz, 1829. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Acanthicus adonis Isbrucker & Nijssen, 1988 - adonis sucker catfish (author) [=Acanthicus adonis Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.], 1988:166, Figs. 5-7] Notes: [DATZ v. 41 (no. 6); ref. 7320] Rio Tocantins at Cametá, 0°14'S, 49°30.5'W, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Acanthicus adonis Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1988. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Lower Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Acanthicus hystrix Spix & Agassiz, 1829 - hystrix sucker catfish (author) [=Acanthicus hystrix Spix [J. B. von] & Agassiz [L.], 1829:3, Pl. 1 (figs. 1-2) Rinelepis acanthicus Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840:487] Notes: [Reise nach Griechenland und der Türkei; ref. 13] Amazon River. Current status: Valid as Acanthicus hystrix Spix & Agassiz, 1829. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and/or . Habitat: freshwater. (acanthicus) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Amazon River. Current status: Synonym of Acanthicus hystrix Agassiz, 1829. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Ancistomus Isbrucker & Seidel, in Isbrucker et al., 2001 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Ancistomus Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Seidel [I.], in Isbrücker et al., 2001:17] Notes: [ref. 25649]. Ancistrus snethlageae Steindachner, 1911. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Hemiancistrus Bleeker, 1862 – (Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644]). •Synonym of Miranda Ribeiro, 1912 -- (Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:392 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:283 [ref. 29155], de Oliveira et al. 2012:552 [ref. 32202]). •Valid as Ancistomus Isbrucker & Seidel, 2001. Current status: Valid as Ancistomus Isbrucker & Seidel, 2001. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

Species Ancistomus feldbergae (de Oliveira et al., 2012) - Xingu sucker catfish (author) [=Peckoltia feldbergae de Oliveira [R. R.], Rapp Py-Daniel [L.], Zuanon [J.] & Rocha [M. S.], 2012:547, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Copeia 2012 (no. 3); ref. 32202] Río Xingú, Ilha de Babaquara, upstream of Altamira, 3°23'45"S, 52°12'16"W, Altamira, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistomus feldbergae (de Oliveira, Rapp Py-Daniel, Zuanon & Rocha, 2012). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Río Xingú, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistomus micrommatos (Cardosa & Lucinda, 2003) - Tocantins sucker catfish (author) [=Hemiancistrus micrommatos Cardoso [A. R.] & Lucinda [P. H. F.], 2003:77, Fig. 3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 14 (no. 1); ref. 26858] Rio Tocantins, at site of future hydroelectric dam of Serra da Mesa, between Minaçu and Cavalcante, Minaçu, about 13°50'S, 48°19'W, Goiás, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistomus micrommatos (Cardoso & Lucinda, 2003). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Tocantins River and its tributaries, lower Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistomus snethlageae (Steindachner, 1911) - Braga sucker catfish (author) [=Ancistrus snethlageae Steindachner [F.], 1911:328] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 48 (no. 15); ref. 14815] Rio Tapajós near Villa Braga and Goyana, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistomus snethlageae (Steindachner, 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistomus spilomma (Cardosa & Lucinda, 2003) - Lajeado sucker catfish (author) [=Hemiancistrus spilomma Cardoso [A. R.] & Lucinda [P. H. F.], 2003:75, Fig. 2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 14 (no. 1); ref. 26858] Rio Tocantins near mouth of rio Lajeado, Porto Franco, Tocantins, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistomus spilomma (Cardoso & Lucinda, 2003). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Lower and upper Tocantins drainage, Lower Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistomus spinosissimus (Cardosa & Lucinda, 2003) - Maranhao sucker catfish (author) [=Hemiancistrus spinosissimus Cardoso [A. R.] & Lucinda [P. H. F.], 2003:79, Fig. 4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 14 (no. 1); ref. 26858] Rio Maranhão, near mouth of the rio Tocantinzinho, border of Niquelândia and Campinaçu, 13°5'25"S, 48°19'08"W, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistomus spinosissimus (Cardoso & Lucinda, 2003). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Middle and upper Tocantins River and its tributaries, lower Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Ancistrus Kner, 1854 - bushynose plecos, bristenose plecos, suckermouth armored catfishes [=Ancistrus Kner [R.], 1854:272, Pristiancistrus Fowler [H. W.], 1945:121, Thysanocara (subgenus of Xenocara) Regan [C. T.], 1906:96, Xenocara Regan [C. T.], 1904:195, 251, Notes: [ref. 2628]. Masc. Hypostomus cirrhosus Valenciennes, 1836. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Bleeker 1862:2 [ref. 393]. •Valid as Ancistrus Kner, 1854 -- (Isbrücker 1980:65 [ref. 2303], Heitmans et al. 1983:33 [ref. 5278], Reis 1987:81 [ref. 6263], Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Muller 1989 [ref. 13512], Malabarba 1989:148 [ref. 14217], Muller et al. 1994 [ref. 21571], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1997:185 [ref. 22785], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Britski et al. 1999:134 [ref. 24147], Sabaj et al. 1999:217 [ref. 24242], Isbrücker 2002:11 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:373 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Fisch-Muller et al. 2005:559 [ref. 28242], Fisch-Muller et al. 2005:525 [ref. 28561], Proudlove 2006:151 [ref. 28992], Geerinckx et al. 2007:47 [ref. 29179], Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155], Bifi et al. 2009:41 [ref. 30541], Taphorn et al. 2010:21 [ref. 30697], Lujan & Birindelli 2011:44 [ref. 31408], Taphorn et al. 2013:343 [ref. 32678]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus Kner, 1854. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. (Pristiancistrus) [ref. 1454]. Masc. Pristiancistrus eustictus Fowler, 1945. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Ancistrus Kner, 1854 -- (Isbrücker 1980:66 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 2002:27 [ref. 27178], Fisch-M98 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus Kner, 1854. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. (Thysanocara) [ref. 3627]. Neut. Hypostomus cirrhosus Valenciennes, 1836. Type by monotypy. Proposed for Xenocara cirrhosum and its allies; X. brevispinnis also described, but whether Regan placed it in the subgenus Thysanocara is unclear from text. •Objective synonym of Ancistrus Kner 1854 -- (Isbrücker 1980:66 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 2002:30 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:373 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus Kner, 1854. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. (Xenocara) [ref. 3621]. Neut. Chaetostomus latifrons Günther, 1869. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Eigenmann 1910:410 [ref. 1224]. Correct spelling for genus of type species is Chaetostoma. •Synonym of Ancistrus Kner, 1854 -- (Isbrücker 1980:66 [ref. 2303], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:373 [ref. 27061], Isbrücker 2002:30 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Fisch-Muller et al. 2005:570 [ref. 28242],). Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus Kner, 1854. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Ancistrus abilhoai Bifi et al., 2009 - Lapa bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus abilhoai Bifi [A. G.], Pavanelli [C. S.] & Zawadzki [C. H.], 2009:42, Fig. 1] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2275; ref. 30541] Lapa, middle Rio Iguaçu basin, Rio Iguaçu, 25°47'35"S, 50°11'59"W, Paraná State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus abilhoai Bifi, Pavanelli & Zawadzki, 2009. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Rio Iguaçu basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus agostinhoi Bifi et al., 2009 - Jordao bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus agostinhoi Bifi [A. G.], Pavanelli [C. S.] & Zawadzki [C. H.], 2009:47, Fig. 4] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2275; ref. 30541] Foz do Jordão, 25°39'12"S, 51°58'15"W, lower Rio Iguaçu basin, Paraná State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus agostinhoi Bifi, Pavanelli & Zawadzki, 2009. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Rio Jordão drainage, affluent of lower Rio Iguaçu, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus aguaboensis Fisch-Muller et al., 2001 - Bonito bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus aguaboensis Fisch-Muller [S.], Mazzoni [R.] & Weber [C.], 2001:293, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 12 (no. 4); ref. 25716] Córrego Agua Boa, small tributary of River Bonito, a left bank tributary of the upper River Tocantins, 10 kilometers from Minaçú-Campinaçu, 13°35'S, 48°14'W, Minaçú, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus aguaboensis Fisch-Muller, Mazzoni & Weber, 2001. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater

Species Ancistrus bolivianus (Steindachner, 1915) - Songo bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Xenocara bolivianus Steindachner [F.], 1915:95 [81], Pl. 9 (figs. 5-6)] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. v. 93; ref. 4244] Río Songo in North Yungas, upper Amazon River basin, . Current status: Valid as Ancistrus bolivianus (Steindachner, 1915). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Beni, Mamoré and (?) western Lake Maracaibo tributaries: Bolivia and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus brevifilis Eigenmann, 1920 - Tiquirito bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus brevifilis Eigenmann [C. H.], 1920:7, Fig. 2; Pl. 1] Notes: [Indiana University Studies v. 7 (no. 44); ref. 11120] Río Tiquirito at El Concejo, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus brevifilis Eigenmann, 1920. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Tuy River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus brevipinnis (Regan, 1904) - Patos bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Xenocara brevipinnis Regan [C. T.], 1904:257] Notes: [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus brevipinnis (Regan, 1904). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Ancistrus bufonius (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840) - Apurimac bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Hypostomus bufonius Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840:511, Hypostomus calamita Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840:515] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Río Apurimac, Peru, elevation 2000 meters. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus bufonius (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Apurimac River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (calamita) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Río Apurimac, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus bufonius (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus caucanus Fowler, 1943 - Sonson bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus caucanus Fowler [H. W.], 1943:253, Figs. 40-43] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Sonsón, Río Cauca basin, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus caucanus Fowler, 1943. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Magdalena drainage, Columbia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus centrolepis Regan, 1913 - Condoto bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus centrolepis Regan [C. T.], 1913:470, Ancistrus melas Eigenmann [C. H.], 1916:83, Ancistrus baudensis Fowler [H. W.], 1945:122, Figs. 33-36] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 12 (no. 71); ref. 3656] Río Condoto, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus centrolepis Regan, 1913. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Coastal drainages of northern , rivers of northern Colombia, Atrato, Baudo and San Juan River basins: Colombia. Habitat: freshwater. (melas) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 10 (nos 1-2); ref. 1233] Condoto, Colombia. Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus centrolepis Regan, 1913. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater. (baudensis) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Alto Río Baudó, Pacific slope of Colombia, elevation 3000 feet. Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus centrolepis Regan, 1913. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus chagresi Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 - Chagres bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus chagresi Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.], 1889:47] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 2; ref. 1253] Río Chagres, Panama Canal Zone, Panama. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus chagresi Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Panama Canal Zone, Chagres, Gatun and Chorrera River basins, Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus cirrhosus (Valenciennes, 1836) - Jumbie teta [=Hypostomus cirrhosus Valenciennes [A.], 1836:no p., Pl. 7 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale; ref. 20720] No locality. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus cirrhosus (Valenciennes, 1836). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Paraná River basin, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus claro Knaack, 1999 - claro bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus claro Knaack [J.], 1999:71, Figs. 1-3 + unnumbered] Notes: [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 47 (no. 10); ref. 23828] Rio Claro, above the bridge, in the direction of Chappada dos Guimaraes, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus claro Knaack, 1999. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Cuiabá River basin in upper Paraguay River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus clementinae Rendahl, 1937 - Clementina bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus clementinae Rendahl [H.], 1937:4, Fig. 2] Notes: [Arkiv för Zoologi v. 29 (häfte 3) A (no. 11); ref. 15300] Río Clementina system, northwest of Babahoyo, Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus clementinae Rendahl, 1937. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Pozuelos River basin, Guyanas River drainage, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987 - Caverna bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis [R. E.], 1987:82, Figs. 1, 3-4] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 14 (no. 3); ref. 6263] Caverna Passa Três, about 300 meters into the cave, 13°20' to 13°52'S, 46°16' to 46°30'W, Rio São Vicente system, São Domingos, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Paraná River, Tocantins River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus cuiabae Knaack, 1999 - Pantanal bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus cuiabae Knaack [J.], 1999:151, Figs.] Notes: [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 47 (no. 12); ref. 23874] Pantanal, 36 kilometers southeast of Poconé, in a permanent remnant water of Rio Bento Gome, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus cuiabae Knaack, 1999. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Cuiabá River basin in upper Paraguay River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus damasceni (Steindachner, 1907) - Parnahyba bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Xenocara damasceni Steindachner [F.], 1907:292] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 44 (no. 17); ref. 18799] Rio Parnahyba near Victoria and Filomena, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus damasceni (Steindachner, 1907). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Parnaíba River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus dolichopterus Kner, 1854 - bluechin xenocara, bushymouth catfish [=Ancistrus dolichopterus Kner [R.], 1854:274 [24], Pl. 3 (fig. 1), Hypostoma punctatum Jardine [W.], in Schomburgk, 1841:145] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Manaus, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus dolichopterus Kner, 1854. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Widespread in Brazil and Guyana. Habitat: freshwater. (punctatum) [The Natural history of fishes of Guiana; ref. 18707] Rio Branco, South America. Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus dolichopterus Kner, 1854. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus dubius Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 - dubius bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus cirrhosus var. dubius Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.], 1889:48] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 2; ref. 1253] Gurupa [Curupá], Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus dubius Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin; middle Paraná and Paraguay River basins: Brazil, Paraguay and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus erinaceus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840) - Chilean bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Hypostomus erinaceus Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840:510] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Chile. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus erinaceus (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Chile (?). Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus eustictus (Fowler, 1945) - Baudo bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Pristiancistrus eustictus Fowler [H. W.], 1945:121, Figs. 29-32] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Upper Río Baudó, Pacific slope of Colombia, elevation 3000 feet. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus eustictus (Fowler, 1945). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Baudó River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus falconensis Taphorn et al., 2010 - Falcon bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus falconensis Taphorn [D. C.], Armbruster [J. W.] & Rodríguez-Olarte [D.], 2010:26, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2345; ref. 30697] El Hueque River, 11°09'41.4"N, 69°33'24.9" W, at bridge on highway from Churuguara to Coro, Falcón State, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus falconensis Taphorn, Armbruster & Rodríguez-Olarte, 2010. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Hueque and Ricoa rivers, (Caribbean) Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus formoso Sabino & Trajano, 1997 - Ducho bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus formoso Sabino [J.] & Trajano [E.], 1997:74, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 24 (no. 3-4); ref. 23465] Buraco do Ducho cave, Serra da Bodoquena, Município de Bonito, 21°08'S, 56°28'W, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus formoso Sabino & Trajano, 1997. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Cave in Formoso phreatic system, Rio Formoso basin, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus fulvus (Holly, 1929) - Acara bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Xenocara fulva Holly [M.], 1929:119 [3]] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenshaften in Wien Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 66; ref. 16088] Alto Rio Acara, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus fulvus (Holly, 1929). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Acará River basin in lower Amazon drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Ancistrus galani Perez & Viloria, 1994 - Laureles bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus galani Pérez [A.] & Viloria [A.], 1994:105, Figs. 3-5] Notes: [Mémoires de Biospéologie v. 21; ref. 22094] Los Laureles cave, Río Socuy, Sierra de Perijá, Zulia State, Venezuela, 10°45'04"N, 72°27'42"W, elevation 650 meters. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus galani Pérez & Viloria, 1994. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Los Laureles Cave in Socuy River basin, Lake Maracaibo phreatic system, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus greeni (Isbrucker, in Isbrucker et al., 2001) - Rozmaiu bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Chaetostoma greeni Isbrücker [I. J. H.], in Isbrücker et al., 2001:24] Notes: [DATZ-Sonderheft Harnischwelse 2 [Special issue no. 2]; ref. 25649] "Rozmaiu, Upper Peru" [locality uncertain, Peru likely]. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus greeni (Isbrücker, 2001). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus gymnorhynchus Kner, 1854 - Cabello bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus gymnorhynchus Kner [R.], 1854:275 [25], Hypostomus karstenii Lütken [C. F.] (ex Krøyer), 1874:204 [3], nationi Fernández-Yépez [A.], 1972:23, Pl. 23, Xenocara rothschildi Regan [C. T.], 1905:242] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus gymnorhynchus Kner, 1854. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Venezuela: Coastal rivers of Falcón, Lara, Carabobo and Yaracuy states and upper Pao River drainage in the Orinoco River basin Venezuela; also (?) Argentina. Habitat: freshwater. (karstenii) [Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenhavn, Aaret 1873 (nos 13-14); ref. 2854] On p. 3 of separate. Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus gymnorhynchus Kner, 1854. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. (nationi) [Análisis ictiológico del complejo hidrográfico; ref. 19696] Río Yaracuy drainage, Venezuela. Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus gymnorhynchus Kner, 1854. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater. (rothschildi) [Novitates Zoologicae v. 12; ref. 15385] San Esteban near Porto Cabello, Venezuela. Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus gymnorhynchus Kner, 1854. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus heterorhynchus (Regan, 1912) - Uruhausi bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Xenocara heterorhynchus Regan [C. T.], 1912:668, Pl. 76 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1912 (pt 3); ref. 14862] Uruhuasi, Peru, elevation 4000 feet. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus heterorhynchus (Regan, 1912). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Inambari River basin in Madre de Dios River drainage, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus hoplogenys (Günther, 1864) - Capim bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Chaetostomus hoplogenys Günther [A.], 1864:247, Chaetostomus alga Cope [E. D.], 1872:287, Pl. 15 (fig. 3), Chaetostomus (Ancistrus) cirrhosus var. punctata Steindachner [F.], 1881:123 [23], Chaeostomus tectirostris Cope [E. D.], 1872:288, Pl. 15 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Rio Capin [= Capim], Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus hoplogenys (Günther, 1864). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Amazon, Essequibo, and Paraguay River basins: Argentina, Brazil, Guyana, Paraguay and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (alga) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Río Ambyiacu, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus hoplogenys (Günther, 1864). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater. (punctata) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 43; ref. 14290] Rio Branco, Rio Guaporé in Mato Grosso, Coary, Tabatinga, Amazon. Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus hoplogenys (Günther, 1864). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater. (tectirostris) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Río Ambyiacu, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus hoplogenys (Günther, 1864). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus jataiensis Fisch-Muller et al., 2005 - Mambai bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus jataiensis Fisch-Muller [S.], Cardoso [A. R.], da Silva [J. F. P.] & Bertaco [V. A.], 2005:567, Fig. 4] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 112 (no. 2); ref. 28242] Mambaí, córrego Jataí, tributary of rio Vermelho, 14°29'S, 46°06'W, rio Tocantins basin, Goías State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus jataiensis Fisch-Muller, Cardoso, da Silva & Bertaco, 2005. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus jelskii (Steindachner, 1876) - Amable Maria bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Chaetostomus jelskii Steindachner [F.], 1876:603 [53]] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 72 (1. Abth.); ref. 18772] Amable Maria and Monterico, Peru. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus jelskii (Steindachner, 1876). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Tulumayo River basin in upper drainage, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus karajas de Oliveira et al., 2016 - Igarape bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus karajas de Oliveira [R. R.], Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.], Zawadzki [C. H.] & Zuanon [J.], 2016:71, Fig. 4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 27 (no. 1); ref. 34368] Igarapé Alemão, rio Parauapebas, Floresta Nacional de Carajás, rio Tocantins basin, Pará, Brazil, 6°00'13"S, 50°34'34"W. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus karajas de Oliveira, Rapp Py-Daniel, Zawadzki & Zuanon, 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Lower rio Tocantins basin, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus krenakarore de Oliveira et al., 2016 - Itapacura bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus krenakarore de Oliveira [R. R.], Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.], Zawadzki [C. H.] & Zuanon [J.], 2016:69, Figs. 2a, 3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 27 (no. 1); ref. 34368] Rio Itapacurá, right bank tributary of Rio Tapajós, Rurópolis, Pará State, Brazil, 4°36'20"S, 55°30'41"W. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus krenakarore de Oliveira, Rapp Py-Daniel, Zawadzki & Zuanon, 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Lower rio Tapajós drainage, Pará State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus latifrons (Günther, 1869) - Gunther's bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Chaetostomus latifrons Günther [A.], 1869:426] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1869 (pt 2); ref. 5780] Upper Amazon River, Peru. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus latifrons (Günther, 1869). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Amazon and Solimões River basins: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus leucostictus (Günther, 1864) - Essequibo bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Chaetostomus leucostictus Günther [A.], 1864:248] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Essequibo River, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus leucostictus (Günther, 1864). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Essequibo River basin and main Guianan rivers to Oyapock River in the east; French Guiana (?), Guyana, and Suriname (?). Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus lineolatus Fowler, 1943 - Fowler's Orteguasa bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus lineolatus Fowler [H. W.], 1943:255, Figs. 44-47] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Río Orteguasa, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus lineolatus Fowler, 1943. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Orteguasa River basin in upper Japurá River drainage, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus lithurgicus Eigenmann, 1912 - Crab Falls bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus lithurgicus Eigenmann [C. H.], 1912:241, Fig. 36, Pl. 25 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Crab Falls, Essequibo River, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus lithurgicus Eigenmann, 1912. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Essequibo River basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus macrophthalmus (Pellegrin, 1912) - Pellegrin's bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Xenocara macrophthalma Pellegrin [J.], 1912:271, Fig. 1] Notes: [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 37; ref. 14857] Río Orinoco, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus macrophthalmus (Pellegrin, 1912). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Orinoco River and lower parts of some of its tributaries, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus maculatus (Steindachner, 1881) - Cudajas bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Chaetostomus (Ancistrus) cirrhosus var. maculatus Steindachner [F.], 1881:123 [23]] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 43; ref. 14290] Cudajas, Obidos, Rio Tajapoura, Rio Chagres, South America. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus maculatus (Steindachner, 1881). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus malacops (Cope, 1872) - Ambyiacu bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Chaetostomus malacops Cope [E. D.], 1872:287, Pl. 5 (figs. 2a-b)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Río Ambyiacu, Peru. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus malacops (Cope, 1872). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Ampiyacu River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus maracasae Fowler, 1946 - Maracas bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus maracasae Fowler [H. W.], 1946:2, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 165; ref. 13124] Maracas River, Trinidad Island, West Indies. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus maracasae Fowler, 1946. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Maracas River basin, Trinidad and Tobago. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus martini Schultz, 1944 - Martin's bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus triradiatus martini Schultz [L. P.], 1944:302, Pl. 9 (figs. C-D), Ancistrus brevifilis bodenhameri Schultz [L. P.], 1944:305, Pl. 10 (fig. A)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 94 (no. 3172); ref. 3959] Río Táchira, 7 kilometers north of San Antonio, Río Catatumbo system, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus martini Schultz, 1944. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Zulia River basin in Catatumbo River drainage, Lake Maricabo drainage, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (bodenhameri) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 94 (no. 3172); ref. 3959] Río San Pedro at bridge south of Mene Grande, Río Motatán system, Venezuela. Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus martini Schultz, 1944. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Lake Maracaibo tributaries, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus mattogrossensis Miranda Ribeiro, 1912 - Mato Grosso bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus mattogrossenssis Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1912:5] Notes: [Loricariidae, Callichthyidae, Doradidae e Trichomycteridae Annexo no. 5; ref. 3718] Mato Grosso?, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus mattogrossensis Miranda Ribeiro, 1912. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Mato Grosso?, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus maximus de Oliveira et al., 2015 - Roraima bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus maximus de Oliveira [R. R.], Zuanon [J.], Zawadzki [C. H.] & Rapp Py-Daniel [L.], 2015:76, Figs. 1-2, 4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 26 (no. 1); ref. 33869] Roraima, Rorainópolis, Macoari stream, tributary to right side of rio Branco, 1°09'12.1"S, 61°50'40.8"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus maximus de Oliveira, Zuanon, Zawadzki & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2015. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Rio Branco drainage, Roraima State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus megalostomus Pearson, 1924 - Huachi bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus megalostomus Pearson [N. E.], 1924:23, Pl. 7 (figs. 1-2)] Notes: [Indiana University Studies v. 11 (no. 64); ref. 3396] Huachi, at junction of Bopi and Cochabamba rivers, Bolivia, elevation 2235 feet. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus megalostomus Pearson, 1924. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Beni River basin in drainage, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus minutus Fisch-Muller et al., 2001 - Minacu bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus minutus Fisch-Muller [S.], Mazzoni [R.] & Weber [C.], 2001:298, Fig. 5] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 12 (no. 4); ref. 25716] Córrego Batéias, a left bank tributary of the upper rio Tocantins, 13°49'S, 48°20'W, Minaçú, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus minutus Fisch-Muller, Mazzoni & Weber, 2001. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Tocantins tributaries in Goiás State upstream of Serra da Mesa dam, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus montanus (Regan, 1904) - Tumupara bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Xenocara montanus Regan [C. T.], 1904:258, Pl. 14 (fig. 6)] Notes: [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Tumupara, Andes of Bolivia, elevation 1500 feet. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus montanus (Regan, 1904). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Beni River basin in upper Madeira River drainage, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus multispinis (Regan, 1912) - Humboldt bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Xenocara multispinis Regan [C. T.], 1912:668, Pl. 76 (fig. 1), Hemiancistrus albocinctus Ahl [E.], 1936:111] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1912 (pt 3); ref. 14862] Rio Humboldt, Rio Itapocú, Santa Catherina, southeastern Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus multispinis (Regan, 1912). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal drainages of eastern Brazil from Macacú River to Maquiné River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (albocinctus) [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 116 (nos 3/4); ref. 13679] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus multispinis (Regan, 1912). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus mullerae Bifi et al., 2009 - Iguacu bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus mullerae Bifi [A. G.], Pavanelli [C. S.] & Zawadzki [C. H.], 2009:50, Fig.5] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2275; ref. 30541] Três Barras do Paraná, lower Rio Iguaçu basin, affluent of Rio Iguaçu, Rio Guarani, 25°25'29"S, 53°07'30"W, Paraná State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus mullerae Bifi, Pavanelli & Zawadzki, 2009. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Lower Rio Iguaçu basin, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus nudiceps (Müller & Troschel, 1849) - Tukutu bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Hypostomus nudiceps Müller [J.] & Troschel [F. H.], 1849:631] Notes: [Reisen in Britisch-Guiana; ref. 3072] Tukutu, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus nudiceps (Müller & Troschel, 1849). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Takutu River basin in upper Branco River drainage, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus occidentalis (Regan, 1904) - Canelos bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Xenocara occidentalis Regan [C. T.], 1904:257, Pl. 14 (fig. 5)] Notes: [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Canelos, eastern Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus occidentalis (Regan, 1904). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Bobonaza River basin, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus occloi Eigenmann, in Myers, 1928 - Urubamba bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus occloi Eigenmann [C. H.], in Myers, 1928:86] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 10) v. 2 (no. 7); ref. 3100] Río Urubamba at Ollantaytambo, Upper Amazon system, Peru, elevation 9000 feet. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus occloi Eigenmann, 1928. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Urubamba River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus parecis Fisch-Muller et al., 2005 - Formiga bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus parecis Fisch-Muller [S.], Cardoso [A. R.], da Silva [J. F. P.] & Bertaco [V. A.], 2005:529, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 28561] Campos de Júlio, rio Formiga, tributary of rio Juruena, upper Tapajós basin, on road BR-364, 13°41'01"S, 59°12'11"W, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus parecis Fisch-Muller, Cardoso, da Silva & Bertaco, 2005. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus pirareta Muller, 1989 - Tebicuary-mi bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus pirareta Muller [S.], 1989:891, Fig. 2] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 96 (no. 4); ref. 13512] Tributary of Río Tebicuary-mi, 25°30'S, 56°55'W, Salto Pirareta, Cordillera, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus pirareta Muller, 1989. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Tebicuary-mi River basin in lower Paraguay River drainage, Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus piriformis Müller, 1989 - Acaray bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus piriformis Muller [S.], 1989:887, Fig. 1] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 96 (no. 4); ref. 13512] Río Acaray, above the lake behind the dam, 25°23'S, 54°42'W, Alto Paraná, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus piriformis Muller, 1989. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Acaray River basin in middle Paraná River drainage and upper Paraná River basin: Argentina and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus ranunculus Muller et al., 1994 - Muller's bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus ranunculus Muller [S.], Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.] & Zuanon [J.], 1994:290, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 21571] Rio Xingú, furo do Tucum Seco, near Arroz Cru, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus ranunculus Muller, Rapp Py-Daniel & Zuanon, 1994. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Xingu and Tocantins River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus reisi Fisch-Muller et al., 2005 - Vermelho bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus reisi Fisch-Muller [S.], Cardoso [A. R.], da Silva [J. F. P.] & Bertaco [V. A.], 2005:564, Fig. 3] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 112 (no. 2); ref. 28242] Mambaí, córrego das Dores, tributary of rio Vermelho, 14°29'S, 46°06'W, rio Tocantins basin, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus reisi Fisch-Muller, Cardoso, da Silva & Bertaco, 2005. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Tocantins River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus sericeus (Cope, 1872) - Ambyiacu bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Chaetostomus sericeus Cope [E. D.], 1872:288] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Río Ambyiacu, Peru. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus sericeus (Cope, 1872). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Ampiyacu River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater. Species Ancistrus snethlageae Steindachner, 1911 - Tapajos bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus snethlageae Steindachner [F.], 1911:328] Notes: [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 48 (no. 15) (for 22 June 1911); ref. 14815] Rio Tapajós near Villa Braga and Goyana, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus snethlageae (Steindachner, 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus spinosus Meek & Hildebrand, 1916 - Colobre bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus spinosus Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.], 1916:252] Notes: [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 15); ref. 2962] Río Calobre, tributary of Río Bayano, Panama. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus spinosus Meek & Hildebrand, 1916. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Pacific and Caribbean river drainages, eastern Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus stigmaticus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 - Matheos bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus stigmaticus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.], 1889:48] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 2; ref. 1253] São Matheos [= São Mateus], Goiás, Espirito Santo, 15°47'S, 50°07'W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus stigmaticus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Araguaia River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus tamboensis Fowler, 1945 - Tambo bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus tamboensis Fowler [H. W.], 1945:9, Figs. 13-15] Notes: [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 159; ref. 13141] Satipo, upper Tambo basin, Río Ucayali drainage, Peru, elevation 600 meters. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus tamboensis Fowler, 1945. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Tambo River basin in upper Ucayali drainage, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus taunayi Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 - Lageado bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus taunayi Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1918:631 [3]] Notes: [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 10; ref. 3725] Rio Lageado, Itaqui, Estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus taunayi Miranda Ribeiro, 1918. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Middle Uruguay River basin: Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus temminckii (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840) - Temminck's bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Hypostomus temminckii Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840:514, Plecostomus aculeatus Gronow [L. T.], in Gray, 1854:158, Hypostomus schneideri Boeseman [M.] (ex Temminck), 1972:295] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Suriname. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus temminckii (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Saramacca, Suriname and Maroni River basins, Suriname; introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater. (aculeatus) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Tropical America. Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus temminckii (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater. (schneideri) [Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) v. 47 (no. 23); ref. 19698] Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus temminckii (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Ancistrus tolima Taphorn et al., 2013 - Tolima bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus tolima Taphorn [D. C.], Armbruster [J. W.], Villa-Navarro [F.] & Ray [C. K.], 2013:360, Figs. 10-11] Notes: [Zootaxa 3641 (no. 4); ref. 32678] Quebrada El Pascado, 3.599306°N, -74.854556°W, vereda San Pablo, municipio de Dolores, departamento de Tolima, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus tolima Taphorn, Armbruster, Villa-Navarro & Ray, 2013. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Quebrada El Pescado, upper Magdalena River drainage, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus tombador Fisch-Muller et al., 2005 - tombador bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus tombador Fisch-Muller [S.], Cardoso [A. R.], da Silva [J. F. P.] & Bertaco [V. A.], 2005:560, Fig. 1] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 112 (no. 2); ref. 28242] On road MT-338, about 26 kilometers from Porto dos Gaúchos, 11°39'27"S, 57°12'07"W, tributary of rio Arinos, upper rio Tapajos basin, Porto dos Gaúchos, igarapé Ribeirão Preto, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus tombador Fisch-Muller, Cardoso, da Silva & Bertaco, 2005. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Arinos River basin, upper Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus trinitatis (Gunther, 1864) - Trinidad bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Chaetostomus trinitatis Günther [A.], 1864:246] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Trinidad Island, West Indies. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus trinitatis (Günther, 1864). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Trinidad and Tobago; ? Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus triradiatus Eigenmann, 1918 - Los Guayos bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus triradiatus Eigenmann [C. H.], 1918:680] Notes: [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 56 (no. 7); ref. 12304] Quebrada Cramalote, Barrigona Villavicencio, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus triradiatus Eigenmann, 1918. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Middle and lower Orinoco River tributaries; Lake Valencia and Los Guayos River basin; southern tributaries of Lake Maracaibo basin: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus variolus (Cope, 1872) - variolus bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Chaetostomus variolus Cope [E. D.], 1872:288] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Río Ambyiacu, Peru. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus variolus (Cope, 1872). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Ampiyacu River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus verecundus Fisch-Muller et al., 2005 - Rondonia bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus verecundus Fisch-Muller [S.], Cardoso [A. R.], da Silva [J. F. P.] & Bertaco [V. A.], 2005:527, Fig. 2] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 28561] Vilhena, igarapé Piracolina, about 6 kilometers west of Vilhena, on road Br-364, upper rio Madeira basin, 12°43'33"S, 60°11'34"W, Rondônia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus verecundus Fisch-Muller, Cardoso, da Silva & Bertaco, 2005. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Madeira River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ancistrus vericaucanus Taphorn et al., 2013 - Cauca bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Ancistrus vericaucanus Taphorn [D. C.], Armbruster [J. M.], Villa-Navarro [F.] & Ray [C. K.], 2013:364, Fig. 12] Notes: [Zootaxa 3641 (no. 4); ref. 32678] Cauca River drainage, Finca Santa Barbara, río La Vieja, Departmento Valle del Cauca, Colombia, elevation 1278 meters. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus vericaucanus Taphorn, Armbruster, Villa-Navarro & Ray, 2013. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Cauca River, tributary to Magdalena River, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Andeancistrus Lujan et al., 2015 - armored catfishes [=Andeancistrus Lujan [N. K.], Meza-Vargas [V.] & Barriga-Salazar [R.], 2015:652] Notes: [ref. 33963]. Masc. Chaetostomus platycephalus Boulenger, 1898. Type by original designation. •Valid as Andeancistrus Lujan, Meza-Vargas & Barriga-Salazar, 2015. Current status: Valid as Andeancistrus Lujan, Meza-Vargas & Barriga-Salazar, 2015. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Species Andeancistrus eschwartzae Lujan et al., 2015 - Pastaza armored catfish (author) [=Andeancistrus eschwartzae Lujan [N. K.], Meza-Vargas [V.] & Barriga Salazar [R. E.], 2015:652, Fig. 4] Notes: [Copeia v. 103 (no. 3); ref. 33963] Morona-Santiago Province, Palora Canton, Sangay Sector, Pastaza River drainage, Amundalo River 10.3 km WSW of Palora, Ecuador, 1°44'54.90"S, 78°02'39.78"W, elevation 953 meters. Current status: Valid as Andeancistrus eschwartzae Lujan, Meza-Vargas & Barriga Salazar, 2015. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Amundalo River, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Andeancistrus platycephalus (Boulenger, 1898) - Bomboiza armored catfish (author) [=Chaetostomus platycephalus Boulenger [G. A.], 1898:12] Notes: [Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino v. 13 (no. 329); ref. 14677] Río Bomboiza, upper Amazon River basin, eastern Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Andeancistrus platycephalus (Boulenger, 1898). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Santiago River basin, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1983 - suckermouth armored catfish, sucker catfish (author) [=Aphanotorulus Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.], 1983:105, Squaliforma Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Michels [J. P.], in Isbrücker et al., 2001:22] Notes: [ref. 5389]. Masc. Aphanotorulus frankei Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1983. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803 -- (Armbruster 2004:53, 60 [ref. 27644] dated 1982). •Valid as Aphanotorulus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1983 – (Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Armbruster & Page 1996:381 [ref. 22151], Armbruster 1998:253 [ref. 23319], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:351 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:225 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:219 [reef. 31999]). Current status: Valid as Aphanotorulus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1983. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. (Squaliforma) [ref. 25649]. Hypostomus horridus Kner, 1854. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803 -- (Armbruster 2004:53, 60 [ref. 27644]). •Valid as Squaliforma Isbrücker & Michels, 2001 -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:367 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:297 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Aphanotorulus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1983 -- (Ray & Armbruster 2016:507 [ref. 34178]). Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1983. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

Species Aphanotorulus ammophilus Armbruster & Page, 1996 - San Carlos sucker catfish (author) [=Aphanotorulus ammophilus Armbruster [J. W.] & Page [L. M.], 1996:385, Figs. 2, 3c, 4] Notes: [Copeia 1996 (no. 2); ref. 22151] Río San Carlos, River Portuguesa drainage at Caño Hondo, 9°31'51"N, 68°39'39"W, Cojedes State, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Aphanotorulus ammophilus Armbruster & Page, 1996. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aphanotorulus emarginatus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840) - Essequibo sucker catfish (author) [=Hypostomus emarginatus Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840:500, Plecostomus annae Steindachner [F.], 1881:112 [12], Pl. 3 (figs. 2-2a), Hypostoma squalinum Jardine [W.], in Schomburgk, 1841:142, Pls. 2-3] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Probably from Brazil. Current status: Valid as Aphanotorulus emarginatus (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Orinoco River, Essequibo River basin and lower Amazon River basin, South America. Habitat: freshwater. (annae) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 43; ref. 14290] Guamá River basin, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus emarginatus (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Guamá River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (squalinum) [The Natural history of fishes of Guiana; ref. 18707] Rio Branco, Rio Negro, and Essequibo River, South America. Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus emarginatus (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater. Species Aphanotorulus gomesi (Fowler, 1942) - Gomes' sucker catfish (author) [=Plecostomus gomesi Fowler [H. W.], 1942:2, Plecostomus iheringi Fowler [H. W.], 1941:150, Figs. 50-52] Notes: [The Fish Culturist v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 17876] Ceará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Aphanotorulus gomesi (Fowler, 1942). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Jaguaribe River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (iheringi) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Ceará, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus gomesi (Fowler, 1942). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aphanotorulus horridus (Kner, 1854) - horrid sucker catfish (author) [=Hypostomus horridus Kner [R.] (ex Heckel), 1854:259, Pl. 1 (fig. 1), Plecostomus biseriatus Cope [E. D.], 1872:285, Pl. 16 (figs. 1-2), Plecostomus scopularius Cope [E. D.], 1871:55, Plecostomus virescens Cope [E. D.], 1874:137] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Forte do Principe, Rio Guaporé, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Aphanotorulus horridus (Kner, 1854). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Amazon River, including tributaries, Brazil and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater. (biseriatus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Amazon River, Peru or Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus horridus (Kner, 1854). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater. (scopularius) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 19538] Amazon River above mouth of Rio Negro. Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus horridus (Kner, 1854). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater. (virescens) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 26; ref. 931] Upper Amazon [no specific locality]. Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus horridus (Kner, 1854). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aphanotorulus rubrocauda Oliveira et al., 2017 - Guariba sucker catfish (author) [=Aphanotorulus rubrocauda Oliveira [A. S.], Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.] & Zawadzki [C. H.], 2017:[2], Figs. 1, 2, 5] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 35225] Rio Guariba, Resex do Guariba, tributary of the rio Aripuanã basin, Apuí Municipality, Amazonas State, Brazil, 08°45'44"S, 60°24'48"W. Current status: Valid as Aphanotorulus rubrocauda Oliveira, Rapp Py-Daniel & Zawadzki, 2017. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Aripuanã basin, Rio Madeira drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner, 1908) - Purus sucker catfish (author) [=Plecostomus unicolor Steindachner [F.], 1908:164, Plecostomus chaparae Fowler [H. W.], 1940:81, Figs. 38-40, Aphanotorulus frankei Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.], 1983:108, Figs. 1-2, Plecostomus madeirae Fowler [H. W.], 1913:571, Fig. 23, Plecostomus micropunctatus La Monte [F. R.], 1935:1, Fig. 1, Plecostomus popoi Pearson [N. E.], 1924:20, Pl. 3 (figs. 2-3)] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 45 (no. 11); ref. 18806] Rio Purus, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner, 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Amazon River basin: Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (chaparae) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 92; ref. 1436] Boca Chapare, Río Chimore, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner, 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater. (frankei) [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 9 (no. 4) (1982); ref. 5389] Río Neshua, Río Aguaytia system, about 8°36'S, 74°50'W, 60 kilometers southwest of Pucallpa, Coronel Portillo Province, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner, 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater. (madeirae) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 65; ref. 1389] Rio Madeira, about 200 miles east of 63°54'W, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner, 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater. (micropunctatus) [American Museum Novitates No. 784; ref. 13893] Near mouth of Rio Macaua, tributary of Rio Iaco, itself a tributary to Rio Purus, near Sena Madureira, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner, 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater. (popoi) [Indiana University Studies v. 11 (no. 64); ref. 3396] Río Popoi, Upper Río Beni system, upper Amazon River basin, Bolivia. Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner, 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Araichthys Zawadzki et al., 2016 - suckermouth armored catfishes [=Araichthys Zawadzki [C. H.], Bifi [A. G.] & Mariotto [S.], 2016:362] Notes: [ref. 34917]. Masc. Araichthys loro Zawadzki, Bifi & Mariotto, 2016. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Araichthys Zawadzki, Bifi & Mariotto, 2016. Current status: Valid as Araichthys Zawadzki, Bifi & Mariotto, 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

Species Araichthys loro Zawadzki et al., 2016 - Papagaio armored catfish (author) [=Araichthys loro Zawadzki [C. H.], Bifi [A. G.] & Mariotto [S.], 2016:363, Figs. 1-3, 6] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 27 (no. 4) for Dec.; ref. 34917] Rio Papagaio, municipality of Sapezal, rio Tapajós basin, Amazon drainage, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 13°33'34"S, 58°24'28"W. Current status: Valid as Araichthys loro Zawadzki, Bifi & Mariotto, 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Baryancistrus Rapp Py-Daniel, 1989 - suckermouth armored catfishes, plecos, panaques [=Baryancistrus Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.], 1989:245] Notes: [ref. 13470]. Masc. Hypostomus niveatus Castelnau, 1855. Type by original designation (also monotypic, one species mentioned). Both new genera in this work were proposed as (p. 235), "...herein preliminary established." Regarded as available, not falling under Art. 15.1 (taxa proposed conditionally after 1961 are unavailable; see Appendix A in Eschmeyer 1990 [ref. 20647]). •Valid as Baryancistrus Rapp Py-Daniel, 1989 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:168 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2002:13 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:379 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Werneke et al. 2005:533 [ref. 28457], Ferraris 2007:226 [ref. 29155], Lujan et al. 2009:50 [ref. 30056], Rapp Py-Daniel et al. 2011:241[ref. 31383]). Current status: Valid as Baryancistrus Rapp Py-Daniel, 1989. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Species Baryancistrus beggini Lujan et al., 2009 - blue [=Baryancistrus beggini Lujan [N. K.], Arce [M.] & Armbruster [J. W.], 2009:51, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Copeia 2009 (no. 1); ref. 30056] Río Ventuari, 4°04'32"N, 66°53'34"W, Río Orinoco drainage, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Baryancistrus beggini Lujan, Arce & Armbruster, 2009. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Orinoco River drainage, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Baryancistrus chrysolomus Rapp Py-Daniel et al., 2011 - Xingu pleco (author) [=Baryancistrus chrysolomus Rapp Py-Daniel [L.], Zuanon [J.] & Ribeiro de Oliveira [R.], 2011:247, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 2); ref. 31383] Rio Xingu at Furo do Ramiro, 3°15'21"S, 52°05'06"W, Altamira, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Baryancistrus chrysolomus Rapp Py-Daniel, Zuanon & Ribeiro de Oliveira, 2011. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Rio Xingu and rio Iriri, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Baryancistrus demantoides Werneke et al., 2005- Ventuari pleco (author) [=Baryancistrus demantoides Werneke [D. C.], Sabaj Pérez [M. H.], Lujan [N. K.] & Armbruster [J. W.], 2005:535, Figs. 1a,b, 2] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 28457] Rio Ventuari near ornamental fish market in river, 04.07565°N, 066.89285°W, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Baryancistrus demantoides Werneke, Sabaj Pérez, Lujan & Armbruster, 2005. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Orinoco River and upper tributaries, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Baryancistrus longipinnis (Kindle, 1895) - Troceira pleco (author) [=Hemiancistrus longipinnis Kindle [E. M.], 1895:255] Notes: [Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences v. 8 (art. 9) [for 1894]; ref. 12354] Troceira on Rio Tocantins, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Baryancistrus longipinnis (Kindle, 1895). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Baryancistrus niveatus (Castelnau, 1855) - Araguay pleco (author) [=Hypostomus niveatus Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:43, Pl. 21 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio Araguay, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Baryancistrus niveatus (Castelnau, 1855). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Tocantins, Xingu, Tapajós and Trombetas River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Baryancistrus xanthellus Rapp Py-Daniel et al., 2011 - golden nugget pleco [=Baryancistrus xanthellus Rapp Py-Daniel [L.], Zuanon [J.] & Ribeiro de Oliveira [R.], 2011:242, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 2); ref. 31383] Rio Xingu, in the vicinity of the cachoeira Buraco do Inferno, 3°27'07"S, 51°41'53"W, Senador José Porfirio, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Baryancistrus xanthellus Rapp Py-Daniel, Zuanon & Ribeiro de Oliveira, 2011. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Volta Grande do rio Xingu and rio Iriri, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Chaetostoma Tschudi, 1846 - bristlemouths, suckermouth armored catfishes [=Chaetostoma Tschudi [J. J. von] 1846:25, Hypocolpterus Fowler [H. W.] 1943:259, Lipopterichthys Norman [J. R.], 1935:627, Loraxichthys Salcedo [N. J.], 2013:559] Notes: [ref. 4469]. Neut. Chaetostoma loborhynchos Tschudi, 1846. Type by monotypy. Authorship from Fowler (MS), sometimes attributed to Heckel. Spelled Chaetostomus by Heckel in Kner 1854:(256) 271 [ref. 2628] and others. •Valid as Chaetostoma Tschudi, 1846 – (Isbrücker 1980:59 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860], Rapp Py-Daniel 1991:239 [ref. 13586], Ceas & Page 1996:671 [ref. 22228], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2002:13 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:379 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644] dated 1845, Salcedo 2006:60 [ref. 28542], Salcedo 2006:207 [ref. 28842], Ferraris 2007:227 [ref. 29155], Ballen 2011:383 [ref. 31653], Salcedo et al. 2011:503 [ref. 31722], Tan & Armbruster 2012:52 [ref. 31842], Salcedo 2013:468 [ref. 32670], Lujan et al. 2014:16 [ref. 33495] as Chaetodtoma clade) Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma Tschudi, 1846. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. (Hypocolpterus) [ref. 1443]. Masc. Hypocolpterus analis Fowler, 1943. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Hypocolpterus Fowler, 1943 -- (Isbrücker 1980:59 [ref. 2303], Heitmans et al. 1983:33 [ref. 5278], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860]). •Synonym of Chaetostoma Tschudi, 1846 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:170 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:379 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:227 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Chaetostoma Tschudi, 1846. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. (Lipopterichthys) [ref. 3223]. Masc. Lipopterichthys carrioni Norman, 1935. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Lipopterichthys Norman, 1935 -- (Isbrücker 1980:65 [ref. 2303], Heitmans et al. 1983:33 [ref. 5278], Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:389 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:266 [ref. 29155], Salcedo 2013:468 [ref. 32670]). •Synonym of Chaetostoma Tschudi, 1846 -- (Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Lujan et al. 2014:283 [ref. 33495]). Current status: Synonym of Chaetostoma Tschudi, 1846. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. (Loraxichthys) [ref. 32670]. Masc. Loraxichthys lexa Salcedo, 2013. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Chaetostoma Tschudi, 1846 -- (Lujan et al 2014:283 [ref. 33495]). Current status: Synonym of Chaetostoma Tschudi, 1846. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

Species Chaetostoma aburrensis (Posada, 1909) - Posada's bristlemouth (author) [=Hypostomus aburrensis Posada [A.], 1909:297] Notes: [Los peces del norte de Colombia; ref. 5005] Medellín, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma aburrensis (Posada, 1909). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Cauca River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma anale (Fowler, 1943) - Orteguasa bristlemouth (author) [=Hypocolpterus analis Fowler [H. W.], 1943:261, Figs. 56-59] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Río Orteguasa, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma anale (Fowler, 1943). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Orteguasa River basin in upper Japurá River drainage, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma anomalum Regan, 1903 - Merida bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus anomalus Regan [C. T.], 1903:599] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 11 (no. 66) (art. 79); ref. 15041] Merida; Río Albrieggas and Río Milla, Venezuela, elevation 1500-3500 meters. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma anomalum Regan, 1903. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Lake Maracaibo basin, upper Charma, Capazon and Escalante River basins, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma bifurcum Lujan et al., 2015 - Guayas bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Chaetostoma bifurcum Lujan [N. K.], Meza-Vargas [V.], Astudillo-Clavijo [V.], Barriga Salazar [R. E.] & López-Fernández [H.], 2015:676, Fig. 7] Notes: [Copeia 103 (no. 3); ref. 33975] Santo Domingo de las Tsa´chilas Province, Guayas River drainage, Otongo River upstream of confluence with Baba River, Ecuador, 00°21'06.90"S, 79°12'52.32"W. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma bifurcum Lujan, Meza-Vargas, Astudillo-Clavijo, Barriga Salazar & López-Fernández, 2015. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Pacific Coast drainages of western Ecuador and northwestern Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma branickii Steindachner, 1881 - Chotano bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus branickii Steindachner [F.], 1881:118 [18], Pl. 6 (figs. 1-1b)] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 43; ref. 14290] Cajamarca, Rio Chota [Chotano], Peru, elevation 1465-1585 meters. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma branickii Steindachner, 1881. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Chamaya River basin in upper Marañón River drainage, Peru. Habitat: freshwater. Species Chaetostoma breve Regan, 1904 - breve bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus brevis Regan [C. T.], 1904:247, Pl. 13 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Eastern Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma breve Regan, 1904. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Zamora River basin in upper Marañón River drainage, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma brevilabiatum Dahl, 1942 - Volcan bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus brevilabiatus Dahl [G.], 1942:80 [1], Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Förhanglingar / Klungl. Fysiografiska sällskapet i Lund = Proceedings of the Royal Physiographic Society at Lund. v. 11 (no. 8); ref. 13197] Río Volcán near junction with Río San Bartolomé, tributary of Río Magdalena, Antióquia Dept., Colombia, elevation about 600 meters. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma brevilabiatum Dahl, 1942. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Magdalena and Cimitarra River basins, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma carrioni (Norman, 1935) - Zamora bristlemouth catfish (author) [=Lipopterichthys carrioni Norman [J. R.], 1935:628, Figs.] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 10) v. 15 (no. 90); ref. 3223] Río Zamora near Loja, upper Amazon River basin, eastern Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma carrioni (Norman, 1935). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Santiago River drainage, southwestern Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma changae Salcedo, 2006 - Tingo Maria bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostoma changae Salcedo [N. J.], 2006:61, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Copeia 2006 (no. 1); ref. 28542] Vicinity of Tingo María, backwater near Puerto Nuevo, flowinginto Río Tullamaya, 9°18'S, 75°59'W, Departamento de Huánuco, Peru. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma changae Salcedo, 2006. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Huallaga River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma daidalmatos Salcedo, 2006 - Salcedo's bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus daidalmatos Salcedo [N. J.], 2006:208, Figs. 1-2, 3a] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 3); ref. 28842] Tingo María, Río Huallaga, 9°18'S, 76°00'W, Province Leoncio Prado, Depto. Huánuco, Peru. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma daidalmatos Salcedo, 2006. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Huallaga River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma dermorhynchum Boulenger, 1887 - Pastaza bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus dermorhynchus Boulenger [G. A.], 1887:277, Pl. 22] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1887 (pt 2); ref. 532] Canelos, eastern Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma dermorhynchum Boulenger, 1887. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Pastaza, upper Bobonaza, Napo, and upper Curaray River basins, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma dorsale Eigenmann, 1922 - Albirregas bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus dorsalis Eigenmann [C. H.], 1922:226] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 1243] Río Albirregas and Río Millo, near Merida, northwestern Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma dorsale Eigenmann, 1922. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Meta and upper Apuré River basins: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma dupouii Fernández-Yépez, 1945 - Encantado bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus dupouii Fernández-Yépez [A.], 1945:27 [3]] Notes: [Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle v. 5 (no. 14); ref. 13083] Río Encantado, about 1 kilometer from junction of Río Encantado and Río Grande, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma dupouii Fernández-Yépez, 1945. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Tuy River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma fischeri Steindachner, 1879 - Panama bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus fischeri Steindachner [F.], 1879:150] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 16 (no. 15); ref. 20478] Río Mamoni near Chepo, Panama. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma fischeri Steindachner, 1879. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Central and northern South America: Colombia, Ecuador and Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma floridablancaensis Ardila Rodriguez, 2013 - Floridabanca bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostoma floridablancaensis Ardila Rodríguez [C. A.], 2013:[5], Figs. 1 et seq. Notes: [No. 6; ref. 33712] Departamento de Santander, municipipio de Floridabanca, quebrada Aranzoque, afluente del río de Oro, cuenca alto del río Lebrija, elevation 925 meters. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma floridablancaensis Ardila Rodríguez, 2013. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Florodablanca, afluente del Río Oro, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma formosae Ballen, 2011 - Cano Chuy bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostoma formosae Ballen [G. A.], 2011:384, Figs. 1 and 3] Notes: [Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, São Paulo v. 51 (no. 26); ref. 31653] Caño Chuy, affluent of río Upía, Boyacá -- Casanare border, upper río Meta basin, Orinoco drainage, San Luis de Gaceno, Departamento de Boyacá, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma formosae Ballen, 2011. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper río Meta and Guaviare basins, Orinoco River drainage, eastern Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma guairense Steindachner, 1881 - Guaire bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus guairensis Steindachner [F.], 1881:121 [21], Pl. 3 (figs. 1-1a)] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 43; ref. 14290] Río Guaire near Caracas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma guairense Steindachner, 1881. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Tuy and Guaire River and Lake Valencia basins, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma jegui Rapp Py-Daniel, 1991 - Uraricoera bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostoma jegui Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.], 1991:240, Fig. 2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 2 (no. 3); ref. 13586] Rio Uraricoera, Maracá Island, 3°21'N, 61°26'W, Federal Territory of Roraima, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma jegui Rapp Py-Daniel, 1991. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Uraricoera and Tacutu River basins in Branco River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma joropo Ballen et al., 2016 - Meta bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostoma joropo Ballen [G. A.], Urbano-Bonilla [A.] & Maldonado-Ocampo [J. A.], 2016:183, Figs. 1-2, 3 left] Notes: [Zootaxa 4105 (no. 2); ref. 34396] Meta, Mesetas, Resevera, Guaviare, rio Güejar, upper rio Guaviare basin, Orinoco River basin, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma joropo Ballen, Urbano-Bonilla & Maldonado-Ocampo, 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Orinoco River drainage, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma lepturum Regan, 1912 - Tamana bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus lepturus Regan [C. T.], 1912:667, Pl. 75 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1912 (pt 3); ref. 14862] Río Tamana, Río San Juan system, Chocó Dept., southwestern Colombia. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma lepturum Regan, 1912. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper San Juan River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma leucomelas Eigenmann, 1918 - Patia bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus leucomelas Eigenmann [C. H.], 1918:681] Notes: [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 56 (no. 7); ref. 12304] Río Patía, halfway between the Río Magui and Río Telembi, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma leucomelas Eigenmann, 1918. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Patia and upper Cauca River basins, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma lexa (Salcedo, 2013) - Tingo Maria bristlemouth (author) [=Loraxichthys lexa Salcedo [N. J.], 2013:560, Figs. 1-2, 4b, 5b] Notes: [Zootaxa 3640 (no. 4); ref. 32670] Mariano Dámaso Beraun, vicinity of Tingo María, Cueva de las Pavas, Quebrada Luconyupe, 9°22'15.1"S, 75°58'32.7"W, Provincia de Leoncio Prado, Departamento de Huánuco, Peru. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma lexa (Salcedo, 2013). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tingo María, Huánuco, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma lineopunctatum Eigenmann & Allen, 1942 - Azupizu bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostoma lineopunctata Eigenmann [C. H.] & Allen [W. R.], 1942:192, Pl. 6 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Fishes of western South America; ref. 1246] Río Azupizú, a tributary of Río Pachitea, upper Amazon River system, Peru. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma lineopunctatum Eigenmann & Allen, 1942. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Río Ucayali and Río Madre de Dios basins, Peru. Habitat: freshwater. Species Chaetostoma loborhynchos Tschudi, 1846 - Tullunayo bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostoma loborhynchos Tschudi [J. J. von], 1846:26, Pl. 4] Notes: [Untersuchungen über die Fauna Peruana; ref. 4469] Río Tullunayo in Vitoc Mountain, eastern Andes, Peru. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma loborhynchos Tschudi, 1846. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Tambo River basin in the Ucayali River drainage, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma machiquense Fernández-Yépez & Martin Salazar, 1953 - Negro bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostoma machiquensis Fernández-Yépez [A.] & Martín Salazar [F. J.], 1953:238, Fig.] Notes: [Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle v. 13 (no. 35); ref. 12693] Rio Negro, 16 kilometers west of Machiques, Estado Zulia, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma machiquense Fernández-Yépez & Martín Salazar, 1953. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Negro River basin in Lake Maracaibo drainage, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma marginatum Regan, 1904 - Salidero bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus marginatus Regan [C. T.], 1904:249, Pl. 13 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Salidero, northwestern Ecuador [= Near Bulún [Pulún], about 1°05'N, 78°40'W, Rio Bogota, Esmeraldas, Ecuador, elevation 50-110 m]. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma marginatum Regan, 1904. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Bogota, Chimbo and San Juan river basins: Colombia and Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma marmorescens Eigenmann & Allen, 1942 - Tingo bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostoma marmorescens Eigenmann [C. H.] & Allen [W. R.], 1942:193] Notes: [Fishes of western South America; ref. 1246] Huanacachupa Creek near Huanuco, River Tingo, Peru, elevation 6000 feet. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma marmorescens Eigenmann & Allen, 1942. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Huallaga River basin in Marañón River drainage, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma microps Günther, 1864 - micorps bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus microps Günther [A.], 1864:250, Chaetostomus mollinasus Pearson [N. E.], 1937:96, Pl. 13 (figs. 1-2)] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Andes of western Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma microps Günther, 1864. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Andes of western Ecuador and Peru (?). Habitat: freshwater. (mollinasus) [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 23 (no. 7); ref. 12297] Balsas, elevation 3500 feet, and Cajamarca, elevation 9843 feet, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Chaetostoma microps Günther, 1864. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma milesi Fowler, 1941 - Honda bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus milesi Fowler [H. W.], 1941:2, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 73; ref. 13236] Honda, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma milesi Fowler, 1941. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Magdalena and Apuré River basins: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma niveum Fowler, 1944 - Jurubida bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostoma niveum Fowler [H. W.], 1944:238, Figs. 14-16] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 96; ref. 1452] Clear waters of Río Jurubidá, Nuquí, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma niveum Fowler, 1944. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Jurubidá River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma nudirostre Lütken, 1874 - Valencia bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus nudirostris Lütken [C. F.], 1874:207 [6]] Notes: [Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenhavn, Aaret 1873 (nos 13-14); ref. 2854] Valencia, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma nudirostre Lütken, 1874. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Lake Valencia basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma palmeri Regan, 1912 - Regan's bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus palmeri Regan [C. T.], 1912:667, Pl. 75 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1912 (pt 3); ref. 14862] Río Tamana, Río San Juan system, Chocó Dept., southwestern Colombia. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma palmeri Regan, 1912. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Tamana River basin in San Juan River drainage, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma patiae Fowler, 1945 - Fowler's Patia bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostoma patiae Fowler [H. W.], 1945:118, Figs. 25-28] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Río Patia, Pacific slope of southwestern Colombia, elevation 3000 feet. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma patiae Fowler, 1945. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Patia River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma paucispinis Regan, 1912 - Tado bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus paucispinis Regan [C. T.], 1912:667, Pl. 75 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1912 (pt 3); ref. 14862] Tado, Río San Juan, Chocó Dept., southwestern Colombia. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma paucispinis Regan, 1912. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: San Juan River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater. Species Chaetostoma pearsei Eigenmann, 1920 - Castano bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus pearsei Eigenmann [C. H.], 1920:8, Fig. 3; Pl. 2] Notes: [Indiana University Studies v. 7 (no. 44); ref. 11120] Río Castaño at Maracay, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma pearsei Eigenmann, 1920. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Lake Valencia and Tuy River basins, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma platyrhynchus (Fowler, 1943) - Florencia bristlemouth (author) [=Hemiancistrus platyrhynchus Fowler [H. W.], 1943:252, Figs. 36-39] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Florencia, Río Orteguasa basin, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma platyrhynchus (Fowler, 1943). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Caquetá River basin in upper Japurá River drainage, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma setosum Boulenger, 1887 - setosus bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus setosus Boulenger [G. A.], 1887:349] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 19 (no. 113); ref. 17018] Andes of Colombia. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma setosum Boulenger, 1887. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Andes of Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma sovichthys Schultz, 1944 - Maracaibo bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostoma anomala sovichthys Schultz [L. P.], 1944:292, Pl. 8 (figs. A-B)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 94 (no. 3172); ref. 3959] Near bridge over the Río San Pedro, tributary of the Río Motatán, southeast of Mene Grande, Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma sovichthys Schultz, 1944. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Lake Maracaibo, Motatán River and tributaries, Venezuela; Catatumbo River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma spondylus Salcedo & Ortega, 2015 - spondylus bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostoma spondylus Salcedo [N. J.] & Ortega [H.], 2015:152, Fig. 1] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 1); ref. 33747] Peru, Departamento de Cajamarca, Celendín, Sorochuco, W of Sorochuco, río Sendamal, tributary of río Marañón, 6°51’29.5"S, 78°15’35.2"W. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma spondylus Salcedo & Ortega, 2015. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Río Chotano, río Huancabamba, río Sendamal, and río Utcubamba, mountain tributaries (1500-2000 m above sea level) of río Marañón, Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma stannii Lütken, 1874 - Stanni's bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus stannii Lütken [C. F.] (ex Krøyer), 1874:206 [5]] Notes: [Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenhavn, Aaret 1873 (nos 13-14); ref. 2854] Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma stannii Lütken, 1874. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Caribbean coastal drainages of Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma stroumpoulos Salcedo, 2006 - Huallaga bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostoma stroumpoulos Salcedo [N. J.], 2006:213, Figs. 3b, 4-5] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 3); ref. 28842] Tingo María, Río Huallaga, 9°18'S, 76°00'W, Province Leoncio Prado, Depto. Huánuco, Peru. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma stroumpoulos Salcedo, 2006. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Huallaga River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma tachiraensis Schultz, 1944 - Tachira bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostoma tachiraensis Schultz [L. P.], 1944:288, Pl. 7 (figs. B-C)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 94 (no. 3172); ref. 3959] Río Táchira, tributary of Río Zulia, 7 kilometers north of San Antonio, Rio Catatumbo system, Táchira state, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma tachiraense Schultz, 1944. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Catatumbo River basin in Lake Maracaibo drainage: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma taczanowskii Steindachner, 1882 - Huambo bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus taczanowskii Steindachner [F.], 1882:177] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 19 (no. 19); ref. 20487] Upper rio Huambo basin, Río de la Tortora, 6°26'S, 77°18'W, upper Amazon system, Peru. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma taczanowskii Steindachner, 1882. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Huallaga and Urubamba River basins, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma thomsoni Regan, 1904 - Villeta bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus thomsoni Regan [C. T.], 1904:250, Pl. 14 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Villeta, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma thomsoni Regan, 1904. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma trimaculineum Lujan et al., 2015 - Santiago bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostoma trimaculineum Lujan [N. K.], Meza-Vargas [V.], Astudillo-Clavijo [V.], Barriga Salazar [R. E.] & López-Fernández [H.], 2015:694, Figs. 13-14] Notes: [Copeia 103 (no. 3); ref. 33975] Santiago River drainage, Morona-Santiago Province, confluence of the Changachangasa and Tutanangosa rivers and upstream in both, 2°35'51.18"S, 78°11'10.38"W. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma trimaculineum Lujan, Meza-Vargas, Astudillo-Clavijo, Barriga Salazar & López-Fernández, 2015. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Santiago and middle Marañon river drainages in eastern Ecuador and northern Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma vagum Fowler, 1943 - vagum bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostomus vagus Fowler [H. W.], 1943:258, Figs. 52-55, Chaetostoma alternifasciatum Fowler [H. W.], 1945:116, Figs. 21-24] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Río Orteguasa, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma vagum Fowler, 1943. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Orteguaza River basin in upper Japurá River drainage, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater. (alternifasciatum) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Morelia, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia. Current status: Synonym of Chaetostoma vagum Fowler, 1943. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma vasquezi Lasso & Provenzano, 1998 - Bolivar bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostoma vasquezi Lasso [C. A.] & Provenzano [F.], 1998:55, Fig.] Notes: [Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle v. 57 (no. 147) [1997]; ref. 24173] Raudales del Caño El Cambur, tributary of Rio Caura, Bolívar State, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma vasquezi Lasso & Provenzano, 1998. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Orinoco, Cauca and Caroni River basins, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetostoma venezuelae (Schultz, 1944) - Caripe bristlemouth (author) [=Corymbophanes venezuelae Schultz [L. P.], 1944:41, Pl. 1 (figs. 1-3); Fig. 2] Notes: [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society v. 29 (pt 1, no. 5); ref. 10140] Río Caripe, Caripito, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma venezuelae (Schultz, 1944). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: San Juan River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. Species Chaetostoma yurubiense Ceas & Page, 1996 - Yaracuy bristlemouth (author) [=Chaetostoma yurubiense Ceas [P. A.] & Page [L. M.], 1996:672, Fig. 2 (top)] Notes: [Copeia 1996 (no. 3); ref. 22228] Río Mayorica, Río Yaracuy system, 9 kilometers north Albarico near Mayorica, Lara State, Venezuela, 10°25'43"N, 68°40'47"W. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma yurubiense Ceas & Page, 1996. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Yaracuy, Urama and Aroa River basins, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Cordylancistrus Isbrucker, 1980 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Cordylancistrus Isbrücker [I. J. H.], 1980:48] Notes: [ref. 2303]. Masc. Pseudancistrus torbesensis Schultz, 1944. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Cordylancistrus Isbrücker, 1980 -- (Heitmans et al. 1983:33 [ref. 5278], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Pérez & Provenzano 1996:27 [ref. 22807], Burgess & Finley 1996:168 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2002:14 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:383 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Provenzano & Milani 2006:29 [ref. 28579], Ferraris 2007:231 [ref. 29155], Tan & Armbruster 2012:52 [ref. 31842], Salcedo 2013:468 [ref. 32670]). Current status: Valid as Cordylancistrus Isbrücker, 1980. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Cordylancistrus daguae (Eigenmann, 1912) - Caldas sucker catfish (author) [=Hemiancistrus daguae Eigenmann [C. H.], 1912:11] Notes: [Indiana University Studies No. 16 [sic No. 8]; ref. 1228] Caldas, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Cordylancistrus daguae (Eigenmann, 1912). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Dagua River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cordylancistrus nephelion Provenzano & Milani, 2006 - Mesia sucker catfish (author) [=Cordylancistrus nephelion Provenzano [F.] & Milani [N.], 2006:31, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1116; ref. 28579] Mesia River, tributary of Guare River, near village Corocito, about 10°12'N, 67°05'W, Tuy River system, Caribbean Sea basin, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Cordylancistrus nephelion Provenzano & Milani, 2006. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Tributaries of Tuy River, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cordylancistrus perijae Perez & Provenzano, 1996 - Colorado sucker catfish (author) [=Cordylancistrus perijae Pérez [A.] & Provenzano [F.], 1996:27, Fig. 2] Notes: [Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment v. 31 (no. 1); ref. 22807] Caño Colorado, 100 meters from dam site, tributary of Palmar River, about 10°37'12"N, 72°25'34'W, Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Cordylancistrus perijae Pérez & Provenzano, 1996. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Palmar and Socuy River basins in Lake Maracaibo drainage, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cordylancistrus pijao Provenzano R. & Villa-Navarro, 2017 - Cuinde Blanco sucker catfish (author) [=Cordylancistrus pijao Provenzano R. [F.] & Villa-Navarro [F. A.], 2017:523, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa 4294 (no. 5); ref. 35473] Quebrada Aguas Blancas at its mouth in the Cuinde Blanco River, Municipio Villarrica, Vereda La Arcadia, Prado River system, Magdalena River basin, Departamento de Tolima, Colombia, 03°55'29.6"N, 74°36'40.8"W, elevation 950 meters. Current status: Valid as Cordylancistrus pijao Provenzano R. & Villa-Navarro, 2017. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cordylancistrus torbesensis (Schultz, 1944) - Torbes sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudancistrus torbesensis Schultz [L. P.], 1944:296, Pl. 8 (figs. C-D)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 94 (no. 3172); ref. 3959] Río Torbes, 1 kilometer above Táriba, 7°48'N, 72°10'W, Río Orinoco system, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Cordylancistrus torbesensis (Schultz, 1944). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Torbes River basin in Apuré River drainage, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Corymbophanes Eigenmann, 1909 - suckermouth armored catfish, sucker catfish (author) [=Corymbophanes Eigenmann [C. H.], 1909:5] Notes: [ref. 1222]. Masc. Corymbophanes andersoni Eigenmann, 1909. Type by monotypy. Gender ambiguous, treated as masculine. •Valid as Corymbophanes Eigenmann, 1909 -- (Isbrücker 1980:14 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Armbruster et al. 2000:997 [ref. 25018], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:352 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:232 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Valid as Corymbophanes Eigenmann, 1909. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

Species Corymbophanes andersoni Eigenmann, 1909 - Aruataima Falls sucker catfish (author) [=Corymbophanes andersoni Eigenmann [C. H.], 1909:5] Notes: [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1222] Aruataima Falls, Upper Potaro River, Guyana, 5°00'05'N, 59°37'33"W. Current status: Valid as Corymbophanes andersoni Eigenmann, 1909. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Essequibo River drainage, upper Potaro River, upstream of Kaieteur Falls, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Corymbophanes kaiei Armbruster & Sabaj Perez, in Armbruster et al., 2000 - Essequibo sucker catfish (author) [=Corymbophanes kaiei Armbruster [J. W.] & Sabaj Pérez [M. H.], in Armbruster, Sabaj Pérez, Hardman, Page & Knouft, 2000:1002, Fig. 3] Notes: [Copeia 2000 (no. 4); ref. 25018] Oung Creek, Chenapou River-Potaro River drainage, about 1 hour hike southwest of coordinates 04°58'26"N, 59°34'41"W, (mouth of Chenapou River), Potaro-Siparuni region, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Corymbophanes kaiei Armbruster & Sabaj Pérez, 2000. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Essequibo River drainage, upper Potaro River basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Dekeyseria Rapp Py-Daniel, 1985 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Dekeyseria Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.], 1985:178, Zonancistrus Isbrücker [I. J. H.], in Isbrücker et al., 2001:23] Notes: [ref. 6101]. Fem. Dekeyseria amazonica Rapp Py-Daniel, 1985. Type by original designation. •Valid as Dekeyseria Rapp Py-Daniel, 1985 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:168 [ref. 22901], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:383 [ref. 27061], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:234 [ref. 29155], Lujan & Birindelli 2011:44 [ref. 31408]). Current status: Valid as Dekeyseria Rapp Py-Daniel, 1985. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. (Zonancistrus) [ref. 25649]. Ancistrus brachyurus Kner, 1854. Type by original designation. •Valid as Zonancistrus Isbrücker, 2001 -- (Isbrücker 2002:30 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Dekeyseria Rapp Py-Daniel, 1985 -- (Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:383 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:234 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Dekeyseria Rapp Py-Daniel, 1985. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Dekeyseria amazonica Rapp Py-Daniel, 1985 - Amazon sucker catfish (author) [=Dekeyseria amazonica Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.], 1985:180, Figs. 2, 4-7] Notes: [Amazoniana v. 9 (no. 2); ref. 6101] Janauacá [Janavacá] ccomplex, Rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Dekeyseria amazonica Rapp Py-Daniel, 1985. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Solimões River basin and middle and lower Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Dekeyseria brachyura (Kner, 1854) - Manaus sucker catfish (author) [=Ancistrus brachyurus Kner [R.], 1854:279, Pl. 4 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Manaus, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Dekeyseria brachyura (Kner, 1854). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Lower Negro River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Dekeyseria niveata (La Monte, 1929) - Pescado sucker catfish (author) [=Plecostomus niveatus La Monte [F. R.], 1929:3, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 373; ref. 3039] Caño Pescado, 5 miles north of Esmeralda, Upper Orinoco drainage, Venezuela, elevation about 325 feet. Current status: Valid as Dekeyseria niveata (La Monte, 1929). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Dekeyseria picta (Kner, 1854) - picta sucker catfish (author) [=Ancistrus pictus Kner [R.], 1854:277 [27], Pl. 4 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Manaus, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Dekeyseria picta (Kner, 1854). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Lower Negro River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Dekeyseria pulchra (Steindachner, 1915) - Casiquiare sucker catfish (author) [=Ancistrus (Hemiancistrus) pulcher Steindachner [F.], 1915:219] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 52 (no. 18); ref. 18909] Mouth of Rio Negro at Moura, Brazil, 1°32'S, 61°38'W. Current status: Valid as Dekeyseria pulchra (Steindachner, 1915). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Negro and Orinoco rivers and Canal Casiquiare basin: Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Dekeyseria scaphirhynchus (Kner, 1854) - Kner's sucker catfish (author) [=Ancistrus scaphirhynchus Kner [R.], 1854:280 [30], Pl. 3 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Manaus, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Dekeyseria scaphirhynchus (Kner, 1854). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Negro River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Dolichancistrus Isbrucker, 1980 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Dolichancistrus Isbrücker [I. J. H.], 1980:47] Notes: [ref. 2303]. Masc. Pseudancistrus pediculatus Eigenmann, 1918. Type by original designation. •Valid as Dolichancistrus Isbrücker, 1980 -- (Heitmans et al. 1983:33 [ref. 5278], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:384 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:235 [ref. 29155], Ballen & Vari 2012:499, 501 [ref. 32204], Salcedo 2013:468 [ref. 32670]). Current status: Valid as Dolichancistrus Isbrücker, 1980. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Dolichancistrus atratoensis (Dahl, 1960) - Atrato sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudancistrus atratoensis Dahl [G.], 1960:455, Figs.] Notes: [Caldasia v. 8 (no. 39); ref. 9310] Quebrada La Noche, tributary to upper Ríp Atrato, Departmento de Antioquiá, Riosucio, 3western Colombia, elevation about 550 meters. Current status: Valid as Dolichancistrus atratoensis (Dahl, 1960). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Atrato River basin, Colombia and río Cubarradó in western Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Dolichancistrus carnegiei (Eigenmann, 1916) - San Gil sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudancistrus carnegiei Eigenmann [C. H.], 1916:85] Notes: [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 10 (nos 1-2); ref. 1233] Río San Gil, Santander, Río Magdalena system, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Dolichancistrus carnegiei (Eigenmann, 1916). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Dolichancistrus cobrensis (Schultz, 1944) - Cobre sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudancistrus pediculatus cobrensis Schultz [L. P.], 1944:299, Pl. 9 (figs. A-B)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 94 (no. 3172); ref. 3959] Río Cobre, tributary to Río Quinta, below La Grita, Catatumbo system, Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Dolichancistrus cobrensis (Schultz, 1944). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Catatumbo River basin in Lake Maracaibo drainage, Colombia and Venezuela and upper Apure in the río Orinoco basin, Habitat: freshwater.

Species Dolichancistrus fuesslii (Steindachner, 1911) - Sosomoco sucker catfish (author) [=Ancistrus fuesslii Steindachner [F.], 1911:373, Pseudancistrus pediculatus Eigenmann [C. H.], 1918:679] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 48 (no. 17); ref. 14817] Sosomoco, Colombia, elevation 800 meters. Current status: Valid as Dolichancistrus fuesslii (Steindachner, 1911). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upland tributaries of the río Duda and río Meta basins, río Orinoco system, western Colombia. Habitat: freshwater. (pediculatus) [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 56 (no. 7); ref. 12304] Río Negro at Villavicencio, Colombia. Current status: Synonym of Dolichancistrus fuesslii (Steindachner, 1911). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Exastilithoxus Isbrucker & Nijssen, in Isbrucker, 1979 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Exastilithoxus Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.], in Isbrücker, 1979:88, 91] Notes: [ref. 2302]. Masc. Pseudacanthicus (Lithoxus) fimbriatus Steindachner, 1915. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Exastilithoxus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1979 -- (Isbrücker 1980:78 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Armbruster 2002:87 [ref. 25891], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:384 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:236 [ref. 29155], Lujan 2008:413 [ref. 29847], Lujan & Birindelli 2011:45 [ref. 31408]). Current status: Valid as Exastilithoxus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1979. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Exastilithoxus fimbriatus (Steindachner, 1915) - Coquenan sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudacanthicus (Lithoxus) fimbriatus Steindachner [F.], 1915:201] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 52 (no. 17); ref. 15071] Río Coquenan, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Exastilithoxus fimbriatus (Steindachner, 1915). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Caroni and Matacuni River basins in Orinoco River drainage, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Exastilithoxus hoedemani Isbrucker & Nijssen, 1985 - Marauia sucker catfish (author) [=Exastilithoxus hoedemani Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.], 1985:227, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [Spixiana (München) v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 8152] Rio Marauiá, foot of the Sierra Neblina, Cachoeira "Pora Comeschie", Rio Negro basin, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Exastilithoxus hoedemani Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1985. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Marauiá River in upper Negro River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Guyanancistrus Isbrucker, in Isbrucker et al., 2001 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfish (author) [=Guyanancistrus Isbrücker [I. J. H.], in Isbrücker et al., 2001:19] Notes: [ref. 25649]. Lasiancistrus brevispinis Heitmans, Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983. Type by original designation. •Valid as Guyanancistus Isbrücker, 2001 -- (Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:384 [ref. 27061], Isbrücker 2002:16 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Pseudancistrus Bleeker, 1862 -- (Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Armbruster 2004:5 [ref. 27844], Ferraris 2007:287 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Guyanancistrus Isbrücker, 2001 -- (Covain & Fisch-Muller 2012:235 [ref. 31998], Silva et al. 2014:11 [ref. 33302]). Current status: Valid as Guyanancistrus Isbrücker, 2001. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Guyanancistrus brevispinis (Heitmans et al., 1983) - Fallawatra suckermouth armored catfish (author) [=Lasiancistrus brevispinis Heitmans [W. R. B.], Nijssen [H.] & Isbrücker [I. J. H.], 1983:38, Figs. 4-7] Notes: [Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde v. 53 (no. 1); ref. 5278] Fallawatra River, rapid 5 kilometers southwest of Stondansie Fall, Nickerie District, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Guyanancistrus brevispinis (Heitmans, Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal drainages of French Guiana, Brazil and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Guyanancistrus longispinis (Heitmans et al., 1983) - Camopi sucker catfish (author) [=Lasiancistrus longispinis Heitmans [W. R. B.], Nijssen [H.] & Isbrücker [I. J. H.], 1983:45, Figs. 8-9] Notes: [Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde v. 53 (no. 1); ref. 5278] Camopi River at Pauwé Jean-Jean, upstream of Saut Mauvais, 3°11'N, 52°22'W, Oyapock River system, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Guyanancistrus longispinis (Heitmans, Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Oyapock River basin, French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Guyanancistrus niger (Norman, 1926) - Oyapock sucker catfish (author) [=Hemiancistrus niger Norman [J. R.], 1926:96] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 18 (no. 103); ref. 15602] Oyapock River at "Sant" Cafesoca [Saut Cafesoca], French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Guyanancistrus niger (Norman, 1926). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Oyapock River basin, French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Hemiancistrus Bleeker, 1862 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Hemiancistrus Bleeker [P.], 1862:2] Notes: [ref. 393]. Masc. Ancistrus medians Kner, 1854. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Hemiancistrus Bleeker, 1862 -- (Isbrücker 1980:49 [ref. 2303], Heitmans et al. 1983:33 [ref. 5278], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Malabarba 1989:148 [ref. 14217], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Cardoso & Malabarba 1999:141 [ref. 24148], Isbrücker 2002:16 [ref. 27178], Cardoso & Lucinda 2003:81 [ref. 26858], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:384 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Cardoso & da Silva 2004:1 [ref. 27704], Cardoso 2004:173 [ref. 27799], Werneke et al. 2005:533 [ref. 28457], Werneke et al. 2005:543 [ref. 28456], Ferraris 2007:242 [ref. 29155], Armbruster 2008:49 [ref. 29740], de Souza et al. 2008:419 [ref. 29848], Lujan & Chamon 2008:272 [ref. 29977], Lujan & Chamon 2008:272 [ref. 29977], Lujan et. al. 2014:16 [ref. 32454] as Hemiancistrus clade). Current status: Valid as Hemiancistrus Bleeker, 1862. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Hemiancistrus cerrado de Souza et al., 2008 - Bugre sucker catfish (author) [=Hemiancistrus cerrado de Souza [L. S.], Melo [M. R. S.], Chamon [C. C.] & Armbruster [J. W.], 2008:420, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 29848] Município Goiás Velho, rio Bugre, tributary of rio Vermelho, under bridge on road GO-164, 25 kilometers northwest of Goiás, 15°47'13"S, 50°07'53"W, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hemiancistrus cerrado de Souza, Melo, Chamon & Armbruster, 2008. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Tributaries of the Araguaia River, Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hemiancistrus chlorostictus Cardoso & Malabarba, 1999 - Passo Funda sucker catfish (author) [=Hemiancistrus chlorostictus Cardoso [A. R.] & Malabarba [L. R.], 1999:144, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências de PUCRS. v. 12; ref. 24148] Passo Fundo dam, Gerasul UHPF, Ronda Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, about 27°40'09"S, 52°45'25"W. Current status: Valid as Hemiancistrus chlorostictus Cardoso & Malabarba, 1999. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Uruguay River basin, Passo Fundo dam, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hemiancistrus fuliginosus Cardoso & Malabarba, 1999 - Jacutinga sucker catfish (author) [=Hemiancistrus fuliginosus Cardoso [A. R.] & Malabarba [L. R.], 1999:148, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências de PUCRS. v. 12; ref. 24148] Rio Jacutinga, road Seara-Concórdia (BR283), Concórdia, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, about 27°10'S, 52°09'W. Current status: Valid as Hemiancistrus fuliginosus Cardoso & Malabarba, 1999. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper and middle Uruguay River basin, Paraná River basin: Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hemiancistrus furtivus Provenzano & Barriga Salazar, 2017 - Silanche suckermouth catfish (author) [=Hemiancistrus furtivus Provenzano R. [F.] & Barriga Salazar [R. E.], 2017:223, Figs. 1, 2A] Notes: [Zootaxa 4272 (no. 2); ref. 35332] Río Silanche, río Blanco tributary, close to San Francisco de Silanche town, Esmeraldas River basin, Pichincha Province, Ecuador, approximately 00°08'45"N, 79°16'38"W. Current status: Valid as Hemiancistrus furtivus Provenzano & Barriga Salazar, 2017. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Esmeraldas River basin, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hemiancistrus guahiborum Werneke et al., 2005 - Werneke's sucker catfish (author) [=Hemiancistrus guahiborum Werneke [D. C.], Armbruster [J. W.], Lujan [N. K.] & Taphorn [D. C.], 2005:544, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 28456] Rio Ventuari at raudales Tencua, 56 kilometers ese of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.04968°N, 065.62722°W, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Hemiancistrus guahiborum Werneke, Armbruster, Lujan & Taphorn, 2005. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Middle and upper Orinoco River and its tributaries. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hemiancistrus landoni Eigenmann, 1916 - Naranjito sucker catfish (author) [=Hemiancistrus landoni Eigenmann [C. H.], 1916:84, Hemiancistrus hammarlundi Rendahl [H.], 1937:2, Fig. 1] Notes: [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 10 (nos 1-2); ref. 1233] Naranjito, Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Hemiancistrus landoni Eigenmann, 1916. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Guyanas River basin, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater. (hammarlundi) [Arkiv för Zoologi v. 29 (häfte 3) A (no. 11); ref. 15300] Río Clementina system, northwest of Babahoyo, Los Rios, Ecuador. Current status: Synonym of Hemiancistrus landoni Eigenmann, 1916. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Río Clementina, Ecuador.(if valid). Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hemiancistrus medians (Kner, 1854) - Suriname sucker catfish (author) [=Ancistrus medians Kner [R.], 1854:(256) 281 [6, 31]] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Grand Inini River, Saut S, 3°36'19"N, 53°48'25"W, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Hemiancistrus medians (Kner, 1854). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Maroni River basin: French Guiana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hemiancistrus megalopteryx Cardoso, 2004 - Braco sucker catfish (author) [=Hemiancistrus megalopteryx Cardoso [A. R.], 2004:174, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 15 (no. 2); ref. 27799] Rio Braço do Norte, downstream dam (tributary of rio Tubarão), about 28°16'38"S, 49°11'01"W, Braço do Norte, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hemiancistrus megalopteryx Cardoso, 2004. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Tubarão River system, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hemiancistrus meizospilos Cardoso & da Silva, 2004 - Chapeco sucker catfish (author) [=Hemiancistrus meizospilos Cardoso [A. R.] & da Silva [J. F. P.], 2004:4, Fig. 6] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 27704] Rio Chapecó, tributary of the rio Uruguai basin, Coronel Freitas, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hemiancistrus meizospilos Cardoso & da Silva, 2004. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Chapecó River system, upper Uruguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hemiancistrus punctulatus Cardoso & Malabarba, 1999 - Patos sucker catfish (author) [=Hemiancistrus punctulatus Cardoso [A. R.] & Malabarba [L. R.], 1999:152, Figs. 7-8] Notes: [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências de PUCRS. v. 12; ref. 24148] Rio dos Sinos, João Fernandes beach, Caraá, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, about 29°45'87"S, 50°25'68"W. Current status: Valid as Hemiancistrus punctulatus Cardoso & Malabarba, 1999. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hemiancistrus subviridis Werneke et al., 2005 - Esmeralda sucker catfish (author) [=Hemiancistrus subviridis Werneke [D. C.], Sabaj Pérez [M. H.], Lujan [N. K.] & Armbruster [J. W.], 2005:538, Figs. 1c, 4] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 28457] 117 kilometers west of La Esmeralda, 03.28998°N, 066.60004°W, rio Orinoco, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Hemiancistrus subviridis Werneke, Sabaj Pérez, Lujan & Armbruster, 2005. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hemiancistrus votouro Cardoso & da Silva, 2004 - votouro sucker catfish (author) [=Hemiancistrus votouro Cardoso [A. R.] & da Silva [J. F. P.], 2004:2, Fig. 1] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 27704] Arroio Lageado Grande, tributary of the rio Passo Fundo, rio Uruguai basin, about 2.5 kilometers northeast from Votouro Indian Reserve, 27°26'50"S, 52°37'05"W, Benjamin Constant, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hemiancistrus votouro Cardoso & da Silva, 2004. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Passo Fundo system, upper Uruguai River basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Hopliancistrus Isbrucker & Nijssen, 1989 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Hopliancistrus Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.], 1989:543] Notes: [ref. 13622]. Masc. Hopliancistrus tricornis Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Hopliancistrus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:386 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:249 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Valid as Hopliancistrus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Hopliancistrus tricornis Isbrucker & Nijssen, 1989 - tircornis sucker catfish (author) [=Hopliancistrus tricornis Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.], 1989:543, Figs. 5-7] Notes: [DATZ v. 42 (no. 9); ref. 13622] Poça de Pedra on Rio Tapajós, São Luis, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hopliancistrus tricornis Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Tapajós and Xingu River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1991 - suckermouth armored catfishes, plecos [=Hypancistrus Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.], 1991:347, Micracanthicus Lujan [N. K.] & Armbruster [J. W.], 2011:216] Notes: [ref. 19201]. Masc. Hypancistrus zebra Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1991. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Hypancistrus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1991 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2002:86 [ref. 25891], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:387 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Armbruster et al. 2007:62 [ref. 29036], Ferraris 2007:249 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Valid as Hypancistrus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1991. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. (Micracanthicus) [ref. 31416]. Micracanthicus vandragti Lujan & Armbruster, 2011. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Hypancistrus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1991 -- (Lujan et al. 2017:x [ref. 35031]). Current status: Synonym of Hypancistrus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1991. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

Species Hypancistrus contradens Armbruster et al., 2007 - contradens pleco (author) [=Hypancistrus contradens Armbruster [J. W.], Lujan [N. K.] & Taphorn [D. C.], 2007:64, Figs. 1A, 2] Notes: [Copeia 2007 (no. 1); ref. 29036] Río Ventuari, 23 kilometers northeast of Macuruco, 94 kilometers east of San Fernando de Atabapo, 4°04'50"N, 66°51'31"W, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Hypancistrus contradens Armbruster, Lujan & Taphorn, 2007. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Lower reaches of Ventuari River and mainstream of the Orinoco River near Ventuari River mouth, Amazonas, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypancistrus debilittera Armbruster et al., 2007 - Pasaganado pleco (author) [=Hypancistrus debilittera Armbruster [J. W.], Lujan [N. K.] & Taphorn [D. C.], 2007:68, Figs. 1D, 5] Notes: [Copeia 2007 (no. 1); ref. 29036] Pasaganado, 38 kilometers north of San Fernando de Atabapo, 4°23'04"N, 67°46'28"W, Río Orinoco, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Hypancistrus debilittera Armbruster, Lujan & Taphorn, 2007. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Orinoco River, Amazonas, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypancistrus furunculus Armbruster et al., 2007 - Ventuari pleco (author) [=Hypancistrus furunculus Armbruster [J. W.], Lujan [N. K.] & Taphorn [D. C.], 2007:71, Figs. 1C, 7] Notes: [Copeia 2007 (no. 1); ref. 29036] Cucue Amerindian village on Río Orinoco, 60 kilometers east of San Juan de Atabapo, 3°58'26"N, 67°09'30"W, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Hypancistrus furunculus Armbruster, Lujan & Taphorn, 2007. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Orinoco River and Ventuari River, Amazonas, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypancistrus inspector Armbruster, 2002 - inspector pleco (author) [=Hypancistrus inspector Armbruster [J. W.], 2002:87, Fig. 2] Notes: [Copeia 2002 (no. 1); ref. 25891] Río Casiquiare, Río Negro, Río Amazonas drainage, about 10 river kilometers above the Río Negro, below Solano, 1°58'N, 67°05'W, Dpto. Casiquiare, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Hypancistrus inspector Armbruster, 2002. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Negro, Casiquiare and upper Orinoco River basins, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypancistrus lunaorum Armbruster et al., 2007 - Guapuchi pleco (author) [=Hypancistrus lunaorum Armbruster [J. W.], Lujan [N. K.] & Taphorn [D. C.], 2007:74, Figs. 1B, 8] Notes: [Copeia 2007 (no. 1); ref. 29036] Río Guapuchi, first major riffle complex, Río Ventrari drainage, 4°07'00"N, 66°46'00"W, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Hypancistrus lunaorum Armbruster, Lujan & Taphorn, 2007. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Ventuari River and Orinoco River, Amazonas, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hypancistrus margaritatus Tan & Armbruster, 2016 - Takutu pleco (author) [=Hypancistrus margaritatus Tan [M.] & Armbruster [J. W.], 2016:128, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [ZooKeys No. 552; ref. 34145] Takutu River ca. 2.75 km W of Saint Ignatius, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage, Amazon basin, Guyana, 3.35500°N, 59.83077°W. Current status: Valid as Hypancistrus margaritatus Tan & Armbruster, 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Takutu River, tributary of the Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage, Amazon basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypancistrus phantasma Tan & Armbruster, 2016 - Taracua pleco (author) [=Hypancistrus phantasma Tan [M.] & Armbruster [J. W.], 2016:124, Fig. 1] Notes: [ZooKeys No. 552; ref. 34145] Taracuá of the Rio Uaupes, Rio Negro drainage, Amazon basin, Brazil, 0.1°N, 68.46667°W. Current status: Valid as Hypancistrus phantasma Tan & Armbruster, 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Uaupes, Rio Negro drainage, Amazon basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypancistrus vandragti (Lujan & Armbruster, 2011) - Cupaven pleco (author) [=Micracanthicus vandragti Lujan [N. K.] & Armbruster [J. W.], 2011:217, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Copeia 2011 (no. 2); ref. 31416] Orinoco River at Cupaven Island, near the mouth of the , ca. 4°04'N, 66°42'W, Amazonas State, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Hypancistrus vandragti (Lujan & Armbruster, 2011). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Lower Ventuari River and Orinoco River near confluence with Ventuari River, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypancistrus zebra Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1991 - zebra pleco [=Hypancistrus zebra Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.], 1991:348, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 19201] About 1 hr. upstream of Altamira by speedboat, anastomoses of Rio Xingu, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypancistrus zebra Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1991. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Xingú River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803 - suckermouth armored catfishes, plecos (author) [=Hypostomus Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1803:144, Cheiridodus Eigenmann [C. H.], 1922:(66) 70, Cochliodon Heckel [J. J.], in Kner, 1854:255, 265, Plecostomus Gronow [L. T.], 1763:127, Plecostomus Gronow [L. T.], in Walbaum, 1792:663, Watawata Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Michels [J. P.], in Isbrücker et al., 2001:22] Notes: [ref. 4930]. Masc. Hypostomus guacari Lacepède, 1803 (= Acipenser plecostomus Linnaeus, 1758). Type by monotypy. Hypostomus guacari Lacepède is an unneeded substitute for A. plecostomus. Spelled Hypostoma early authors. •Valid as Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803 -- (Isbrücker 1980:17 [ref. 2303], Weber 1987 [ref. 6241], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Reis et al. 1990 [ref. 16139], López & Miquelarena 1991:13 [ref. 23548], Mazzoni et al. 1994 [ref. 21507], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Britski et al. 1999:135 [ref. 24147], Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002:365 [ref. 26428], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2003:865 [ref. 26999], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2003:3 [ref. 27426], Armbruster 2004:53 [ref. 27644], Armbruster & de Souza 2005:2 [ref. 28321], Scharpf 2006:20 [ref. 30386], Armbruster et al. 2007:59 [ref. 29252], Birindelli et al. 2007:271 [ref. 29280], Ferraris 2007:250 [ref. 29155], Jerep et al. 2007:435 [ref. 29465], Zawadzki et al. 2008:396 [ref. 29845], Zawadzki et al. 2008:403 [ref. 29846], de Carvalho Paixão & Toledo-Piza 2009:563 [ref. 30675], Minckley & Marsh 2009:228 [ref. 31114], Carvalho et al. 2010:39 [ref. 30754], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Weber et al. 2012:195 [ref. 31999], Zawadzki et al. 2012:245 [ref. 32031], Cardosa et al. 2012:69 [ref. 32154], Martins et al. 2012:494 [ref. 32197], Zawadzki et al. 2013:7 [ref. 31701], Kottelat 2013:215 [ref. 32989], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:43 [ref. 33257], Zawadzki et al. 2014:97 [ref. 33233]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. (Cheiridodus) [ref. 1243]. Masc. Plecostomus hondae Regan, 1912. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Misspelled Cheirododus by Jordan 1923:153 [ref. 2421]. •Synonym of Cochliodon Heckel, 1854 -- (Isbrücker 1980:38 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 2002:14 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803 -- (Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002:365 [ref. 26428], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53,60 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:250 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. (Cochliodon) [ref. 2628]. Masc. Hypostomus cochliodon Kner, 1854. Type by monotypy (also by absolute tautonymy). First published in synonymy, adopted by Günther 1864:231 [ref. 1974] as a valid subgroup in Plecostomus with one species, thereby validating the genus from Heckel 1854. •Valid as Cochliodon Heckel, 1854 -- (Isbrücker 1980:38 [ref. 2303], Lilyestrom 1984:41 [ref. 23620], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:10 [ref. 23548], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Britski et al. 1999:135 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2002:14 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803 -- (Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002:365 [ref. 26428], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2003:4 [ref. 27426], Armbruster 2004:53, 60 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:250 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. (Plecostomus) [ref. 1910]. Masc. Not available, published in a rejected work on Official Index (Opinion 261). •In the synonymy of Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803 -- (Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:58 [ref. 27644] dated 1754). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. (Plecostomus) [ref. 4572]. Masc. Acipenser plecostomus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Not available if considered as nonbinominal as reproduced by Walbaum; but recognized as the valid genus by Fowler (MS). Isbrücker 1980:17-18 [ref. 2303] mentions Plecostomus Gronow, in Gray, 1854 and Bleeker 1862, which he synonymizes in Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803. See also Plecostomus Swainson, 1839 as mentioned by Isbrücker on p. 125. •In the synonymy of Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. (Watawata) [ref. 25649]. Hypostomus microstomus Weber, 1987. Type by original designation. •Valid as Watawata Isbrücker & Michels, 2001 -- (Isbrücker 2002:30 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803 -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 60 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:250 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

Species Hypostomus affinis (Steindachner, 1877) - Pariba pleco (author) [=Plecostomus affinis Steindachner [F.], 1877:685 [127]] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4224] Campos (21°50'S, 41°20'W), Rio Paríba do Sul, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus affinis (Steindachner, 1877). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraíba do Sul River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hypostomus agna (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907) - Ribeira pleco (author) [=Plecostomus agna Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1907:188] Notes: [Boletim Sociedade Nacional Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro [Lavoura] v. 11 (no. 5); ref. 17767] Rio Ribeira, Iporanga, São Paulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus agna (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Ribeira de Iguapé River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus alatus Castelanau, 1855 - Sabara pleco (author) [=Hypostomus alatus Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:41, Pl. 20 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio Sabara, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus alatus Castelnau, 1855. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Uruguay River and upper São Francisco River basin: Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan, 1908) - Piracicaba pleco (author) [=Plecostomus albopunctatus Regan [C. T.], 1908:797, Pl. 49 (fig. 1); Fig. 206] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (pt 4); ref. 14333] Rio Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan, 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Paraná River basin: Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (?). Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus ancistroides (Ihering, 1911) - Tatuhy pleco (author) [=Plecostomus ancistroides Ihering [R. von], 1911:396] Notes: [Revista do Museo São Paulo v. 8 (1910); ref. 14822] Rio Tatuhy and Rio Piracicaba, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus ancistroides (Ihering, 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Paraná River basin, Tietê River basin, and Ribeira de Iguapé River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hypostomus angipinnatus (Leege, 1922) - La Plata pleco (author) [=Plecostomus angipinnatus Leege [C. O.], 1922:152, Pls. 9 (figs. 1-3), 10 (figs 2-3)] Notes: [Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft v. 58; ref. 15350] Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus angipinnatus (Leege, 1922). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: La Plata River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus annectens (Regan, 1904) - Durango pleco (author) [=Ancistrus annectens Regan [C. T.], 1904:225, Pl. 11 (fig. 2), Hemiancistrus fugleri Ovchynnyk [M. M.], 1971:108, Figs. 12-15] Notes: [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] St. Javier and Río Durango, northwestern Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus annectens (Regan, 1904). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Pacific coastal rivers of Colombia and Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater. (fugleri) [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 187 (nos 1/2); ref. 7699] Río Bogota, Parroquia Cadondelet, 1°06'N, 78°45'W, Province Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus annectens (Regan, 1904). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Cayapas River basin, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus arecuta Cardoso et al., 2012 - Ituzaingo pleco (author) [=Hypostomus arecuta Cardoso [Y. P.], Almirón [A.], Casciotta [J.], Aichino [D.], Lizarralde [M. S.] & Montoya-Burgos [J. I.], 2012:77, Fig. 3] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 3453; ref. 32154] Paraná River, 27°29'54.5'S, 56°42'47.0"W, Ituzaingó, Corrientes Province, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus arecuta Cardoso, Almirón, Casciotta, Aichino, Lizarralde &.Montoya-Burgos, 2012. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraná River, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hypostomus argus (Fowler, 1943) - Villavicencio pleco (author) [=Plecostomus argus Fowler [H. W.], 1943:249, Figs. 28-31] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Villavicencio, Río Meta basin, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus argus (Fowler, 1943). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus asperatus Castelnau, 1855 - Araguay pleco (author) [=Hypostomus asperatus Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:41, Pl. 20 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio Araguay, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus asperatus Castelnau, 1855. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus aspidolepis (Gunther, 1867) - Veragua pleco (author) [=Chaetostomus aspidolepis Günther [A.], 1867:603, Plecostomus plecostomus panamensis Eigenmann [C. H.], 1922:69] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866 (pt 3); ref. 1984] Veragua, Panama. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus aspidolepis (Günther, 1867). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Gatun River basin, Caribbean coastal drainage, Panama. Habitat: freshwater. (panamensis) [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 1243] Panama. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus aspidolepis (Günther, 1867). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus aspilogaster (Cope, 1894) - Jacuhy pleco (author) [=Plecostomus aspilogaster Cope [E. D.], 1894:100, Pl. 7 [8] (figs. 14, 14a)] Notes: [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 33; ref. 965] Rio Jacuhy, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus aspilogaster (Cope, 1894). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Uruguay River basin and Laguna dos Patos drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus atropinnis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1890) - Goias pleco (author) [=Plecostomus lima atropinnis Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.], 1890:410] Notes: [Occasional Papers California Academy of Sciences No. 1; ref. 12251] Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus atropinnis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1890). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus auroguttatus Kner, 1854 - Kner's pleco (author) [=Hypostomus auroguttatus Kner [R.] (ex Natterer & Heckel), 1854:269 [19], Pl. 2 (fig. 3), Plecostomus luetkeni Steindachner [F.], 1877:217 [1]] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Locality unknown. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus auroguttatus Kner, 1854. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraíba do Sul River basin, Paraná River drainage: Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (luetkeni) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 76 (1. Abth.); ref. 14247] Rio Paraíba do Sul and tributaries, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus auroguttatus Kner, 1854. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraíba do Sul and tributaries, Brazil [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus basilsiko Tencatt et al., 2014 - Bodoquena pleco (author) [=Hypostomus basilisko Tencatt [L. F. C.], Zawadzki [C. H.] & Froehlich [O.], 2014:590, Figs. 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b,10-12] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 3); ref. 33520] Mato Grosso do Sul State, Bodoquena, córrego Salobrinha, rio Paraguay basin, 20°40’33"S, 56°46’34"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus basilisko Tencall, Zawadzki & Froehlich, 2014. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Salobra basin, rio Paraguay basin. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus bolivianus (Pearson, 1924) - Popoi pleco (author) [=Plecostomus bolivianus Pearson [N. E.], 1924:21, Pl. 4 (figs. 1-3)] Notes: [Indiana University Studies v. 11 (no. 64); ref. 3396] Río Popoi, Upper Río Beni, upper Amazon system, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus bolivianus (Pearson, 1924). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Beni River basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus borellii (Boulenger, 1897) - Pilcomayo pleco (author) [=Plecostomus borellii Boulenger [G. A.], 1897:2] Notes: [Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino v. 12 (no. 279); ref. 14624] Misión de San Francisco, Río Pilcomayo, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus borellii (Boulenger, 1897). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper and middle Pilcomayo River basin: Argentina and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus boulengeri (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903) - Boulenger's pleco (author) [=Plecostomus boulengeri Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.], 1903:502] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 55; ref. 1260] Mato Grosso, Brazil or Asunción, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus boulengeri (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus brevicauda (Günther, 1864) - Bahia pleco (author) [=Plecostomus brevicauda Günther [A.], 1864:235] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus brevicauda (Günther 1864). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Eastern coastal drainages, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus brevis (Nichols, 1919) - Parana pleco (author) [=Plecostomus brevis Nichols [J. T.], 1919:413 [5], 423 [5]] Notes: [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 11; ref. 15221] Estado de São Paulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus brevis (Nichols, 1919). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraná River basin [or eastern Brazilian coastal drainage?], Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus butantanis (Ihering, 1911) - Pinheiros pleco (author) [=Plecostomus margaritifer butantanis Ihering [R. von], 1911:394] Notes: [Revista do Museo São Paulo v. 8 (1910); ref. 14822] Rio Pinheiros, São Paulo State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus butantanis (Ihering, 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Brazil [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus careopinnatus Martins et al., 2012 - Ariranha pleco (author) [=Hypostomus careopinnatus Martins [F. O.], Marinho [M. M. F.], Langeani [F.] & Serra [J. P.], 2012:494, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Copeia 2012 (no. 3); ref. 32197] Alto Araguaia, tributary of Rio Ariranha, Rio Taquari drainage, upper Rio Paraguay basin, 17°18'37"S, 53°32'22"W, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus careopinnatus Martins, Marinho, Langeani & Serra, 2012. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Taquari drainage, upper Rio Paraguay basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus carinatus (Steindachner, 1881) - Jatuarana pleco (author) [=Plecostomus carinatus Steindachner [F.], 1881:108 [8], Pl. 4 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 43;ref. 14290] Amazon River at Jatuarana, Ueranduba and Lake Saraca. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus carinatus (Steindachner, 1881). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Middle Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus carvalhoi (Miranda Ribeiro, 1937) - Granjeiro pleco (author) [=Plecostomus carvalhoi Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1937:54] Notes: [O Campo Rio de Janeiro No. 1; ref. 5025] Rio Granjeiro, Crato, Ceará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus carvalhoi (Miranda Ribeiro, 1937). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Jaguaribe River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus chrysostiktos Birindelli et al., 2007 - Iacu pleco (author) [=Hypostomus chrysostiktos Birindelli [J. L. O.], Zanata [A. M.] & Lima [F. C. T.], 2007:272, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 5 (no. 3); ref. 29280] Iaçu, rio Paraguaçu, Fazenda Santo Antonio at 10 kilometers from Vila São Vicente, 12°30'54.1"S, 39°22'53.9"W, Bahia State, Brazil, elevation 134 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus chrysostiktos Birindelli, Zanata & Lima, 2007. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraguaçu River basin, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus cochliodon Kner, 1854 - cochliodon pleco (author) [=Hypostomus cochliodon Kner [R.], 1854:265 [15], Pl. 2 (fig. 1), Cochliodon hypostomus Kner [R.] (ex Heckel), 1854:265 [15], Loricaria melanoptera Kner [R.] (ex Natterer), 1854:265 [15]] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Rio Cuiabá, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus cochliodon Kner, 1854. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraguay and middle Paraná River basins: Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater. (hypostomus) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus cochliodon Kner, 1854. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. (melanoptera) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus cochliodon Kner, 1854. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

Species Hypostomus commersoni Valenciennes, 1836 - Commerson's pleco (author) [=Hypostomus commersoni Valenciennes [A.], 1836:no p., Pl. 7 (fig. 2), Plecostomus limosus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.], 1888:168, Plecostomus spiniger Hensel [R.], 1870:73] Notes: [Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale; ref. 20720] Río de La Plata, Montevideo, Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus commersoni Valenciennes, 1836. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Middle and lower Paraná and Uruguay River basins, Laguna Dos Patos basin: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. (limosus) [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 1249] Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus commersonii Valenciennes, 1836. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (spiniger) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 18277] Rio Cadea, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus commersoni Valenciennes, 1836. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

Species Hypostomus coppenamensis Boeseman, 1969 - Coppename pleco (author) [=Hypostomus coppenamensis Boeseman [M.], 1969:120, Fig. 3] Notes: [Beaufortia v. 16 (no. 215); ref. 7799] Left Coppename River, Suriname, 3°54'N, 56°46'W. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus coppenamensis Boeseman, 1969. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Coppename River basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hypostomus corantijni Boeseman, 1968 - Sipaliwini pleco (author) [=Hypostomus corantijni Boeseman [M.], 1968:40, Pl. 4 (figs. 1-4), Hypostomus nickeriensis Boeseman [M.], 1969:125, Fig. 4, Hypostomus sipaliwinii Boeseman [M.], 1968:60, Pl. 12 (figs. 1-4)] Notes: [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Sipaliwini River, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus corantijni Boeseman, 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Corantijn River basin, upstream of first cataracts, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater. (nickeriensis) [Beaufortia v. 16 (no. 215); ref. 7799] Stondansie Falls, Nickerie River, Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus corantijni Boeseman, 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Nickerie River basin, Suriname [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater. (sipaliwinii) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Sipaliwini River, upper Corantijn River basin, Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus corantijni Boeseman, 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Corantijn River basin, Suriname and Guyana (?). Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus cordovae (Gunther, 1880) - Cordova pleco (author) [=Plecostomus cordovae Günther [A.], 1880:11] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 6 (no. 31) (art. 2); ref. 14279] Cordova [Córdoba], Argentina. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus cordovae (Günther, 1880). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraná River basin: Argentina and Paraguay (?). Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus crassicauda Boeseman, 1968 - fat-tailed pleco (author) [=Hypostomus crassicauda Boeseman [M.], 1968:42, Pl. 17 (figs. 1-2)] Notes: [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Sipaliwini River, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus crassicauda Boeseman, 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Sipaliwini River basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus dardanelos Zawadzki & Carvalho, 2014 - Aripuana pleco (author) [=Hypostomus dardanelos Zawadzki [C. H.] & Carvalho [P. H.], 2014:44, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 33227] Mato Grosso State, município de Aripuanã, rio Madeira basin, rio Praia Grande (at its mouth to rio Aripuanã downstream cachoeira Dardanelos and Andorinhas), 10°02’51"S, 59°23’21"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus dardanelos Zawadzki & Carvalho, 2014. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Aripuanã basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus delimai Zawadzki et al., 2013 - Delima's pleco (author) [=Hypostomus delimai Zawadzki [C. H.], de Oliveira [R. R.] & Debona [T,], 2013:74, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 11 (no. 1); ref. 32701] Itupiranga, rio Tocantins, 5°07'29.6"S, 49°18'44.4"W, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus delimai Zawadzki, de Oliveira & Debona, 2013. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Rio Tocantins and rio Araguaia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus denticulatus Zawadzki et al., 2008 - Peixe pleco (author) [=Hypostomus denticulatus Zawadzki [C. H.], Weber [C.] & Pavanelli [C. S.] 2008:404, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 29846] Município de Caldas Novas, rio do Peixe, tributary to rio Corumbá, rio Paranaába drainage, 17°34'24"S, 48°29'50" W, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus denticulatus Zawadzki, Weber & Pavanelli, 2008. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Corumba River, upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus derbyi (Haseman, 1911) - Iguacu pleco (author) [=Plecostomus derbyi Haseman [J. D.], 1911:384, Pls. 79-81] Notes: [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (19); ref. 2048] Rio Iguaçu at Porto União da Victoria, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus derbyi (Haseman, 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Iguaçu River and Uruga-í Creek basins, Paraguayan tributaries of Paraná River: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus dlouhyi Weber, 1985 - Yguazu pleco (author) [=Hypostomus dlouhyi Weber [C.], 1985:956, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 92 (no. 4); ref. 8128] Lake in arm of Río Yguazú, River Paraná system, 25°25'30"S, 55°20'W, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus dlouhyi Weber, 1985. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Yguazú River basin in middle Paraná River drainage, Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus ericae Hollanda Carvalho & Weber, 2005 - Alfredinho pleco (author) [=Hypostomus ericae Hollanda Carvalho [P.] & Weber [C.], 2005:958, Figs. 3-6] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 111 (no. 4) (for 2004); ref. 28067] Porto Alfredinho, 14°02'22.1"S, 48°31'28.6"W, Rio Tocantins, Tocantins River basin, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus ericae Hollanda Carvalho & Weber, 2005. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Tocantins River drainage, State of Goiás, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus ericius Armbruster, 2003 - Caterpiza pleco (author) [=Hypostomus ericius Armbruster [J. W.], 2003:25, Fig. 9] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 249; ref. 27426] 1 kilometer upstream from Caterpiza, River Marañon, Amazonas, Peru. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus ericius Armbruster, 2003. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus faveolus Zawadzki et al., 2008 - Xingu pleco (author) [=Hypostomus faveolus Zawadzki [C. H.], Birindelli [J. L. O.] & Lima [F. C. T.], 2008:396, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 29845] Cocalinho, Corixo da Saudade (Corixinho), 25 kilometers north of Cocalinho on road MT 136, rio Araguaia drainage, rio Tocantins basin, 14°17'20.6"S, 51°09'12.1"W, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus faveolus Zawadzki, Birindelli & Lima, 2008. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tocantins and upper Xingu River basins, and upper Paraná drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus fluviatilis (Schubart, 1964) - Mogi Guacu pleco (author) [=Plecostomus fluviatilis Schubart [O.], 1964:7, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, Nova Série No. 251; ref. 3425] Rio Mogi Guaçu basin, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus fluviatilis (Schubart, 1964). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Grande River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus fonchii Weber & Montoya-Burgos, 2002 - Fonchi's pleco (author) [=Hypostomus fonchii Weber [C.] & Montoya-Burgos [J. I.], 2002:357, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 109 (no. 2); ref. 26428] Lower part near mouth of Río Pauya, 6°36'7.0"S, 75°56'26.3"W, Quebrada John, Ucayali, Peru, elevation 360 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus fonchii Weber & Montoya-Burgos, 2002. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Cushabatay River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus formosae Cardoso et al., 2016 - Formosa pleco (author) [=Hypostomus formosae Cardoso [Y. P.], Brancolini [F.], Paracampo [A.], Lizarralde [M.], Covain [R.] & Montoya-Burgos [J. I.], 2016:13, Figs. 2, 3c, 4a] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 27 (no. 1); ref. 34373] Formosa Province, Saladillo Stream, tributary of Paraguay River, Argentina, 26°26'28"S, 58°24'03"W. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus formosae Cardoso, Brancolini, Paracampo, Lizzaralde, Covain & Montoya-Burgos, 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin, Argentina and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus francisci (Lütken, 1874) - Sao Francisco pleco (author) [=Plecostomus francisci Lütken [C. F.], 1874:30 [2]] Notes: [Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider (Kjøbenhavn) 1874 (no. 1); ref. 2855] Rio São Francisco, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus francisci (Lütken, 1874). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper São Francisco River basin, Paraná River basin: Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus garmani (Regan, 1904) - Garman's pleco (author) [=Plecostomus garmani Regan [C. T.], 1904:214, Pl. 10 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Rio das Velhas, eastern Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus garmani (Regan, 1904). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus goyazensis (Regan, 1908) - Goias pleco (author) [=Plecostomus goyazensis Regan [C. T.], 1908:798, Fig. 207] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (pt 4); ref. 14333] Goiás, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus goyazensis (Regan, 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Araguaia River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus gymnorhynchus (Norman, 1926) - Iponcin pleco (author) [=Plecostomus gymnorhynchus Norman [J. R.], 1926:95, Hypostomus surinamensis Boeseman [M.], 1968:61, 78 [addendum], Pls. 13 (figs. 1-4), 14 (1-2), Hypostomus gymnorhynchus tapanahoniensis Boeseman [M.], 1969:129, Figs. 5 (b, d)] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 18 (no. 103); ref. 15602] Iponcin Creek, into Approuague River, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus gymnorhynchus (Norman, 1926). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Guianan coastal drainages, from Oyapock westward to Suriname basin: French Guiana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater. (surinamensis) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Suriname River near Brokopondo, Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus gymnorhynchus (Norman, 1926). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Suriname River basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater. (tapanahoniensis) [Beaufortia v. 16 (no. 215); ref. 7799] Upper Tapanahoni River, Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus gymnorhynchus (Norman, 1926). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Maroni River basin, Suriname [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus hemicochliodon Armbruster, 2003 - Pampa Chica pleco (author) [=Hypostomus hemicochliodon Armbruster [J. W.], 2003:29, Fig. 12] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 249; ref. 27426] 4.54 kilometers from Iquitos center, 269° bearing, 3°45'07"S, 73°16'59". Río Amazonas drainage at Pampa Chica, Río Nanay, Peru. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus hemicochliodon Armbruster, 2003. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Widespread in central South America: Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus hemiurus (Eigenmann, 1912) - Amakuk pleco (author) [=Plecostomus hemiurus Eigenmann [C. H.], 1912:224, Fig. 34, Pl. 25 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Amatuk, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus hemiurus (Eigenmann, 1912). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Coastal drainages of Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus heraldoi Zawadzki et al., 2008 - Heraldo's pleco (author) [=Hypostomus heraldoi Zawadzki [C. H.], Weber [C.] & Pavanelli [C. S.], 2008:408, Fig. 5] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 29846] Município de Caldas Novas, rio Pirapitinga, tributary to rio Corumbá, rio Paranaíba drainage, 17°43'37"S, 48°32'54"W, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus heraldoi Zawadzki, Weber & Pavanelli, 2008. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Corumbá and Grande river drainages, upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus hermanni (Ihering, 1905) - Hermann's pleco (author) [=Plecostomus hermanni Ihering [R. von], 1905:560] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 15 (no. 90) (art. 75); ref. 15388] Rio Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus hermanni (Ihering, 1905). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tietê River basin and upper Paraná River basin: Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus holostictus (Regan, 1913) - Condoto pleco (author) [=Hemiancistrus holostictus Regan [C. T.], 1913:469] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 12 (no. 71); ref. 3656] Río Condoto, tributary of Río San Juan, (Pacific slope) Colombia. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus holostictus (Regan, 1913). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: San Juan River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus hondae (Regan, 1912) - Honda pleco (author) [=Plecostomus hondae Regan [C. T.], 1912:666, Pl. 76 (fig. 3), Cochliodon pospisili Schultz [L. P.], 1944:312, Pl. 11 (figs. C-D)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1912 (pt 3); ref. 14862] Honda, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus hondae (Regan, 1912). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Magdalena River and Lake Maracaibo basins: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (pospisili) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 94 (no. 3172); ref. 3959] Río Palmar near Totuma, about 100 kilometers southwest of Maracaibo, Venezuela. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus hondae (Regan, 1912). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Venezuela [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus hoplonites Rapp Py-Daniel, 1988 - Solimoes pleco (author) [=Hypostomus hoplonites Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.], 1988:14, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Iheringia, Série Zoologia (Porto Alegre) No. 68; ref. 17721] Rio Solimões, Janauacá Lakes complex, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus hoplonites Rapp Py-Daniel, 1988. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Middle Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus iheringii (Regan, 1908) - Ihering's pleco (author) [=Plecostomus iheringii Regan [C. T.], 1908:795, Pl. 47 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (pt 4); ref. 14333] Rio Piracicaba, San Paulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus iheringii (Regan, 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tietê River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus interruptus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918) - Juquia pleco (author) [=Plecostomus interruptus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1918:632 [4]] Notes: [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 10; ref. 3725] Rio Juquiá, Fazenda Poço Grande, São Paulo State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus interruptus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Ribeira de Iguapé River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus isbrueckeri Reis et al., 1990 - Isbrucker's pleco (author) [=Hypostomus isbrueckeri Reis [R. E.], Weber [C.] & Malabarba [L. R.], 1990:752, Figs. 1, 21-23] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 97 (no. 3); ref. 16139] Rio Conceição, Ijui, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus isbrueckeri Reis, Weber & Malabarba, 1990. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Middle and upper Uruguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus itacua Valenciennes, 1836 - itacua pleco (author) [=Hypostomus itacua Valenciennes [A.], 1836:no p., Pl. 7 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale; ref. 20720] Affluents of the Rio de la Plata. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus itacua (Valenciennes, 1836). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Middle Paraná River basin: Argentina, Brazil (?) and Paraguay (?). Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus jaguar Zanata et al., 2013 - jaguar pleco (author) [=Hypostomus jaguar Zanata [A. M.], Sardeiro [B.] & Zawadzki [C. H.], 2013:248, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 11 (no. 2); ref. 32751] Bahia, Iaçu, rio Paraguaçu at Fazenda Os Touros, 18 km from Iaçu, 12°42'10.6"S, 40°07'47"W, elevation 143 meters, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus jaguar Zanata, Sardeiro & Sawadzki, 2013. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Paraguaçu basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus jaguribensis (Fowler, 1915) - Jaguaribe pleco (author) [=Plecostomus jaguribensis Fowler [H. W.], 1915:264, Fig. 3] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 67; ref. 15099] Rio Jaguaribe at Barro Alto, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus jaguribensis (Fowler, 1915). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Jaguaribe River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hypostomus johnii (Steindachner, 1877) - John's pleco (author) [=Plecostomus johnii Steindachner [F.], 1877:691 [133], Chaetostomus eptingi Fowler [H. W.], 1941:158, Figs. 66-68] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4224] Rio Puty and Rio Preto, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus johnii (Steindachner, 1877). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Parnaíba and São Francisco River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (eptingi) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil [probably mistaken, probably Rio Parnaíba basin]. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus johnii (Steindachner, 1877). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus khimaera Tencatt et al., 2014 - khimaera pleco (author) [=Hypostomus khimaera Tencatt [L. F. C.], Zawadzki [C. H.] & Froehlich [O.], 2014:597, 3c, 4c, 5c, 6c, 13-14] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 3); ref. 33520] Mato Grosso State, Serra das Araras, Porto Estrela, córrego Salobo, rio Paraguay basin, 15°39’03"S, 57°12’54"W, Baszil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus khimaera Tencott, Zawadski & Froehlich, 2014. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Paraguay basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus kopeyaka Carvalho et al., 2010 - kopeyaka pleco (author) [=Hypostomus kopeyaka Carvalho [P. H.], Lima [F. C. T.] & Zawadzki [C. H.], 2010:40, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 1); ref. 30754] Rio Tiquié, Serra do Mucura village, 0°10'N, 69°07'W, State of Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus kopeyaka Carvalho, Lima & Zawadzki, 2010. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Tiquié basin, upper rio Negro basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus kuarup Zawadzki et al., 2012 - kuarup pleco (author) [=Hypostomus kuarup Zawadzki [C. H.], Kullander [S.-O.] & Lima [F. C. T.], 2012:246, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 10 (no. 2); ref. 32031] Rio Xingu basin, rio Culuene (at the former rapids, current area of reservoir Paranatinga 11), 13°51'03"S, 53°15'31"W, Campinãpolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus kuarup Zawadzki, Birindelli & Lima, 2012. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper rio Xingu basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann, 1907) - Tiquie pleco (author) [=Plecostomus laplatae Eigenmann [C. H.], 1907:450, Pl. 21 (figs. 1-3), Plecostomus commersonoides Marini [T. L.], Nichols [J. T.] & La Monte [F. R.], 1933:3, Plecostomus rachovii Regan [C. T.], 1913:555, Plecostomus taeniatus Regan [C. T.], 1908:358] Notes: [Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Science. v. 8; ref. 10024] Rio Tiquié, Serra do Mucura village, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann, 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: La Plata River basin: Argentina and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. (commersonoides) [American Museum Novitates No. 618; ref. 2889] Dársena Norte, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann, 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater. (rachovii) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 12 (no. 72); ref. 18903] Near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann, 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater. (taeniatus) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 2 (no. 10); ref. 14352] Río La Plata, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann, 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus latifrons Weber, 1986 - Paraguay pleco (author) [=Hypostomus latifrons Weber [C.], 1986:991, Figs. %d, 6] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 93 (no. 4); ref. 8023] Río Aguaray-guazú, Río Paraguay basin, River Paraná system, 24°22;50"S, 58°00'W, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus latifrons Weber, 1986. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin, Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus latirostris (Regan, 1904) - Jungada pleco (author) [=Plecostomus latirostris Regan [C. T.], 1904:213, Pl. 11 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Rio Jungada, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus latirostris (Regan, 1904). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin: Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus leucophaeus Zanata & Pitanga, 2016 - Bahia pleco (author) [=Hypostomus leucophaeus Zanata [A. M.] & Pitanga [B. R.], 2016:224, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Zootaxa 4137 (no. 2); ref. 34535] Bahia, Rio Real, Fazenda Pau Ferro, rio Itapicuru, around 15 km from Rio Real, Brazil, 11°34'41"S, 38°00'26"W, elevation 87 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus leucophaeus Zanata & Pitanga, 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Itapicuru basin, Bahia State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus levis (Pearson, 1924) - levis pleco (author) [=Rhinelepis levis Pearson [N. E.], 1924:22, Pl. 5 (figs. 1-3)] Notes: [Indiana University Studies v. 11 (no. 64); ref. 3396] Huachi, Río Madeira system, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus levis (Pearson, 1924). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Cochabamba and Popoi rivers, upper Beni River basin, Madeira River drainage, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus lexi (Ihering, 1911) - Pardo pleco (author) [=Plecostomus lexi Ihering [R. von], 1911:387] Notes: do Museo São Paulo v. 8 (1910); ref. 14822] Rio Pardo, perto de Barretos, São Paulo State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus lexi (Ihering, 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Grande River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus lima (Lütken, 1874) - lima pleco (author) [=Plecostomus lima Lütken [C. F.] (ex Reinhardt), 1874:29 [1]] Notes: [Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider (Kjøbenhavn) 1874 (no. 1); ref. 2855] Rio das Velhas, Ribeirao do Mato and Lagoa Santa, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus lima (Lütken, 1874). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus longiradiatus (Holly, 1929) - Guana pleco (author) [=Plecostomus longiradiatus Holly [M.], 1929:118 [2]] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenshaften in Wien Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 66; ref. 16088] Rio Guaná, assumably a tributary of the Madeira, itself a tributary of the Amazon, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus longiradiatus (Holly, 1929). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Guamá River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus luetkeni (Steindachner, 1877) - Paraiba pleco (author) [=Plecostomus luetkeni Steindachner [F.], 1877:217 [1]] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 76 (1. Abth.); ref. 14247] Rio Paraíba do Sul and tributaries, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus luetkeni (Steindacher, 1877). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraíba do Sul and tributaries, Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hypostomus luteomaculatus (Devincenzi, 1942) - Uruguay pleco (author) [=Plecostomus luteomaculatus Devincenzi [G. J.], in Devincenzi & Teague, 1942:20, Pl. 3 (figs. 2-3)] Notes: [Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Montevideo (Serie 2) v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 12268] Río Uruguay at Paysandú, Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus luteomaculatus (Devincenzi, 1942). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Uruguay River basin: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus luteus (Godoy, 1980) - Upper Uruguay pleco (author) [=Plecostomus luteus Godoy [M. P. de], 1980:29, Figs. 15-16] Notes: [Poluiçao -- peixes e pesca; ref. 19214] Rio Pelotas at Volta Grande Dois, Marcelino Ramos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus luteus (Godoy, 1980). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Uruguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus macrophthalmus Boeseman, 1968 - Sipaliwini pleco (author) [=Hypostomus pseudohemiurus macrophthalmus Boeseman [M.], 1968:56, Pl. 10 (figs. 1-4)] Notes: [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Sipaliwini River, near air strip, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus macrophthalmus Boeseman, 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Sipaliwini River basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus macrops (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888) - Velhas pleco (author) [=Plecostomus macrops Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.], 1888:170] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 1249] Rio das Velhas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus macrops (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Das Velhas River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hypostomus macushi Armbruster & de Souza, 2005 - Takutu pleco (author) [=Hypostomus macushi Armbruster [J. W.] & de Souza [L. S.], 2005:3, Fig. 1] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 920; ref. 28321] Ireng River, 6.9 kilometers west-southwest of Karasabai, Takutu River- Negor River drainage, 04.01957°N, 059.60170°W. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus macushi Armbruster & de Souza, 2005. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rupununi River, Esswquibo River and Takutu and Ireng rivers, Negro River drainage, Guyana-Brazil border. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus maracaiboensis (Schultz, 1944) - Maracaibo pleco (author) [=Hemiancistrus maracaiboensis Schultz [L. P.], 1944:317, Pl. 10 (fig. C)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 94 (no. 3172); ref. 3959] Near the mouth of Río Concha in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus maracaiboensis (Schultz, 1944). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Lake Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus margaritifer (Regan, 1908) - Piracicaba pleco (author) [=Plecostomus margaritifer Regan [C. T.], 1908:796, Pl. 47 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (pt 4); ref. 14333] Rio Piracicaba, San Paulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus margaritifer (Regan, 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper and middle Paraná River basin: Brazil and Paraguay (?). Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus melanephelis Zawadzki et al., 2015 - Para pleco (author) [=Hypostomus melanephelis Zawadzki [C. H.], Oliveira [A. S.], de Oliveira [R. R.] & Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.], 2015:50, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 26 (no. 1); ref. 33866] Pará State, Itaituba Municipality, Pimental village, rio Amazonas basin, rio Tapajós, just downstream of mouth of rio Jamanxim, 4°33'41'S, 56°15'50"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus melanephelis Zawadzki, Oliveira, de Oliveira & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2015. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Tapajós basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus meleagris (Marini et al., 1933) - meleagris pleco (author) [=Plecostomus meleagris Marini [T. L.], Nichols [J. T.] & La Monte [F. R.] 1933:4] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 618; ref. 2889] Southeastern Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus meleagris (Marini, Nichols & La Monte, 1933). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper and middle Paraná River basin: Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus micromaculatus Boeseman, 1968 - Mamadam pleco (author) [=Hypostomus micromaculatus Boeseman [M.], 1968:49, 77] Notes: [addendum], Pl. 7 (figs. 1-4) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Mamadam Falls, Suriname River, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus micromaculatus Boeseman, 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper and middle Suriname River basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus microstomus Weber, 1987 - Alta-Parana pleco (author) [=Hypostomus microstomus Weber [C.], 1987:275, Figs. 2-3, 7a] Notes: [Archives des Sciences (Geneva) v. 40 (no. 3); ref. 6241] Río Alta-Paraná, Río Paraná system, 15 kilometers southeast of Encarnacion, Campichuelo, 27°26'S, 55°45'W, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus microstomus Weber, 1987. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Middle Paraná River basin: Argentina and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hypostomus multidens Jerep et al., 2007 - Londrina pleco (author) [=Hypostomus multidens Jerep [F. C.], Shibatta [O. A.] & Zawadzki [C. H.], 2007:436, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 29465] Londrina, District de Maravilha, rio Tibagi basin, rio Taquara, at its mouth, 23°30'51"S, 50°57'18", Paraná State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus multidens Jerep, Shibatta & Zawadzki, 2007. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Paranapanema basin and rio Paraná, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus mutucae Knaack, 1999 - Mutuca pleco (author) [=Hypostomus mutucae Knaack [J.], 1999:102, Figs. unnumbered] Notes: [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 47 (no. 11); ref. 23866] Rio Mutuca, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus mutucae Knaack, 1999. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Cuiabá River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus myersi (Gosline, 1947) - Iguacu pleco (author) [=Plecostomus myersi Gosline [W. A.], 1947:116, Pl. 5 (figs. 9-10)] Notes: [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 41; ref. 1857] Rio Iguaçu at Porto União, Paraná, southern Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus myersi (Gosline, 1947). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Iguaçu River and Uruga-í Creek basins: Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus nematopterus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1984 - Alikene pleco (author) [=Hypostomus nematopterus Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.], 1984:9, Fig. 1] Notes: [Bulletin Zoölogisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam v. 10 (no. 2); ref. 9846] Alikene Creek, left bank tributary to Camopi River, Oyapock River basin, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus nematopterus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1984. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Oyapock River basin, French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus niceforoi (Fowler, 1943) - Orteguasa pleco (author) [=Hemiancistrus niceforoi Fowler [H. W.], 1943:250, Figs. 32-35] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Río Orteguasa, Florencia, Caquetá Dept., Colombia. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus niceforoi (Fowler, 1943). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Japurá River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus niger (Marini et al., 1933) - niger pleco (author) [=Plecostomus niger Marini [T. L.], Nichols [J. T.] & La Monte [F. R.], 1933:4] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 618; ref. 2889] Southeastern Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus niger (Marini, Nichols & La Monte, 1933). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rivers of southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus nigrolineatus Zawadzki et al., 2016 - Fanado pleco (author) [=Hypostomus nigrolineatus Zawadzki [C. H.], Carvalho [P. H.], Birindelli [J. L. O.] & Azevedo [F. M.], 2016:266, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 27 (no. 3) for Nov.; ref. 34908] Rio Fanado under the bridge on road to Turmalina, tributary of rio Araçuaí, rio Jequintinhonha basin, municipality of Minas Novas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 17°13'14"S, 42°35'46"W. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus nigrolineatus Zawadzki, Carvalho, Birindelli & Azevedo, 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Jequitinhonha and rio Pardo basins, eastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus nigromaculatus (Schubart, 1964) - Mogi Guassu pleco (author) [=Plecostomus nigromaculatus Schubart [O.], 1964:2, Figs. 2, 5] Notes: [Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, Nova Série No. 251; ref. 3425] Cachoeira de Emas, Rio Mogi Guassu basin, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus nigromaculatus (Schubart, 1964). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Middle and upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus nigropunctatus Garavello et al., 2012 - nigropunctatus pleco (author) [=Hypostomus nigropunctatus Garavello [J. C.], Britski [H. A.] & Zawadzki [C. H.], 2012:277, Fig. 7] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 10 (no. 2); ref. 32033] Rio Iguaçu, Salto Segredoreservoir, Brazil, Municipality of Mangueirinha/Reserva do Iguaçu, 25°46’45"S 52°07’00"W, Paraná State, Brazil, Current status: Valid as Hypostomus nigropunctatus Garavello, Britski & Zawadzki, 2012. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Iguaçu, Paraná State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus nudiventris (Fowler, 1941) - Choro pleco (author) [=Plecostomus nudiventris Fowler [H. W.], 1941:147, Figs. 44-46] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Rio Choró, Ceará, near Fortaleza, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus nudiventris (Fowler, 1941). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Northern Brazilian coastal drainages. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus obtusirostris (Steindachner, 1907) - Cubatao pleco (author) [=Plecostomus obtusirostris Steindachner [F.], 1907:490 [16]] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 116 (1. Abth.); ref. 18797] Rio Cubatao, Santa Catherina by Theresopolis, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus obtusirostris (Steindachner, 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Southeastern coastal drainages of Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hypostomus occidentalis Boeseman, 1968 - Suriname pleco (author) [=Hypostomus gymnorhynchus occidentalis Boeseman [M.], 1968:47, Pl. 6 (figs. 1-4)] Notes: [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Suriname River near Brokopondo, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus occidentalis Boeseman, 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Suriname River basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus oculeus (Fowler, 1943) - Florencia pleco (author) [=Panaque oculeus Fowler [H. W.], 1943:256, Figs. 48-51] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Río Orteguasa, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus oculeus (Fowler, 1943). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tributaries of upper Amazonas River drainage: Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus pagei Armbruster, 2003 - Arao pleco (author) [=Hypostomus pagei Armbruster [J. W.], 2003:39] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 249; ref. 27426] About 12 kilometers north of Aroa on highway 3, 10°30'31"N, 68°52'55"W, Río Arao drainage, Río Tupe, Yaracuy, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus pagei Armbruster, 2003. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Short rivers draning into the Caribbean Sea, northwestern Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus pantherinus Kner, 1854 - Guapore pleco (author) [=Hypostomus pantherinus Kner [R.], 1854:267 [17]] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Rio Guaporé, upper Amazon River basin, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus pantherinus Kner, 1854. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Madeira River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus papariae (Fowler, 1941) - Papary pleco (author) [=Plecostomus plecostomus papariae Fowler [H. W.], 1941:145, Figs. 41-43] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Lago Papary, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus papariae (Fowler, 1941). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Grande do Norte River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus paranensis Weyenbergh, 1877 - Parana pleco (author) [=Hypostomus paranensis Weyenbergh [H.], 1877:9, Plecostomus cordovae Günther [A.], 1880:11] Notes: [Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas existente en la Universidad de Córdova, Buenos Aires. v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 14248] Lakes along Río Paraná near Santa Fe, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus paranensis Weyenbergh, 1877. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraná River system: Argentina. Habitat: freshwater. (cordovae) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 6 (no. 31) (art. 2); ref. 14279] Cordova [Córdoba], Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus paranensis Weyenbergh, 1877. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraná River basin: Argentina and Paraguay (?) [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus paucimaculatus Boeseman, 1968 - Brokopondo pleco (author) [=Hypostomus paucimaculatus Boeseman [M.], 1968:52, Pl. 8 (figs. 1-4)] Notes: [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Suriname River, near Brokopondo, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus paucimaculatus Boeseman, 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper and middle Suriname River basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hypostomus paucipunctatus Hollanda Carvalho & Weber, 2005 - Igarape pleco (author) [=Hypostomus paucipunctatus Hollanda Carvalho [P.] & Weber [C.], 2005:962, Figs. 3, 4, 7] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 111 (no. 4) (for 2004); ref. 28067] Serra dos Carajás, about 5°52'S, 50°32'W, Igarapé Pojuca, Itacaiúnas River, Munic. of Caldeirão, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus paucipunctatus Hollanda Carvalho & Weber, 2005. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Itacaiúnas River drainage, Serra dos Carajás, State of Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus paulinus (Ihering, 1905) - paulinus pleco (author) [=Plecostomus paulinus Ihering [R. von], 1905:560] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 15 (no. 90) (art. 75); ref. 15388] Rio Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus paulinus (Ihering, 1905). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tietê River basin, Paraná River drainage: Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus peckoltoides Zawadzki et al., 2010 - Cuiaba pleco (author) [=Hypostomus peckoltoides Zawadzki [C. H.], Weber [C.] & Pavanelli [C. S.], 2010:720, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 4); ref. 31074] Rio Cuiabá, upper rio Paraguay basin, 15°58'26"S, 55°56'26"W, municipality of Santo Antônio de Leverger, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus peckoltoides Zawadzki, Weber & Pavanelli, 2010. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Cuiabá, upper rio Paraguay basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus perdido Zawadzki et al., 2014 - Perdido pleco (author) [=Hypostomus perdido Zawadzki [C. H.], Tencatt [L. F. C.] & Froehlich [O.], 2014:98, Figs. 1-2a, c] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 33233] Mato Grosso de Sul, Bodoquena, rio Perdido. 21°17'09"S, 56°41'47"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus perdido Zawadzki, Tencatt & Froehlich, 2014. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Perdido, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus piratatu Weber, 1986 - Tebicuary pleco (author) [=Hypostomus piratatu Weber [C.], 1986:987, Figs. 3-4, 5b] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 93 (no. 4); ref. 8023] Intermittant arm of the Río Tebicuary, Río Paraná system, Sapucái, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus piratatu Weber, 1986. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Eastern Paraguay River tributaries and upper Paraná River basin: Argentina and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus plecostomoides (Eigenmann, 1922) - Tuy pleco (author) [=Cochliodon plecostomoides Eigenmann [C. H.], 1922:225, Pl. 11 (figs. 1-3)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 1243] Quebrada Cramalote, Villavicencio, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus plecostomoides (Eigenmann, 1922). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin of Colombia and Venezuela, Tuy River and Lake Valencia drainages of Venezuela; introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus, 1758) - spotted pleco [=Acipenser plecostomus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:238, Plecostomus bicirrosus Gronow [L. T.], in Gray, 1854:158, Loricaria flava Shaw [G.], 1804:38, Pl. 101, Hypostomus guacari Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1803:144, 145, Pl. 4 (fig. 2), Hypostomus ventromaculatus Boeseman [M.], 1968:65, 79 [addendum], Pl. 15 (figs. 1-4)] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Suriname River. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus, 1758). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Guianan coastal drainages, Guyana and Suriname. Introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater. (bicirrosus) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Tropical America [Suriname River]. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeusj 1758). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater. (flava) [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Sea, in error [South America]. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeusj 1758). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater. (guacari) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 5; ref. 4930] Les rivières de l'Amérique méridionale. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeusj 1758). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater. (ventromaculatus) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Suriname River between Afobaka and Brokopondo, Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeusj 1758). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Guianan coastal drainages from Oyapock River to Suriname River: French Guiana and Suriname [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus pseudohemiurus Boeseman, 1968 - Kabalebo pleco (author) [=Hypostomus pseudohemiurus Boeseman [M.], 1968:54, Pl. 9 (figs. 1-4)] Notes: [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Kabalebo River, Corantijn River basin, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus pseudohemiurus Boeseman, 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Corantijn River basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes, Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840 - punctatus pleco (author) [=Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840:493] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes, 1840. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Southeatern coastal drainages of Brazil and de la Plata River: Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus pusarum (Starks, 1913) - Mirim pleco (author) [=Plecostomus pusarum Starks [E. C.], 1913:36, Pl. 6] Notes: [Leland Stanford Jr. University Publications, University Series; ref. 4197] Ceará, Mirim, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus pusarum (Starks, 1913). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Northern coastal drainages of Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus pyrineusi (Miranda Ribeiro, 1920) - Jamary pleco (author) [=Cochliodon pyrineusi Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1920:9, Unnum. Pls. 3-4] Notes: [Peixes (excl. Characinidae) No. 58 (Annexo 5); ref. 3727] Jamary, Rio Madeira, Amazon system, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus pyrineusi (Miranda Ribeiro, 1920). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Madeira, Napo, Ucayali, Marañon and upper Amazon River drainages: Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus regani (Ihering, 1905) - Regan's pleco (author) [=Plecostomus regani Ihering [R. von], 1905:558] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 15 (no. 90) (art. 75); ref. 15388] Rio Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus regani (Ihering, 1905). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay River basins: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus rhantos Armbruster et al., 2007 - Parucito pleco (author) [=Hypostomus rhantos Armbruster [J. W.], Tansey [L. A.] & Lujan [N. K.], 2007:60, Figs. 1-2, 3B] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1553; ref. 29252] Río Parucito at Raudales Salomon, 2.7 kilometers north-east of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.34637°, -066.03347°, Río Manapiare-Río Ventuari-Río Orinoco drainage, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus rhantos Armbruster, Tansey & Lujan, 2007. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Ventuari River and Orinoco River, Amazonas, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus robinii Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840 - Trinidad pleco (author) [=Hypostomus robinii Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840:501] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Trinidad Island, West Indies. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus robinii Valenciennes, 1840. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Trinidad I, Trinidad and Tobago. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus rondoni (Miranda Ribeiro, 1912) - Mato Grosso pleco (author) [=Plecostomus rondoni Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1912:6] Notes: [Loricariidae, Callichthyidae, Doradidae e Trichomycteridae Annexo no. 5; ref. 3718] Rio Tapajós at São Manuel, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus rondoni (Miranda Ribeiro, 1912). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus roseopunctatus Reis et al., 1990 - Pelotas pleco (author) [=Hypostomus roseopunctatus Reis [R. E.], Weber [C.] & Malabarba [L. R.], 1990:756, Figs. 2, 25-28] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 97 (no. 3); ref. 16139] Rio Pelotas at road from Esmeralda to Anita Garibaldi, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus roseopunctatus Reis, Weber & Malabarba, 1990. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Uruguay River basin: Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus salgadae (Fowler, 1941) - Salgade pleco (author) [=Ancistrus salgadae Fowler [H. W.] 1941:154, Figs. 56-58] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Rio Salgade, Icó, Ceará State, Brazil, 6°25'S, 38°50'W. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus salgadae (Fowler 1941). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Jaguaribe River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus saramaccensis Boeseman, 1968 - Saramacca pleco (author) [=Hypostomus saramaccensis Boeseman [M.], 1968:58, 78 [addendum], Pl. 2 (figs. 1-4)] Notes: [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Feddiprati rapids, middle Saramacca River, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus saramaccensis Boeseman, 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Guianan coastal drainages, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus scabriceps (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888) - Matheos pleco (author) [=Plecostomus commersonii var. scabriceps Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.], 1888:168] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 1249] São Matheos, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus scabriceps (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: São Mateus River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus scaphyceps (Nichols, 1919) - Cerqueira Cezar pleco (author) [=Plecostomus scaphyceps Nichols [J. T.], 1919:416 [8], 425 [8], Plecostomus scaplyceps Nichols [J. T.], 1919:416] Notes: [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 11; ref. 15221] Cerqueira Cezar, São Paulo State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus scaphyceps (Nichols, 1919). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paranapanema River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (scaplyceps) [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 11; ref. 15221] Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus scaphyceps (Nichols, 1919). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus sculpodon Armbruster, 2003 - Carguana pleco (author) [=Hypostomus sculpodon Armbruster [J. W.], 2003:49, Fig. 21] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 249; ref. 27426] Piedra Carguana, 1°58.611N, 66°32.359'W, Depto. Río Negro, Río Negro drainage, Ríp Casiquiare, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus sculpodon Armbruster, 2003. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Negro River and Orinoco River basins, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hypostomus seminudus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888) - seminudus pleco (author) [=Plecostomus seminudus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.], 1888:169] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 1249] Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus seminudus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus sertanejo Zawadzki et al., 2017 - Umbuzeiro pleco (author) [=Hypostomus sertanejo Zawadzki [C. H.], Ramos [T. P. A.] & Sabaj [M.], 2017:3, Figs. 1-2, 4c] Notes: [Journal of Fish Biology v. 91 (no. 1); ref. 35355] Rio Umbuzeiro at outlet below São Nicolau dam, municipality of São Nicolau, Ceará State, Brazil, 6°40'48.8"S, 40°04'49.1"W. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus sertanejo Zawadzki, Ramos & Sabaj, 2017. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Jaguaribe and Rio Choró basins, Ceará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus simios Hollanda Carvalho & Weber, 2005 - Cupixi pleco (author) [=Hypostomus simios Hollanda Carvalho [P.] & Weber [C.], 2005:967, Figs. 3, 4, 9] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 111 (no. 4) (for 2004); ref. 28067] Bridge on road to Serra do Navio, Cupixi River, Amapá, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus simios Hollanda Carvalho & Weber, 2005. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Cupixi River basin, State of Amapá, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus soniae Hollanda Carvalho & Weber, 2005 - Tapajos pleco (author) [=Hypostomus soniae Hollanda Carvalho [P.] & Weber [C.], 2005:965, Figs. 3, 4, 8] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 111 (no. 4) (for 2004); ref. 28067] Temporary pools on riversides of Rio Tapajós, between Vila Nova and Urua, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus soniae Hollanda Carvalho & Weber, 2005. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tapajós River basin, State of Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus strigaticeps (Regan, 1908) - strigaticeps pleco (author) [=Plecostomus strigaticeps Regan [C. T.], 1908:796, Pl. 48 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (pt 4); ref. 14333] Rio Piracicaba, San Paulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus strigaticeps (Regan, 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tietê River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus subcarinatus Castelnau, 1855 - Castelnau's pleco (author) [=Hypostomus subcarinatus Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:42, Pl. 21 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus subcarinatus Castelnau, 1855. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Eastern coastal drainages of Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus surinamensis Boeseman, 1968 - Suriname pleco (author) [=Hypostomus surinamensis Boeseman [M.], 1968:61, 78 [addendum], Pls. 13 (figs. 1-4), 14 (1-2)] Notes: [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Suriname River near Brokopondo, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus surinamensis Boeseman, 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Suriname River basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus taphorni (Lilyestrom, 1984) - Taphorn's pleco (author) [=Cochliodon taphorni Lilyestrom [C. G.], 1984:43, Fig. 8-9] Notes: [Revista Unellez de Ciencia y Tecnologia v. 2; ref. 23620] Río Botanamo, Río Cuyuni drainage, near the bridge on road to Bochinche, 7°25'N, 61°11'W, Bolívar State, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus taphorni (Lilyestrom, 1984). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Cuyuni River basin, Esswquibo drainage, Venezuela; Rupununi River and Takutu River basins, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus tapijara Oyakawa et al., 2005 - Catas Altas pleco (author) [=Hypostomus tapijara Oyakawa [O. T.], Akama [A.] & Zanata [A. M.], 2005:19, Fig. 20] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 921; ref. 28322] Rio Catas Altas, Ribeira, São Paulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus tapijara Oyakawa, Akama & Zanata, 2005. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rebeira de Iguapé River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Hypostomus tenuis Boeseman, 1968 - Paramaribo pleco (author) [=Hypostomus tenuis Boeseman [M.], 1968:64, Pl. 14 (figs. 3-4)] Notes: [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Near Paramaribo, Suriname [in error]. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus tenuis Boeseman, 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Not Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus ternetzi (Boulenger, 1895) - Ternetz's pleco (author) [=Plecostomus ternetzi Boulenger [G. A.], 1895:525] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1895 (pt 3); ref. 14576] Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus ternetzi (Boulenger, 1895). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Middle Paraná, Paraguay, and Uruguay River basins: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus tietensis (Ihering, 1905) - Tiete pleco (author) [=Plecostomus tietensis Ihering [R. von], 1905:559] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 15 (no. 90) (art. 75); ref. 15388] Rio Tietê, São Paulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus tietensis (Ihering, 1905). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tietê River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus topavae (Godoy, 1969) - Grande pleco (author) [=Plecostomus topavae Godoy [M. P. de], 1969:176, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 29 (no. 2); ref. 7810] Cachoeira de Emas, Rio Mogi Guassu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus topavae (Godoy, 1969). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Grande River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus unae (Steindachner, 1878) - Una pleco (author) [=Plecostomus unae Steindachner [F.], 1878:383 [5]] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 77 (1. Abth.); ref. 18774] Rio Una, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus unae (Steindachner, 1878). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Uru River basin in Bahia State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus uruguayensis Reis et al., 1990 - Reis's Uruguay pleco (author) [=Hypostomus uruguayensis Reis [R. E.], Weber [C.] & Malabarba [L. R.], 1990:760, Figs. 1, 29-31] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 97 (no. 3); ref. 16139] Rio Uruguay at "Rancho da Amizade," São Borja, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus uruguayensis Reis, Weber & Malabarba, 1990. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Uruguay River basin: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay (?). Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus vaillanti (Steindachner, 1877) - Vaillant's pleco (author) [=Plecostomus vaillanti Steindachner [F.], 1877:225 [9]] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 76 (1. Abth.); ref. 14247] Rio Preto at Villa de Santa Rita, Bahia State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus vaillanti (Steindachner, 1877). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Preto River basin of São Francisco River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus variipictus (Ihering, 1911) - Ihering's Pardo pleco (author) [=Plecostomus variipictus Ihering [R. von], 1911:390] Notes: [Revista do Museo São Paulo v. 8 (1910); ref. 14822] Rio Pardo, near Barretos, São Paulo State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus variipictus (Ihering, 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Grande River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus varimaculosus (Fowler, 1945) - Morelia pleco (author) [=Plecostomus varimaculosus Fowler [H. W.], 1945:113, Figs. 14-16] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Morelia, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus varimaculosus (Fowler, 1945). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Japurá River basin, upper Amazon River basin: Brazil and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus variostictus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1912) - Coxim pleco (author) [=Plecostomus variostictus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1912:6] Notes: [Loricariidae, Callichthyidae, Doradidae e Trichomycteridae Annexo no. 5; ref. 3718] Rio Coxim, tributary to Rio Paraguay, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus variostictus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1912). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Paraguay River basin: Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hypostomus ventromaculatus Boeseman, 1968 - Afobaka pleco (author) [=Hypostomus ventromaculatus Boeseman [M.], 1968:65, 79 [addendum], Pl. 15 (figs. 1-4)] Notes: [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Suriname River between Afobaka and Brokopondo, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus ventromaculatus Boeseman, 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Guianan coastal drainages from Oyapock River to Suriname River: French Guiana, Brazil and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus vermicularis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888) - Eigenmann's Parahyba pleco (author) [=Plecostomus vermicularis Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.], 1888:170, 171] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 1249] Rio Parahyba; Rio Janeiro; Mendez; Macacos and Goiás, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus vermicularis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Coastal drainages of eastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus waiampi Hollanda Carvalho & Weber, 2005 - Carvalho's Cupixi pleco (author) [=Hypostomus waiampi Hollanda Carvalho [P.] & Weber [C.], 2005:955, Figs. 2-4] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 111 (no. 4) (for 2004); ref. 28067] Bridge on road to Serra do Navio, Cupixi River, Amapá, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus waiampi Hollanda Carvalho & Weber, 2005. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Cupixi River, State of Amapá, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus watwata Hancock, 1828 - watawata pleco (author) [=Hypostomus watwata Hancock [J.], 1828:246, Hypostomus verres Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840:494] Notes: [Zoological Journal, London v. 4; ref. 18242] Off Berbice River, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus watwata Hancock, 1828. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Guianan river drainages from Oyapock River to Demerara River: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela; introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater. (verres) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Cayenne, French Guiana. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus watwata Hancock, 1828. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus weberi Carvalho et al., 2010 - Weber's pleco (author) [=Hypostomus weberi Carvalho [P. H.], Lima [F. C. T.] & Zawadzki [C. H.], 2010:44, Fig. 3] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 1); ref. 30754] Rio Negro, 0°58'S, 62°57'W, Barcelos, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus weberi Carvalho, Lima & Zawadzki, 2010. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Negro basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus wilsoni (Eigenmann, 1918) - Wilson's pleco (author) [=Hemiancistrus wilsoni Eigenmann [C. H.], 1918:678] Notes: [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 56 (no. 7); ref. 12304] Río Truando, tributary of Río Atrato, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus wilsoni (Eigenmann, 1918). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Truando River basin, Atrato River drainage, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus winzi (Fowler, 1945) - Winz's pleco (author) [=Plecostomus winzi Fowler [H. W.], 1945:9, Figs. 4-7] Notes: [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 158; ref. 13140] Honda, Río Magdalena basin, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus winzi (Fowler, 1945). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus wuchereri (Günther, 1864) - Wucherer's pleco (author) [=Plecostomus wuchereri Günther [A.], 1864:235] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus wuchereri (Günther, 1864). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypostomus yaku Martins et al., 2014 - yaku pleco (author) [=Hypostomus yaku Martins [F. O.], Langeani [F.], Zawadzki [C. H.], 2014:2, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 4); ref. 33617] Goiás State, município de Rio Quente, upper rio Paraná basin, rio Paranaíba drainage, tributary of rio Piracanjuba, rio Quente basin, near water treatment station, 17º46'32"S, 48º45'56"W, elevation 618 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus yaku Martins, Langeani & Zawadzki, 2014. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Quente, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater

GENUS Isbrucker, 1980 - suckermouth armored catfishes, zucchini catfish [=Isorineloricaria Isbrücker [I. J. H.], 1980:15, 181] Notes: [ref. 2303]. Fem. Plecostomus spinosissimus Steindachner, 1880. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803 -- (Armbruster 2004:53, 60 [ref. 27644]). •Valid as Isorineloricaria Isbrücker, 1980 -- (Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:364 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:263 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Valid as Isorineloricaria Isbrücker, 1980. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

Species Isorineloricaria acuarius Ray & Armbruster, 2016 - Portugeasa zucchini catfish (author) [=Isorineloricaria acuarius Ray [C. K.] & Armbruster [J. W.], 2016:527, Fig. 15] Notes: [Zootaxa 4072 (no. 5); ref. 34178] Rio Portuguesa, 3 km northeast of El Barriero, Portuguesa, Venezuela, 09°03'08"N, 69°29'18"W. Current status: Valid as Isorineloricaria acuarius Ray & Armbruster, 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Apure and middle Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Isorineloricaria spinosissima (Steindachner, 1880) - zucchini catfish [=Plecostomus spinosissimus Steindachner [F.], 1880:98 [46], Pl. 5 (figs. 1-1a), Plecostomus festae Boulenger [G. A.], 1898:11] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 42; ref. 14403] Guayaquil, Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Isorineloricaria spinosissima (Steindachner, 1880). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Pacific versant rivers, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater. (festae) [Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino v. 13 (no. 329); ref. 14677] Río Vinces and Río Peripa, Ecuador. Current status: Synonym of Isorineloricaria spinosissima (Steindachner, 1880). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Isorineloricaria tenuicauda (Steindachner, 1878) - Magdalena zucchini catfish (author) [=Plecostomus tenuicauda Steindachner [F.], 1878:90, Plecostomus winzi Fowler [H. W.], 1945:9, Figs. 4-7] Notes: [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 15 (no. 12) (for 9 May 1878); ref. 20476] Río Magdalena, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Isorineloricaria tenuicauda (Steindachner, 1878). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater. (winzi) [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 158; ref. 13140] Honda, Río Magdalena basin, Colombia. Current status: Synonym of Isorineloricaria tenuicauda (Steindachner, 1878). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Isorineloricaria villarsi (Lutken, 1874) - Lutken's zucchini catfish (author) [=Plecostomus villarsi Lütken [C. F.], 1874:211 [10]] Notes: [Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenhavn, Aaret 1873 (nos 13-14); ref. 2854] Caracas?, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Isorineloricaria villarsi (Lütken, 1874). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Maracaibo basin, Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Lasiancistrus Regan, 1904 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Lasiancistrus (subgenus of Ancistrus) Regan [C. T.], 1904:224] Notes: [ref. 3621]. Masc. Chaetostomus heteracanthus Günther, 1869. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Eigenmann 1910:409 [ref. 1224]. Correct spelling for genus of type species is Chaetostoma. •Valid as Lasiancistrus Regan, 1904 -- (Isbrücker 1980:43 [ref. 2303], Heitmans et al. 1983:33 [ref. 5278], Nijssen & Isbrücker 1985 [ref. 9706], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Armbruster & Provenzano 2000:241 [ref. 25069], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:387 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Armbruster 2005:550 [ref. 28554], Ferraris 2007:264 [ref. 29155], Lujan & Birindelli 2011:39 [ref. 31408], Lujan & Birindelli 2011:44 [ref. 31408]). Current status: Valid as Lasiancistrus Regan, 1904. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Lasiancistrus caucanus Eigenmann, 1912 - caucanus sucker catfish (author) [=Lasiancistrus caucanus Eigenmann [C. H.], 1912:11, Hemiancistrus mayoloi Eigenmann [C. H.], 1912:10, Ancistrus planiceps Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.], 1913:79, Lasiancistrus volcanensis Dahl [G.], 1942:83 [4], Figs. 3-4] Notes: [Indiana University Studies No. 16 [sic No. 8]; ref. 1228] Cartago, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Lasiancistrus caucanus Eigenmann, 1912. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Trans-Andian, Colombia and Panama. Habitat: freshwater. (mayoloi) [Indiana University Studies No. 16 [sic No. 8]; ref. 1228] Río San Juan, Istmina, Colombia, 5°11'N, 76°39'W. Current status: Synonym of Lasiancistrus caucanus Eigenmann, 1912. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: San Juan River basin, Colombia [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater. (planiceps) [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 8); ref. 12295] Río Tuyra, Boca de Cupe, Panama. Current status: Synonym of Lasiancistrus caucanus Eigenmann, 1912. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Tuira and Sambu River basins, Panama [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater. (volcanensis) [Förhanglingar / Klungl. Fysiografiska sällskapet i Lund = Proceedings of the Royal Physiographic Society at Lund. v. 11 (no. 8); ref. 13197] Río Volcán near its junction to Río San Bartolomé, tributary of Río Magdalena, Antióquia Dept., Colombia, elevation about 600 meters. Current status: Synonym of Lasiancistrus caucanus Eigenmann, 1912. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Volcán River basin in Magdalena River drainage, Colombia [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Lasiancistrus guacharote (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840) - Maracaibo sucker catfish (author) [=Hypostomus guacharote Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840:508, Lasiancistrus maracaiboensis Schultz [L. P.], 1944:314, Pl. 11 (figs. A-B), Ancistrus mystacinus Kner [R.], 1854:276 [26]] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Puerto Rico [in error]; actual probably Lake Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Lasiancistrus guacharote (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Lake Maracaibo basin, Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater. (maracaiboensis) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 94 (no. 3172); ref. 3959] Río Socuy, 3 kilometers above its mouth, Venezuela. Current status: Synonym of Lasiancistrus guacharote (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Lake Maracaibo basin, Venezuela [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater. (mystacinus) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Caracas, Venezuela [in error]. Probably somewhere in Venezuela but not Caracas. Current status: Synonym of Lasiancistrus guacharote (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Lasiancistrus heteracanthus (Günther, 1869) - Upper Amazon sucker catfish (author) [=Chaetostomus heteracanthus Günther [A.], 1869:425, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1869 (pt 2); ref. 5780] Upper Amazon River basin, Peru. Current status: Valid as Lasiancistrus heteracanthus (Günther, 1869). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Napo River, Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Lasiancistrus saetiger Armbruster, 2005 - Guama sucker catfish (author) [=Lasiancistrus saetiger Armbruster [J. W.], 2005:559, Fig. 7] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 28554] Rio Guamá near Ourém, 1°34'07"S, 47°10'08"W, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Lasiancistrus saetiger Armbruster, 2005. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Guamá River, tributary of Capim River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Lasiancistrus schomburgkii (Gunther, 1864) - Schomburgk's sucker catfish (author) [=Chaetostomus schomburgkii Günther [A.], 1864:245, Hemiancistrus castelnaui Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1911:58, Lasiancistrus guapore Knaack [J.], 2000:57, 8 figs. (unnumbered), Hypostomus pictus Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:44, Pl. 22 (fig. 2), Hemiancistrus caquetae Fowler [H. W.], 1945:115, Figs. 17-20, Lasiancistrus scolymus Nijssen [H.] & Isbrücker [I. J. H.], 1985:242, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Guyana. Current status: Valid as Lasiancistrus schomburgkii (Günther, 1864). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, and upper Orinoco River and Essequibo River basins: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (castelnaui) [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 16; ref. 3716] Río Ucayali, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Lasiancistrus schomburgkii (Günther, 1864). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater. (guapore) [Aquaristik aktuell (Germany) v. 8 (nos 9-10); ref. 27233] Rio Guaporé at Pontes E Lacerda, 15°07.627'S, 58°57.786'W, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Lasiancistrus schomburgkii (Günther, 1864). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Guaporé River basin, Brazil [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater. (pictus) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Río Ucayali, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Lasiancistrus schomburgkii (Günther, 1864). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater. (caquetae) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Morelia, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia. Current status: Synonym of Lasiancistrus schomburgkii (Günther, 1864). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater (scolymus) [Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde v. 55 (no. 2); ref. 9706] Rio Aripuana, Humboldt, 10°10'S, 59°27'W, Rio Madeira system, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Lasiancistrus schomburgkii (Günther, 1864). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Lasiancistrus tentaculatus Armbruster, 2005 - Armbruster's sucker catfish (author) [=Lasiancistrus tentaculatus Armbruster [J. W.], 2005:565, Fig. 9] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 28554] Río Las Marias, near El Portrero, below the metal bridge, 9°05'N, 69°39'W, Apure, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Lasiancistrus tentaculatus Armbruster, 2005. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin of Colombia and Venezuela and Lake Valencia drainage in Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Leporacanthicus Isbrucker & Nijssen, 1989 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Leporacanthicus Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.], 1989:544] Notes: [ref. 13622]. Masc. Leporacanthicus galaxias Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989. Type by original designation. •Valid as Leporacanthicus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989 -- (Isbrücker et al. 1992 [ref. 20677], Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Armbruster 2002:87 [ref. 25891], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:388 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:265 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Valid as Leporacanthicus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Leporacanthicus galaxias Isbrucker & Nijssen, 1989 - galaxy sucker catfish (author) [=Leporacanthicus galaxias Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.], 1989:546, Figs 8-10, 13-15] Notes: [DATZ v. 42 (no. 9); ref. 13622] Rio Tocantins, Lagoa em frenta a Jacobal, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Leporacanthicus galaxias Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Widespread in Brazil and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Leporacanthicus heterodon Isbrucker & Nijssen, 1989 - Upper Xingu sucker catfish (author) [=Leporacanthicus heterodon Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.], 1989:547, Figs. 12, 18-19] Notes: [DATZ v. 42 (no. 9); ref. 13622] Cachoeira von Martius, upper Rio Xingú, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Leporacanthicus heterodon Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Xingu River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Leporacanthicus joselimai Isbrucker & Nijssen, 1989 - Tapajos sucker catfish (author) [=Leporacanthicus joselimai Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.], 1989:546, Figs. 11, 16-17] Notes: [DATZ v. 42 (no. 9); ref. 13622] Rio Tapajós, perta de Itaituba, Maloquinha, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Leporacanthicus joselimai Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Leporacanthicus triactis Isbrucker et al., 1992 - Mavaquita sucker catfish (author) [=Leporacanthicus triactis Isbrücker [I. J. H.], Nijssen [H.] & Nico [L. G.], 1992:3, Figs. 1-6] Notes: [DATZ v. 46 (no. 1) [for Jan. 1993]; ref. 20677] Caño Mavaquita, Upper Orinoco, Amazonas, Venezuela, about 2°12'30"N, 65°05'30"W. Current status: Valid as Leporacanthicus triactis Isbrücker, Nijssen & Nico, 1992. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Leptoancistrus Meek & Hildebrand, 1916 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfish (author) [=Leptoancistrus Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.], 1916:254] Notes: [ref. 2962]. Masc. Acanthicus canensis Meek & Hildebrand, 1913. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Leptoancistrus Meek & Hildebrand, 1916 -- (Isbrücker 1980:65 [ref. 2303], Heitmans et al. 1983:33 [ref. 5278], Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:388 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:266 [ref. 29155], Salcedo 2013:468 [ref. 32670]). Current status: Valid as Leptoancistrus Meek & Hildebrand, 1916. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

Species Leptoancistrus canensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913) - Cana sucker catfish (author) [=Acanthicus canensis Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.], 1913:80] Notes: [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 8); ref. 12295] Río Cana, Cana, Darien, Panama. Current status: Valid as Leptoancistrus canensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Pacific drainages of eastern Panama and Armila River basin on Caribbean slope, Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Leptoancistrus cordobensis Dahl, in Dahl et al., 1964 - Ure sucker catfish (author) [=Leptoancistrus cordobensis Dahl [G.], in Dahl, Medem & Ramos Henao, 1964:32, Unnum. pl.] Notes: [El "Bocachico" contribución al estudio de su biología y de su ambiente; ref. 23526] Río Uré of the upper San Jorge in tributaries of Río Sinú, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Leptoancistrus cordobensis Dahl, 1964. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Lithoxus Eigenmann, 1910 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Lithoxus Eigenmann [C. H.], 1910:405, 412, Paralithoxus (subgenus of Lithoxus) Boeseman [M.], 1982:46] Notes: [ref. 1224]. Masc. Lithoxus lithoides Eigenmann, 1912. Type be subsequent monotypy. Appeared in key in footnote (p. 405); we agree with Boeseman (1982:43 [ref. 492]) that this constitutes original description; described fully in Eigenmann 1912:242 [ref. 1227]. Type as name only in 1910; type by subsequent monotypy. •Valid as Lithoxus Eigenmann, 1910 -- (Isbrücker 1980:77 [ref. 2303], Boeseman 1982 [ref. 492], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Nijssen & Isbrücker 1990:327 [ref. 16655], Muller & Isbrücker 1993 [ref. 20657], Armbruster 2002:87 [ref. 25891], Isbrücker 2002:21 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:389 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644] dated 1909, Ferraris 2007:267 [ref. 29155], Lujan 2008:413 [ref. 29847], Lujan & Birindelli 2011:45 [ref. 31408], Lujan et. al. 2014:15 [ref. 32454] as Lithoxus clade). Current status: Valid as Lithoxus Eigenmann, 1910. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. (Paralithoxus) [ref. 492]. Masc. Ancistrus bovallii Regan, 1906. Type by original designation. Misspelled Paralithoides in author's abstract (p. 41). •Synonym of Lithoxus Eigenmann, 1910 -- (Nijssen & Isbrücker 1990:327 [ref. 16655], Isbrücker 2002:24 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:389 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:267 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Lithoxus Eigenmann, 1910. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Lithoxus boujardi Muller & Isbrücker, 1993 - Approuague sucker catfishes (author) [=Lithoxus boujardi Muller [S.] & Isbrücker [I. J. H.], 1993:72, Fig. 1] Notes: [Cybium v. 17 (no. 1); ref. 20657] Approuague basin, Arataye, between Japigny Fall and Pararé Fall, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Lithoxus boujardi Muller & Isbrücker, 1993. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Approuague and Oyapock River basins, French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Lithoxus bovallii (Regan, 1906) - Kaat sucker catfishes (author) [=Ancistrus bovallii Regan [C. T.], 1906:96] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 17 (no. 97); ref. 3627] Kaat River, tributary of Treng River[= Ireng], upper Potaro, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Lithoxus bovallii (Regan, 1906). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Ireng River basin in upper Negro River drainage, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Lithoxus jantjae Lujan, 2008 - Lujan's sucker catfish (author) [=Lithoxus jantjae Lujan [N. K.], 2008:414, Fig. 1] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 29847] Río Ventuari, above Tencua Falls 58 kilometers east-southeast of San Juan de Manapiare, ca. 5°02'N, 65°36'W, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Lithoxus jantjae Lujan, 2008. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Ventuari River, right banl tributary of the Upper Orinoco River, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Lithoxus lithoides Eigenmann, 1912 - Amatuk sucker catfish (author) [=Lithoxus lithoides Eigenmann [C. H.], 1912:242, Pl. 29 (figs. 1-4)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Amatuk, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Lithoxus lithoides Eigenmann, 1912. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Essequibo and upper Correntyne River basin: Guyana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Lithoxus pallidimaculatus Boeseman, 1982 - Kwambaolo sucker catfish (author) [=Lithoxus (Paralithoxus) pallidimaculatus Boeseman [M.], 1982:50, Pl. 3] Notes: [Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (Series C, Biological and Medical Sciences) v. 85 (no. 1); ref. 492] Kwambaolo Creek, right tributary of Sara Creek above dam, Suriname River system, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Lithoxus pallidimaculatus Boeseman, 1982. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Suriname River basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Lithoxus planquettei Boeseman, 1982 - Comte sucker catfish (author) [=Lithoxus (Paralithoxus) planquettei Boeseman [M.], 1982:53, Pl. 4] Notes: [Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (Series C, Biological and Medical Sciences) v. 85 (no. 1); ref. 492] Crique Boulenger, Comté system, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Lithoxus planquettei Boeseman, 1982. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal drainages from Maroni to Kaw River basins, French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Lithoxus stocki Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1990 - Stock's sucker catfish (author) [=Lithoxus stocki Nijssen [H.] & Isbrücker [I. J. H.], 1990:329, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde v. 60 (nos 3/4); ref. 16655] Downstream of village of Epoia, Marouini River, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Lithoxus stocki Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1990. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Maroni and Mana River basins, French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Lithoxus surinamensis Boeseman, 1982 - Awaradam sucker catfish (author) [=Lithoxus (Paralithoxus) surinamensis Boeseman [M.], 1982:54, Pl. 5] Notes: [Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (Series C, Biological and Medical Sciences) v. 85 (no. 1); ref. 492] Near Awaradam, Gran Rio, upper Suriname River system, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Lithoxus surinamensis Boeseman, 1982. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Gran River basin in upper Suriname River drainage, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Megalancistrus Isbrücker, 1980 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Megalancistrus Isbrücker [I. J. H.], 1980:52] Notes: [ref. 2303]. Masc. Chaetostomus gigas Boulenger, 1895. Type by original designation. •Valid as Megalancistrus Isbrücker, 1980 -- (Heitmans et al. 1983 [ref. 5278], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Britski et al. 1999:134 [ref. 24147], Armbruster 2002:87 [ref. 25891], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:390 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:272 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Valid as Megalancistrus Isbrücker, 1980. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Megalancistrus barrae (Steindachner, 1910) - Barra sucker catfish (author) [=Ancistrus barrae Steindachner [F.], 1910:58] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 47 (no. 8); ref. 14813] Rio São Francisco near Barra, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Megalancistrus barrae (Steindachner, 1910). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Megalancistrus parananus (Peters, 1881) - Parana sucker catfish (author) [=Pterygoplichthys (Ancistrus) parananus Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1881:17, Chaetostomus aculeatus Perugia [A.], 1891:637 [37], Chaetostomus gigas Boulenger [G. A.] 1895:526] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1881; ref. 18546] Río Paraná at La Paz, Entre-Ríos, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Megalancistrus parananus (Peters, 1881). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Paraguay, Paraná and Uruguay River basins: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. (aculeatus) [Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (Serie 2) v. 10; ref. 3431] Río Paraguay, Asuncion, Paraguay. Current status: Synonym of Megalancistrus parananus (Peters, 1881). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater. (gigas) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1895 (pt 3); ref. 14576] Paraguay. Current status: Synonym of Megalancistrus parananus (Peters, 1881). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Neblinichthys Ferraris et al., 1986 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Neblinichthys Ferraris [C. J., Jr.], Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.], 1986:70] Notes: [ref. 5988]. Masc. Neblinichthys pilosus Ferraris, Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1986. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Nebilinichthys Ferraris, Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1986 -- (Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Provenzano et al. 1995 [ref. 21886], de Pinna 1998:305 [ref. 23847], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:390 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:273 [ref. 29155], Taphorn et al. 2010:616 [ref. 30973], Lujan & Birindelli 2011:45 [ref. 31408], Armbruster & Taphorn 2013:65 [ref. 32700]). Current status: Valid as Neblinichthys Ferraris, Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1986. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Neblinichthys brevibracchium Taphorn et al., 2010 - Guyana sucker catfish (author) [=Neblinichthys brevibracchium Taphorn [D. C.], Armbruster [J. W.], López-Fernández [H.] & Bernard [C. R.], 2010:616, Fig. 1] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 30973] Upper Mazaruni River drainage, Kukui River, near town of Philipai, 5°21'37"N, 60°22'18"W, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Neblinichthys brevibracchium Taphorn, Armbruster, López-Fernández & Bernard, 2010. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Mazaruni River drainage, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater. Species Neblinichthys echinasus Taphorn et al., 2010 - Upper Mazaruni sucker catfish (author) [=Neblinichthys echinasus Taphorn [D. C.], Armbruster [J. W.], López-Fernández [H.] & Bernard [C. R.], 2010:619] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 30973] Upper Mazaruni River drainage, Kukui River, near town of Philipai, 5°21'37"N, 60°22'18"W, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Neblinichthys echinasus Taphorn, Armbruster, López-Fernández & Bernard, 2010. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Mazaruni River drainage, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Neblinichthys peniculatus Armbruster & Taphorn, 2013 - Paragua sucker catfish (author) [=Neblinichthys peniculatus Armbruster [J. W.] & Taphorn [D. C.], 2013:67, Figs. 2-4] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 11 (no. 1); ref. 32700] Río Paragua drainage, río Caparo at first rapids along right back, 5°41'51"N, 63°32'30"W, Bolivar, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Neblinichthys peniculatus Armbruster & Taphorn, 2013. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Río Carapo, tributary of río Paragua, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Neblinichthys pilosus Ferraris et al., 1986 - Mawarinuma sucker catfish (author) [=Neblinichthys pilosus Ferraris [C. J., Jr.], Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.], 1986:70, Figs. 1, 4-5] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 13 (no. 3); ref. 5988] Río Mawarinuma tributary, at Neblina base camp, on right bank in riffle, 0°55'N, 66°10'W, Venezuela, elevation 120 meters. Current status: Valid as Neblinichthys pilosus Ferraris, Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1986. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Negro, Casiquiae and Baria River basins, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Neblinichthys roraima Provenzano R. et al., 1995 - Roraima sucker catfish (author) [=Neblinichthys roraima Provenzano R. [F.], Lasso A. [C.] & Ponte [V.], 1995:245, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 21886] Río Caroni system, 1st creek northwest of base camp Roraima Tepui, 5°15'N, 60°40'W, Estado Bolívar, Venzuela, elevation 1200-1400 meters. Current status: Valid as Neblinichthys roraima Provenzano R., Lasso A. & Ponte, 1995. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Caroni drainage, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Neblinichthys yaravi (Steindachner, 1915) - yaravi sucker catfish (author) [=Ancistrus (Hemiancistrus) yaravi Steindachner [F.], 1915:87 [73]] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. v. 93; ref. 4244] Río Coquenan, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Neblinichthys yaravi (Steindachner, 1915). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Kukenan River basin in upper Caroni River drainage, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Panaqolus Isbrücker & Schraml, in Isbrücker et al., 2001 - suckermouth armored catfishes, panaques [=Panaqolus Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Schraml [E.], in Isbrücker et al., 2001:20, Panafilus (subgenus of Panaqolus) Lujan [N. K.], Cramer [C. A.], Covain [R.], Fisch-Muller [S.] & López-Fernández [H.], 2017, Panaqoco (subgenus of Panaqolus) Lujan [N. K.], Cramer [C. A.], Covain [R.], Fisch-Muller [S.] & López-Fernández [H.], 2017:332]

Notes: [ref. 25649]. Panaque gnomus Schaefer & Stewart, 1993. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Panaque Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 -- (Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:390 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644] as Panaquolus). •Valid as Panaqolus Isbrücker & Schraml, 2001 -- (Isbrücker 2002:24 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2007:277 [ref. 29155], Lujan et al. 2013:192 [ref. 32784], Cramer 2014:61 [ref. 33229]). Current status: Valid as Panaqolus Isbrücker & Schraml, 2001. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. (Panafilus) [ref. 35031]. Masc. Panaque albomaculatus Kanazawa 1958. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Panaqolus Isbrücker & Schraml 2001, but a valid subgenus Panafilus as described. •Synonym of Panaqolus Isbrücker & Schraml, 2001. Current status: Synonym of Panaqolus Isbrücker & Schraml, 2001. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. (Panaqoco) [ref. 35031]. Masc. Panaque maccus Schaefer & Stewart, 1993. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Panaqolus Isbrücker & Schraml, 2001, but a valid subgenus Panaqoco as described. •Synonym of Panaqolus Isbrücker & Schraml, 2001. Current status: Synonym of Panaqolus Isbrücker & Schraml, 2001. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

Species Panaqolus albivermis Lujan et al., 2013- Irazola panaque (author) [=Panaqolus albivermis Lujan [N. K.], Steele [S.] & Velasquez [M.], 2013:193, Fig. 1] Notes: [Zootaxa 3691 (no. 1); ref. 32784] Padre Abad Province, Irazola District, San Alejandro River, Ucayali River drainage, 8°55'02''S, 75°12'26''W, Peru, depth 195 meters. Current status: Valid as Panaqolus albivermis Lujan, Steele & Velasquez, 2013. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: San Alejandro River, Ucayali River drainage, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Panaqolus albomaculatus (Kanazawa, 1958) - Napo panaque (author) [=Panaque albomaculatus Kanazawa [R. H.], 1958:327, Fig. 1] Notes: [Copeia 1958 (no. 4); ref. 12077] Río Pucuno, tributary of Río Suno, upper Río Napo basin, 0°47'S, 77°16'W, Napo Province, Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Panaqolus albomaculatus (Kanazawa, 1958). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Headwaters of Napo, Marañón and Ucayali rivers: Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Panaqolus changae (Chockley & Armbruster, 2002) - Itaya panaque (author) [=Panaque changae Chockley [B. R.] & Armbruster [J. W.], 2002:83, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 13 (no. 1); ref. 26069] Río Itaya, río Amazonas drainage, 11 kilometers south-southwest of center of Iquitos at bearing 39°, 3°49'47.6"S, 73°18'2.9"W, Loreto, Peru. Current status: Valid as Panaqolus changae (Chockley & Armbruster, 2002). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Itaya and Momon River basins, Peru. Habitat: freshwater. Species Panaqolus claustellifer Tan et al., 2016 - Takutu panaque (author) [=Panaqolus claustellifer Tan [M.], Souza [L. S. de] & Armbruster [J. W.], 2016:[3], Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 14 (no. 2) (e150033); ref. 34532] Amazon River - rio Branco drainage, Takutu River near Lethem, Guyana, 3.47043°, -059.80993°. Current status: Valid as Panaqolus claustellifer Tan, Souza & Armbruster, 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Guyana and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Panaqolus dentex (Gunther, 1868) - dentex panaque (author) [=Chaetostomus dentex Günther [A.], 1868:477] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 1 (no. 6) (art. 56); ref. 1992] Xeberos (or Jeberos), upper Río Aipena system, tributary to Río Huallaga, about 5°18'S, 76°17'W, Dept. Loreto, Peru. Current status: Valid as Panaqolus dentex (Günther, 1868). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Napo, Pastaza and Marañón River basins: Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Panaqolus gnomus (Schaefer & Stewart, 1993) - dwarf panaque [=Panaque gnomus Schaefer [S. A.] & Stewart [D. J.], 1993:333, Fig. 17] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 21282] Río Cushuimi at Cushuimi, about 2°39'S, 77°43'W, upper Río Morona - Marañón basin, Ecuador, elevation 300+ meters. Current status: Valid as Panaqolus gnomus (Schaefer & Stewart, 1993). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Pastaza and upper Marañón River basins: Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Panaqolus maccus (Schaefer & Stewart, 1993) - clown panaque [=Panaque maccus Schaefer [S. A.] & Stewart [D. J.], 1993:335, Figs. 18-19] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 21282] Río Las Marinas, tributary of Río Portuguesa, Río Orinoco basin, about 9°05'N, 69°40'W, Estado Portuguesa, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Panaqolus maccus (Schaefer & Stewart, 1993). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Apuré and Caroni River basins, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Panaqolus nix Cramer & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2015 - Rondonia panaque (author) [=Panaqolus nix Cramer [C. A.] & Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.], 2015:462, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 3); ref. 33945] Rondônia, rio Madeira, cofferdam at construction site of Santo Antônio hydroelectric power plant (former Santo Antônio rapids), Brazil, 8°48'06"S, 63°57'00"W. Current status: Valid as Panaqolus nix Cramer & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2015. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Panaqolus nocturnus (Schaefer & Stewart, 1993) - dusky panaque [=Panaque nocturnus Schaefer [S. A.] & Stewart [D. J.], 1993:330, Fig. 15] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 21282] Río Santiago near la Poza, Río Marañón basin, 4°01'24"S, 77°45'06"W, Depart. Amazonas, Peru. Current status: Valid as Panaqolus nocturnus (Schaefer & Stewart, 1993). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Napo drainage: Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Panaqolus purusiensis (La Monte, 1935) - Macauhan panaque (author) [=Panaque purusiensis La Monte [F. R.], 1935:4, Fig. 3] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 784; ref. 13893] Near mouth of Rio Macauhan, tributary of River Yaco (or Iaco), itself a tributary to Rio Purus, 9°20'S, 69°W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Panaqolus purusiensis (La Monte, 1935). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Macauá River basin in upper Purus drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Panaqolus tankei Cramer & Sousa, 2016 - Xingu panaque (author) [=Panaqolus tankei Cramer [C. A.] & Sousa [L. M. de], 2016:3, Figs. 1, 2A, 3-7] Notes: [PLoS ONE v. 11 (no. 11) e0165388; ref. 34885] Pará, rio Xingu, 17 km south from Senador José Porfírio, main channel, Brazil (02°44'54.7"S, 52°00'09.5"W). Current status: Valid as Panaqolus tankei Cramer & Sousa, 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Panaque Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 - suckermouth armored catfishes, panaques [=Panaque Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.], 1889:44] Notes: [ref. 1253]. Masc. Chaetostomus nigrolineatus Peters, 1877. Type by original designation. Treated by authors as masculine. •Valid as Panaque Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1898 -- (Isbrücker 1980:74 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:437 [ref. 12860], Schaefer & Stewart 1993:313 [ref. 21282], de Pinna 1998:305 [ref. 23847], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Armbruster 2002:87 [ref. 25891], Chockley & Armbruster 2002:82 [ref. 26069], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:390 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:277 [ref. 29155], Lujan & Chamon 2008:272 [ref. 29977], Lujan et al. 2010:676 [ref. 31098]). Current status: Valid as Panaque Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Panaque armbrusteri Lujan et al., 2010 - Armbruster's panaque (author) [=Panaque armbrusteri Lujan [N. K.], Hidalgo [M.] & Stewart [D. J.], 2010:677, Figs. 1-2, 4-5] Notes: [Copeia 2010 (no. 4); ref. 31098] Tapajós River drainage, Teles Pires River, near the highway MT-416 ferry, 9°27'07"S, 56°30'46"W, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Panaque armbrusteri Lujan, Hidalgo & Stewart, 2010. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Tapajós River drainage, Brazil; plus potentially conspecific populations in Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Panaque bathyphilus Lujan & Chamon, 2008 - Solimoes panaque (author) [=Panaque bathyphilus Lujan [N. K.] & Chamon [C. C.], 2008:275, Fig. 4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 19 (no. 3); ref. 29977] Solimões River, upstream of its confluence with Purus River, 3°39'52"S, 61°28'53"W, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Panaque bathyphilus Lujan & Chamon, 2008. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Solimões River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Panaque cochliodon (Steindachner, 1879) - Magdalena panaque (author) [=Chaetostomus cochliodon Steindachner [F.], 1879:194, Chaetostomus cochliodon gibbosus Steindachner [F.], 1880:63, Pl. 4] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 16 (no. 18); ref. 20479] Río Cauca, Magdalena River drinage, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Panaque cochliodon (Steindachner, 1879). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Cauca and Magdalena River basins, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater. (gibbosus) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 42; ref. 14403] Río Cauca, Colombia. Current status: Synonym of Panaque cochliodon (Steindachner, 1879). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Panaque dentex (Gunther, 1868) - Xeberos panaque (author) [=Chaetostomus dentex Günther [A.], 1868:477] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 1 (no. 6) (art. 56); ref. 1992] Xeberos (or Jeberos), upper Río Aipena system, tributary to Río Huallaga, about 5°18'S, 76°17'W, Dept. Loreto, Peru. Current status: Valid as Panaqolus dentex (Günther, 1868). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Napo, Pastaza and Marañón River basins: Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Panaque nigrolineatus (Peters, 1877) - royal catfish, royal panaque [=Chaetostomus nigrolineatus Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1877:471, Unnumbered pl. following p. 556] Notes: [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preuss[ischen] Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1877; ref. 18538] Guárico River at Calabozo, drainage, Guárico State, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Panaque nigrolineatus (Peters, 1877). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Orinoco River and Amazon River tributaries: Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Panaque schaeferi Lujan et al., 2010 - Aguaytia panaque (author) [=Panaque schaeferi Lujan [N. K.], Hidalgo [M.] & Stewart [D. J.], 2010:693, Figs. 12-13] Notes: [Copeia 2010 (no. 4); ref. 31098] Aguaytia River drainage, Santra Ana River, Cordillera National Park, 8°29'51"S, 75°33'36"W, Ucayali Department, Peru, elevation 250 meters. Current status: Valid as Panaque schaeferi Lujan, Hidalgo & Stewart, 2010. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Widespread in upper Amazon basin: Brazil,Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Panaque suttonorum Schultz, 1944 - blue-eye panaque [=Panaque suttoni Schultz [L. P.], 1944:308, Pl. 10 (fig. B)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 94 (no. 3172); ref. 3959] Río Negro below Río Yasa mouth, Santa Ana River drainage, Maracaibo basin, Zulia State, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Panaque suttonorum Schultz, 1944. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Western and eastern tributaries of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Panaque titan Lujan et al., 2010 - titan panaque (author) [=Panaque titan Lujan [N. K.], Hidalgo [M.] & Stewart [D. J.], 2010:699, Figs. 6, 10c] Notes: [Copeia 2010 (no. 4); ref. 31098] Napo River drainage, Apoalla Creek, tributary of lower Shushufindi River, 0°17'S, 76°27'W, Sucumbíos Province, Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Panaque titan Lujan, Hidalgo & Stewart, 2010. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Napo River basin, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Parancistrus Bleeker, 1862 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Parancistrus Bleeker [P.], 1862:2, Acanthodemus Marschall [A. F. Graf von] (ex Castelnau), 1873:63] Notes: [ref. 393]. Masc. Hypostomus aurantiacus Castelnau, 1855. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Parancistrus Bleeker, 1862 -- (Isbrücker 1980:58 [ref. 2303], Heitmans et al. 1983 [ref. 5278], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860], Rapp Py-Daniel 1989:236 [ref. 13470], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Armbruster 2002:87 [ref. 25891], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:391 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644] as Castelnau 1855, Rapp Py-Daniel & Zuanon 2005:571 [ref. 28565], Ferraris 2007:278 [ref. 29155], Lujan et al. 2009:50 [ref. 30056]). Current status: Valid as Parancistrus Bleeker, 1862. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. (Acanthodemus) [ref. 6455]. Masc. Hypostomus aurantiacus Castelnau, 1855. Type by subsequent designation. Appeared first in French only as "Acanthodémes" in Castelnau 1855:43 [ref. 766] as a subgroup of Hypostomus; latinized by Marschall 1873:63 as above. Earliest type designation found is by Jordan 1919:264 [ref. 2410]; technical first addition of species not researched. •Synonym of Parancistrus Bleeker, 1862 -- (Isbrücker 2002:11 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:391 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:278 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Parancistrus Bleeker, 1862. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Parancistrus aurantiacus (Castelnau, 1855) - Ucayali sucker catfish (author) [=Hypostomus aurantiacus Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:43, Pl. 21 (fig. 2), Hypostomus nigricans Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:44, Pl. 22 (fig. 1), Hypostomus vicinus Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:45, Pl. 23 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Río Ucayali, Peru. Current status: Valid as Parancistrus aurantiacus (Castelnau, 1855). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Ucayali, Tocantins and Xingu rivers: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (nigricans) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Amazon River, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Parancistrus aurantiacus (Castelnau, 1855). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater. (vicinus) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Río Ucayali, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Parancistrus aurantiacus (Castelnau, 1855). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parancistrus nudiventris Rapp Py-Daniel & Zuanon, 2005 - Xingu sucker catfish (author) [=Parancistrus nudiventris Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.] & Zuanon [J.], 2005:573, Figs. 1-2, 4-5] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 28565] Rio Xingu, bedrock at ilha do Bacabal, 3°23'19"S, 51°43'24"W, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parancistrus nudiventris Rapp Py-Daniel & Zuanon, 2005. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Xingu River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Paulasquama Armbruster & Taphorn, 2011 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Paulasquama Armbruster [J. W.] & Taphorn [D. C.], 2011:46] Notes: [ref. 31222]. Fem. Paulasquama callis Armbruster & Taphorn, 2011. Type by original designation. •Valid as Paulasquama Armbruster & Taphorn, 2010. Current status: Valid as Paulasquama Armbruster & Taphorn, 2010. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Paulasquama callis Armbruster & Taphorn, 2011 - Waruma sucker catfish (author) [=Paulasquama callis Armbruster [J. W.] & Taphorn [D. C.], 2011:48, Figs. 1-2. 3B] Notes: [Copeia 2011 (no. 1); ref. 31222] Waruma River, Kako River-Mazaruni River drainage, riffles and shallow rapids upstream from camp, 05.4755"-060.77967", Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Paulasquama callis Armbruster & Taphorn, 2011. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Waruma River, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Peckoltia Miranda Ribeiro, 1912 - suckermouth armored catfishes, peckoltias [=Peckoltia Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1912:7, Etsaputu Lujan [N. K.], Armbruster [J. W.] & Rengifo [B.], 2011:497, Sophiancistrus Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Seidel [I.], in Isbrücker et al., 2001:21] Notes: [ref. 3718]. Fem. Chaetostomus vittatus Steindachner, 1881. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Gosline 1945:85 [ref. 13558]; see Isbrücker 1980:53 [ref. 2303]. See also Peckoltichthys Miranda Ribeiro, 1917. Correct spelling for genus of type species is Chaetostoma. Ferraris 2007:283 [ref. 29155] regards type designation by monotypy [needs checking]. •Valid as Peckoltia Miranda Ribeiro, 1912 -- (Isbrücker 1980:53 [ref. 2303], Heitmans et al. 1983:33 [ref. 5278], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Armbruster 2002:86 [ref. 25891], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Cardoso & Lucinda 2003:82 [ref. 26858], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:392 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2003:1 [ref. 27434], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Armbruster & Werneke 2005:1 [ref. 28101], Ferraris 2007:283 [ref. 29155], Armbruster 2008:5 [ref. 29740], Zawadzki et al. 2010:723 [ref. 31074], de Oliveira et al. 2010:45 [ref. 30929], de Oliveira et al. 2012:547 [ref. 32202]). Current status: Valid as Peckoltia Miranda Ribeiro, 1912. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. (Etsaputu) [ref. 31708]. Neut. Etsaputu relictum Lujan, Armbruster & Rengifo, 2011. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Stated by authors as neuter. •Synonym of Peckoltia Miranda Ribeiro, 1912 -- (Ambruster & Lujan 2016:117 [ref. 34264]). Current status: Synonym of Peckoltia Miranda Ribeiro 1912. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. (Sophiancistrus) [ref. 25649]. Hemiancistrus ucayalensis Fowler, 1940. Type by original designation. •Valid as Sophiancistrus Isbrücker & Seidel, 2001 -- (Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Peckoltia Miranda Ribeiro, 1912 -- (Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:392 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:283 [ref. 29155], Armbruster 2008:5 [ref. 29740]). Current status: Synonym of Peckoltia Miranda Ribeiro, 1912. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

Species Peckoltia braueri (Eigenmann, 1912) - worm-line peckoltia [=Hemiancistrus braueri Eigenmann [C. H.], 1912:232, Pl. 28 (figs. 1-2)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Takutu, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia braueri (Eigenmann, 1912). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Takutu and Pirara rivers, Negro and Branco River drainages: Guyana and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia brevis (La Monte, 1935) - Madureira peckoltia (author) [=Hemiancistrus brevis La Monte [F. R.], 1935:3, Fig. 2] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 784; ref. 13893] Near Sena Madureira, near mouth of River Macaua, tributary of Rio Iaco, itself a tributary to Rio Purus, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia brevis (La Monte, 1935). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Purus River basin and upper Amazon River basin: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia caenosa Armbruster, 2008 - Llanos peckoltia (author) [=Peckoltia caenosa Armbruster [J. W.], 2008:20, Fig. 12] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1822; ref. 29740] Caño Maraca, tributary of Caño Igues - Río Portuguesa, Guanare-Guanarito road at road kilometer 60, 8°49'39"N, 69°20'42"W, Rio Orinoco drainage, Portuguesa, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia caenosa Armbruster, 2008. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Llanos of Venezuela in rivers draining to the middle Orinoco River. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia capitulata Fisch-Muller & Covain, in Fisch-Muller et al., 2012 - Approuague peckoltia (author) [=Peckoltia capitulata Fisch-Muller [S.] & Covain [R.], in Fisch-Muller, Montoya-Burgos, Le Bail & Covain, 2012:180, Figs. 7, 10] Notes: [Cybium v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 31970] Approuague River, rapids of Saut Athanase, 4°11'12"N, 52°20'03"W, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia capitulata Fisch-Muller & Covain, 2012. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Approuague River, French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia cavatica Armbruster & Werneke, 2005 - Rupununi peckoltia (author) [=Peckoltia cavatica Armbruster [J. W.] & Werneke [D. C.], 2005:8, Figs. 2, 4] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 882; ref. 28101] Rupununi River, 3.7 kilometers south-southeast. of Massara, 03.86228°N, -059.28439°W, Rupununi (Region 9), Guyana. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia cavatica Armbruster & Werneke, 2005. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rupununi River, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater. Species Peckoltia compta de Oliveira et al., 2010 - Itaituba peckoltia (author) [=Peckoltia compta de Oliveira [R. R.], Zuanon [J.], Rapp Py-Daniel [L.] & Rocha [M. S.], 2010:49, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2534; ref. 30929] Itaituba, Pimental, rio Tapajós downstream from confluence with rio Ja,anxim, 4°41'06"S, 56°23'07"W, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia compta de Oliveira, Zuanon, Rapp Py-Daniel & Rocha, 2010. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rios Tapajós and Jamanxim, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia ephippiata Armbruster et al., 2015 - Rondonia peckoltia (author) [=Peckoltia ephippiata Armbruster [J. W.], Werneke [D. C.] & Tan [M.], 2015:102, Fig. 1] Notes: [ZooKeys v. 480; ref. 33670] Rôndonia, Presidente Médici, rio Madeira drainage, rio Leitão on highway BR-364, about 5 km north of Presidente Médici, -11.1328°, -061.9008°, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia ephippiata Armbruster, Werneke & Tan, 2015. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Madeira drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia furcata (Fowler, 1940) - Contamana peckoltia (author) [=Chaetostomus furcatus Fowler [H. W.], 1940:238, Figs. 28-29] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 91 (for 1939); ref. 1432] Contamana, Río Ucayali basin, Peru. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia furcata (Fowler, 1940). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Amazon River, Marañon and Ucayali rivers: Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia greedoi Armbruster et al., 2015 - Gurupi peckoltia (author) [=Peckoltia greedoi Armbruster [J. W.], Werneke [D. C.] & Tan [M.], 2015:107, Fig. 4] Notes: [ZooKeys v. 480; ref. 33670] Pará, río Gurupi on BR 316 at border of Pará and Maranhão, -01.8003°, -046.3167°, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia greedoi Armbruser, Werneke & Tan, 2015. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Gurupi drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia lineola Armbruster, 2008 - Ventuari peckoltia (author) [=Peckoltia lineola Armbruster [J. W.], 2008:29, Figs. 2e, 16] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1822; ref. 29740] Río Ventuari, 23 kilometers northeast of Macuruco, 94 kilometers east of San Fernando de Atabapo, 4°04'50"N, 66°51'55"W, Río Orinoco drainage, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia lineola Armbruster, 2008. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Río Ventuari, Amazonas, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia lujani Armbruster et al., 2015 - Meta peckoltia (author) [=Peckoltia lujani Armbruster [J. W.], Werneke [D. C.] & Tan [M.], 2015:111, Fig. 5] Notes: [ZooKeys v. 480; ref. 33670] Amazonas, río Orinoco at Paso Ganado, 38 km NNW of San Fernando de Atabapo, 04.3842°, -067.7747, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia lujani Armbruster, Werneke & Tan, 2015. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Meta Drainage and Orinoco River mouth to Meta, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia multispinis (Holly, 1929) - bristlemouth catfish [=Ancistrus multispinis Holly [M.], 1929:119 [3]] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenshaften in Wien Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 66; ref. 16088] Mercado Belém, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia multispinis (Holly, 1929). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia oligospila (Gunther, 1864) - Capim peckoltia (author) [=Chaetostomus oligospilus Günther [A.], 1864:244] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Rio Capin [= Capim], Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia oligospila (Günther, 1864). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tocantins and Capim river drainages, lower Amazon River basin, eastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia otali Fisch-Muller & Covain, in Fisch-Muller et al., 2012 - Tampoc peckotia (author) [=Peckoltia otali Fisch-Muller [S.] & Covain [R.], in Fisch-Muller, Montoya-Burgos, Le Bail & Covain, 2012:177, Figs. 5B, 7, 9] Notes: [Cybium v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 31970] Tampoc River in Saut Tampoc, tributary of Lawa River, Maroni River basin, 3°19'27"N, 53°50'12"W, French Guinea. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia otali Fisch-Muller & Covain, 2012. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Maroni River basin, French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia pankimpuju (Lujan & Chamon, 2008) - Maranon peckoltia (author) [=Hemiancistrus pankimpuju Lujan [N. K.] & Chamon [C. C.], 2008:273, Fig. 2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 19 (no. 3); ref. 29977] Río Marañon, Pongo de Manseriche above Borjam 35.5 kilometers northeast of Juan Velasco (Santa Maria de Nieva), 4°27'38"S, 77°34'53"W, Departamento Amazonas, Peru. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia pankimpuju (Lujan & Chamon, 2008). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Marion River drainage, upper Amazon River, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia relictum (Lujan et al., 2011) - Maranon peckoltia (author) [=Etsaputu relictum Lujan [N. K.], Armbruster [J. W.] & Rengifo [B.], 2011:497, Fig. 1B, 2C, 3B, 4] Notes: [Copeia 2011 (no. 4); ref. 31708] Marañon River drainage, Cenepa River, gravel shoal at Tsantsa, 58 km north of Imacita, 4°33'37"S, 78°11'07"W, Amazonas Department, Peru, elevation 228 meters. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia relictum (Lujan, Armbruster & Rengifo, 2011). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Marañon River drainage and possibly the Huallaga River, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia sabaji Armbruster, 2003 - Sabaj's peckoltia (author) [=Peckoltia sabaji Armbruster [J. W.], 2003:6, Figs. 2-4] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 344; ref. 27434] 5.9 kilometers west-southwest of village of Sand Creek, 02.96656°, -059.56943°, Essequibo River drainage, Rupununi (Region 9), Guyana. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia sabaji Armbruster, 2003. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Northeastern South America: Guyana and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia simulata Fisch-Muller & Covain, in Fisch-Muller et al., 2012 - Oyapock peckoltia (author) [=Peckoltia simulata Fisch-Muller [S.] & Covain [R.], in Fisch-Muller, Montoya-Burgos, Le Bail & Covain, 2012:182, Figs. 7, 11] Notes: [Cybium v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 31970] Crique Moulou Koulou, small tributary of the Oyapock River, 3°06'05"N, 52°20'34"W, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia simulata Fisch-Muller & Covain, 2012. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Oyapock River basin, French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia vermiculatus (Steindachner, 1908) - Para peckoltia (author) [=Ancistrus vittatus var. vermiculatus Steindachner [F.], 1908:166] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 45 (no. 11); ref. 18806] Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia vermiculata (Steindachner, 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Middle and lower Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia vittata (Steindachner, 1881) - Madeira peckoltia (author) [=Chaetostomus vittatus Steindachner [F.], 1881:115 [15], Pl. 2 (figs. 5-5a), Peckoltichthys kuhlmanni Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1920:10, Unnum. Pl. 5 (middle)] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 43; ref. 14290] Amazon River, Tajapouru, Xingu near Moz Port, Rio Madeira, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia vittata (Steindachner, 1881). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Middle and lower Amazon River basin: Bolivia, Colombia, Brazil and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (kuhlmanni) [Peixes (excl. Characinidae) No. 58 (Annexo 5); ref. 3727] Rio Tapajos [Tapajóz], Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Peckoltia vittata (Steindachner, 1881). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Peckoltia wernekei Armbruster & Lujan, 2016 - Ventuari peckoltia (author) [=Peckoltia wernekei Armbruster [J. W.] & Lujan [N. K.], 2016:107, Figs. 3, 4, 5B, 6] Notes: [ZooKeys No. 569; ref. 34264] Marujeta Creek, 159 km E of San Fernando de Atabapo, Ventuari River drainage, Amazonas State, Venezuela, 4°17'41.3"N, 66°17'20.0"W. Current status: Valid as Peckoltia wernekei Armbruster & Lujan, 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Ventuari River, Amazonas State, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Peckoltichthys Miranda Ribeiro, 1917 - suckermouth armored catfish, peckoltias [=Peckoltichthys Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1917:49] Notes: [ref. 5742]. Masc. Peckoltichthys filicaudatus Miranda Ribeiro, 1917. Type by monotypy. Regarded by Isbrücker 1980:53 [ref. 2303] as an unneeded replacement for and objective synonym of Peckoltia Miranda Ribeiro, 1912 with type as vittatus, but there is no evidence in the proposal in 1917 that this was a replacement name; type is apparently filicaudatus by being a replacement name (by monotypy). •Synonym of Peckoltia Miranda Ribeiro, 1912 -- (Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:392 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:283 [ref. 29155], Armbruster 2008:5 [ref. 29740], de Oliveira et al. 2012:548 [ref. 32202]). •Valid as Peckoltichthys Miranda Ribeiro, 1917 --- (Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670]). Current status: Valid as Peckoltichthys Miranda Ribeiro, 917. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Species Peckoltichthys bachi (Boulenger, 1898) - Bach's peckoltia (author) [=Chaetostomus bachi Boulenger [G. A.], 1898:425, Pl. 41 (fig. 1), Hemiancistrus arenarius Eigenmann [C. H.] & Allen [W. R.], 1942:185, Pl. 6 (fig. 2), Peckoltichthys filicaudatus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1917:49, Hemiancistrus ucayalensis Fowler [H. W.], 1940:235, Figs. 24-25] Notes: [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 14 (pt 7, no. 2); ref. 543] Rio Juruá, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Peckoltichthys bachi (Boulenger, 1898). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Amazon River and its tributaries: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (arenarius) [Fishes of western South America; ref. 1246] Yurimaguas, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Peckoltichthys bachi (Boulenger, 1898). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Amazon River basin, Peru [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater. (filicaudatus) [Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Sciências (Rio de Janeiro) v. 1; ref. 5742] Solimões River, upper Amazon River basin, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Peckoltichthys bachi (Boulenger, 1898). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Solimões River basin, Brazil [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater. (ucayalensis) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 91 (for 1939); ref. 1432] Contamana, Río Ucayali, Peru, 7°19'S, 75°04'W. Current status: Synonym of Peckoltichthys bachi (Boulenger, 1898). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Pseudacanthicus Bleeker, 1862 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Pseudacanthicus Bleeker [P.], 1862:2, Stoneiella Fowler [H. W.], 1914:271] Notes: [ref. 393]. Masc. Hypostomus serratus Valenciennes, 1840. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Misspelled Pseudocanthicus in literature. •Valid as Pseudacanthicus Bleeker, 1862 -- (Isbrücker 1980:76 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Armbruster 2002:87 [ref. 25891], Isbrücker 2002:27 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:393 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:286 [ref. 20155]). Current status: Valid as Pseudacanthicus Bleeker, 1862. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. (Stoneiella) [ref. 1390]. Fem. Stoneiella leopardus Fowler, 1914. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Misspelled Stoniella by Jordan 1920:553 [ref. 4905]. •Synonym of Pseudacanthicus Bleeker, 1862 -- (Isbrücker 1980:76 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:393 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644] as Stoniella, Ferraris 2007:286 [ref. 20155]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudacanthicus Bleeker, 1862. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Pseudacanthicus fordii (Gunther, 1868) - Ford's sucker catfish (author) [=Chaetostomus fordii Günther [A.], 1868:476] Notes: Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 1 (no. 6) (art. 56); ref. 1992] Probably Suriname. Current status: Valid as Pseudacanthicus fordii (Günther, 1868). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Coastal drainages of Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudacanthicus histrix (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840) - histrix sucker catfish (author) [=Rinelepis histrix Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840:486, Loricaria histrix Vandelli [D.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840:486, Loricaria spinosae Ferreira [C.], in França, 1922:84, Fig. 9] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] No locality [=Brazil]. Current status: Valid as Pseudacanthicus histrix (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Negro and lower Amazon River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (histrix) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Current status: Synonym of Pseudacanthicus histrix (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. (spinosae) [Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana v. 1; ref. 27257] Negro River, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Pseudacanthicus histrix (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudacanthicus leopardus (Fowler, 1914) - leopard sucker catfish (author) [=Stoneiella leopardus Fowler [H. W.], 1914:271, Fig. 17] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 66; ref. 1390] Rupununi River, Guyana, 2°-3°N, 50°20'W. Current status: Valid as Pseudacanthicus leopardus (Fowler, 1914). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Rupununi River basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudacanthicus pirarara Chamon & Sousa, 2016 - Xingu sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudacanthicus pirarara Chamon [C. C.] & Sousa [L. M.], 2016:2, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Journal of Fish Biology v. 90 (no. 1); ref. 34852] Rio Xingu, Senador José Porfírio, Pedral do Caitucá, Brazil, 3°34'24"S, 51°51'33"W. Current status: Valid as Pseudacanthicus pirarara Chamon & Sousa, 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Xingu basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudacanthicus pitanga Chamon, 2015 - pitanga sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudacanthicus pitanga Chamon [C. C.], 2015:310, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Zootaxa 3973 (no. 2); ref. 33851] Serra dos Carajás, bedrock at rio Itacaiunas, Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brazil, 05032'00"W, 0552'00"S. Current status: Valid as Pseudacanthicus pitanga Chamon, 2015. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Rio Tocantins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudacanthicus serratus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840) - Paramaribo sucker catfish (author) [=Hypostomus serratus Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840:503] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Region around Paramaribo, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Pseudacanthicus serratus (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Coastal drainages of French Guiana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudacanthicus spinosus (Castelnau, 1855) - spinosus sucker catfish (author) [=Hypostomus spinosus Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:45, Pl. 22 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Amazon River, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pseudacanthicus spinosus (Castelnau, 1855). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Pseudancistrus Bleeker, 1862 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Pseudancistrus Bleeker [P.], 1862:2, Lithoxancistrus Isbrücker [I. J. H.], Nijssen [H.] & Cala [P.], 1988:14] Notes: [ref. 393]. Masc. Hypostomus barbatus Valenciennes, 1840. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Pseudancistrus Bleeker, 1862 -- (Isbrücker 1980:10 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker et al. 1988:16 [ref. 6409], Burgess 1989:429 [ref. 12860], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2002:27 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:394 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Armbruster 2004:5 [ref. 27844], Lujan et al. 2007:164 [ref. 29202], Ferraris 2007:286 [ref. 20155], Armbruster & Taphorn 2008:33 [ref. 29748], De Chambrier & Montoya-Burgos 2008:45 [ref. 29881], Willink et al. 2010:40 [ref. 30670], Covain & Fisch-Muller 2012:229, 235 [ref. 31998], Silva et al. 2014:4 [ref. 33302], Lujan et al. 2014:15 [ref. 33495] as Pseudancistrus clade). Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus Bleeker, 1862. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. (Lithoxancistrus) [ref. 6409]. Masc. Lithoxancistrus orinoco Isbrücker, Nijssen & Cala, 1988. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Covain & Fisch-Muller 2012:229 [ref. 31998] define a monotypic Lithoxancistrus Isbrücker, Nijssan & Cala, 1988. •Valid as Lithoxancistrus Isbrücker, Nijssen & Cala, 1988 -- (Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:389 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Pseudancistrus Bleeker, 1862 -- (Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Armbruster 2004:5 [ref. 27844], Ferraris 2007:286 [ref. 29155], Silva et al. 2014:11 [ref. 33302]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudancistrus Bleeker, 1862. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

Species Pseudancistrus asurini Silva et al., 2015 - Silva's Xingu sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudancistrus asurini Silva [G. S. C.], Roxo [F. F.] & Oliveira [C.], 2015:27, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [ZooKeys 482; ref. 33679] Pará State: municipality of Altamira: rio Xingú (Amazon basin), Cachoeira do Espelho, 3°39'05"S, 52°22'42"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus asurini Silva, Roxo & Oliveira, 2015. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae Distribution: Rio Xingú basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Pseudancistrus barbatus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840) - La Mana sucker catfish (author) [=Hypostomus barbatus Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840:506, Ancistrus barbatus Steindachner [F.], 1911:376, Hypostomus guttatus Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840:508] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] La Mana River, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus barbatus (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Oyapock, Mana, Maroni, Suriname, Corantijn and Essequibo River basins: French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater. (barbatus) [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 48 (no. 17); ref. 14817] Rio Tapajós at Vila Braga, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Pseudancistrus barbatus (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater. (guttatus) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Region near Paramaribo, Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Pseudancistrus barbatus (Valenciennes, 1840). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudancistrus coquenani (Steindachner, 1915) - Coquenan sucker catfish (author) [=Ancistrus (Pseudancistrus) coquenani Steindachner [F.], 1915:90 [76], Pl. 11 (figs. 3-5), Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. v. 93; ref. 4244] Río Coquenan, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus coquenani (Steindachner, 1915). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Kukenan River basin in upper Caroni River drainage, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudancistrus corantijniensis De Chambrier & Montoya-Burgos, 2008 - Corantijn sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudancistrus corantijniensis De Chambrier [S.] & Montoya-Burgos [J. I.], 2008:47, Figs. 1-2, 3 (lower right)] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1918; ref. 29881] Corantijn River at Kaw Falls, 4°59'48.3"N, 57°37'49.5"W, Corantijn River drainage, Sipaliwini District, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus corantijniensis De Chambrier & Montoya-Burgos, 2008. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Corantijn River, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudancistrus depressus (Günther, 1868) - Gunther's Suriname sucker catfish (author) [=Chaetostomus depressus Günther [A.], 1868:476] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 1 (no. 6) (art. 56); ref. 1992] Probably Suriname. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus depressus (Günther, 1868). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Rivers of central Suriname: Suriname and Coppename rivers. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudancistrus genisetiger Fowler, 1941 - Jaguaribe sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudancistrus genisetiger Fowler [H. W.], 1941:155, Figs. 59-62] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Rio Jaguaribe, Orós, Ceará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus genisetiger Fowler, 1941. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Jaguaribe River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudancistrus guentheri (Regan, 1904) - Regan's Guyana sucker catfish (author) [=Ancistrus guentheri Regan [C. T.], 1904:241, Pl. 12 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Guyana. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus guentheri (Regan, 1904). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Unknown locality in Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudancistrus kayabi Silva et al., 2015 - kayabi sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudancistrus kayabi Silva [G. S. C.], Roxo [F. F.] & Oliveira [C.], 2015:23, Fig. 1] Notes: [ZooKeys 482; ref. 33679] Mato Grosso State: municipality of Itaúba: rio Teles Pires (Tapajós River basin), 10°58'30"S, 55°44'03"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus kayabi Silva, Roxo & Oliveira, 2015. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Rio Teles Pires (Tapajós River basin), Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudancistrus kwinti Willink et al., 2010 - kwinti sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudancistrus kwinti Willink [P. W.], Mol [J. H.] & Chernoff [B.], 2010:41, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2332; ref. 30670] Coppername River at base of Sidonkroetoe-val rapiids, Central Suriname Nature Reserve, 4°31'51"N, 56°30'56"W, Sipaliwini State, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus kwinti Willink, Mol & Chernoff, 2010. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Coppernam River drainage, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudancistrus megacephalus (Gunther, 1868) - Gunther's Essequibo sucker catfish (author) [=Chaetostomus megacephalus Günther [A.], 1868:476, Chaetostomus macrops Lütken [C. F.], 1874:209 [8]] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 1 (no. 6) (art. 56); ref. 1992] Probably Suriname. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus megacephalus (Günther, 1868). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Essequibo basin, Guyana and coastal drainages of Suriname: Guyana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater. (macrops) [Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenhavn, Aaret 1873 (nos 13-14); ref. 2854] Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Pseudancistrus megacephalus (Günther, 1868). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Suriname (?). Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudancistrus nigrescens Eigenmann, 1912 - Amatuk sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudancistrus nigrescens Eigenmann [C. H.], 1912:234, Fig. 35, Pl. 25 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Amatuk, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus nigrescens Eigenmann, 1912. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Potaro River basin, tributary of middle Essequibo River, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater. Species Pseudancistrus orinoco (Isbrucker et al., 1988) - Isbrucker's Orinoco sucker catfish (author) [=Lithoxancistrus orinoco Isbrücker [I. J. H.], Nijssen [H.] & Cala [P.], 1988:14, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 6409] Río Orinoco at the waterfall near Río Tuparro mouth, Vichada Province, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus orinoco (Isbrücker, Nijssen & Cala, 1988). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudancistrus papariae Fowler, 1941 - Papary sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudancistrus papariae Fowler [H. W.], 1941:157, Figs. 63-65] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Lago Papary, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus papariae Fowler, 1941. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Lake Papari and Jaguaribe River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudancistrus pectegenitor Lujan et al., 2007 - Casiquiare sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudancistrus pectegenitor Lujan [N. K.], Armbruster [J. W.] & Sabaj Pérez [M. H.], 2007:164, Figs. 1b, 2-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 18 (no. 2); ref. 29202] Río Casiquiare, 73 kilometers northeast of San Carlos de Río Negro, 2°21'09"N, 66°34'31"W, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus pectegenitor Lujan, Armbruster & Sabaj Pérez, 2007. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Orinoco River and Casiquiare River, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudancistrus reus Armbruster & Taphorn, 2008 - Caroni sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudancistrus reus Armbruster [J. W.] & Taphorn [D. C.], 2008:34, Fig. 1] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1731; ref. 29748] Río Caroní in a small side channel very close to the convergence of the Río Claro, 7°54'30"N, 63°02'50"W, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus reus Armbruster & Taphorn, 2008. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Caroní River, Orinoco River drainage, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudancistrus sidereus Armbruster, 2004 - sidereus sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudancistrus sidereus Armbruster [J. W.], 2004:8, Fig. 3] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 628; ref. 27844] Río Siapa from 10-15 kilometers downstream, Río Casiquiare - Río Negro drainage, 01.50000°, -065.71667°, Río Orinoco drainage, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus sidereus Armbruster, 2004. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Casiquiare River drainage and the upper Orinoco River drainage, Amazonas, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudancistrus yekuana Lujan et al., 2007 - yekuana sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudancistrus yekuana Lujan [N. K.], Armbruster [J. W.] & Sabaj Pérez [M. H.], 2007:169, Fig. 5] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 18 (no. 2); ref. 29202] Río Ventuari, above Salto Tencua, 58 kilometers east-southeast of San Juan de Manapiare, 5°02'52"N, 65°36'57"W, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus yekuana Lujan, Armbruster & Sabaj Pérez, 2007. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Ventuari River, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudancistrus zawadzkii Silva et al., 2014 - Zawadzki's sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudancistrus zawadzkii Silva [G. S. C.], Roxo [F. F.], Britzke [R.] & Oliveira [C.], 2014:4, Figs. 1, 3] Notes: [ZooKeys 406; ref. 33302] Pará State: municipality of Itaituba: rio Tapajós (Amazon basin), 4°33'09.7"S, 56°17'59.6"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus zawadzkii Silva, Roxo, Britzke & Oliveira, 2014. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Rio Tapajós and rio Tracuá, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Pseudolithoxus Isbrucker & Werner, in Isbrucker et al., 2001 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Pseudolithoxus Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Werner [A.], in Isbrücker et al., 2001:21] Notes: [ref. 25649]. Lasiancistrus tigris Armbruster & Provenzano, 2000. Type by original designation. •Valid as Pseudolithoxus Isbrücker & Werner, 2001 -- (Isbrücker 2002:28 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:394 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:288 [ref. 29155], Lujan & Birindelli 2011:45 [ref. 31408]). Current status: Valid as Pseudolithoxus Isbrücker & Werner, 2001. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Pseudolithoxus anthrax (Armbruster & Provenzano, 2000) - anthrax sucker catfish (author) [=Lasiancistrus anthrax Armbruster [J. W.] & Provenzano [F.], 2000:243, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 11 (no. 3); ref. 25069] Río Orinoco backwater behind sand beach about 0.5 hr upstream from Isla Temblador, 3°04'N, 66°28'W, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Pseudolithoxus anthrax (Armbruster & Provenzano, 2000). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Orinoco River and tributaries, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudolithoxus dumus (Armbruster & Provenzano, 2000) - dumus sucker catfish (author) [=Lasiancistrus dumus Armbruster [J. W.] & Provenzano [F.], 2000:246, Fig. 3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 11 (no. 3); ref. 25069] Río Orinoco, backwater behind sand playa about 0.5 hr upstream from Isla Temblador, 3°04'N, 66°28'W, Amazonas State, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Pseudolithoxus dumus (Armbruster & Provenzano, 2000). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Orinoco, upper Negro and Casiquiare River basins, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudolithoxus kelsorum Lujan & Birindelli, 2011 - Lujan's Orinoco sucker catfish (author) [=Pseudotithoxus kelsorum Lujan [N. K.] & Birindelli [J. L. O.], 2011:39, Fig. 1] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2941; ref. 31408] Orinoco River at Merey, 97.6 km north of San Fernando de Atabapo, 4°55'04"N, 67°49'58"W, Orinoco River drainage, Amazonas State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pseudolithoxus kelsorum Lujan & Birindelli, 2011. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Orinoco River just above Maipures rapids, Amazonas, Brazil, and posibly downstream to Atures rapids. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudolithoxus nicoi (Armbruster & Provenzano, 2000) - Nico's sucker catfish (author) [=Lasiancistrus nicoi Armbruster [J. W.] & Provenzano [F.], 2000:249, Fig. 4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 11 (no. 3); ref. 25069] Río Manipitare (Río Siapa drainage), from about 5-8 kilometers upstream from confluence with Río Siapa, Depto Río Negro, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Pseudolithoxus nicoi (Armbruster & Provenzano, 2000). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Negro River basin, including Canal Casiquiare basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudolithoxus tigris (Armbruster & Provenzano, 2000) - tigris sucker catfish (author) [=Lasiancistrus tigris Armbruster [J. W.] & Provenzano [F.], 2000:251, Fig. 5] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 11 (no. 3); ref. 25069] Backwater of Río Orinoco behind sand playa about 0.5 hr upstream from Isla Temblador, 3°04'N, 66°28'W, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Pseudolithoxus tigris (Armbruster & Provenzano, 2000). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Upper Orinoco and Ventuari River basins, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Pseudoqolus Lujan et al., 2017 - armored catfishes [=Pseudoqolus Lujan [N. K.], Cramer [C. A.], Covain [R.], Fisch-Muller [S.] & López-Fernández [H.], 2017:333 [12]] Notes: [ref. 35031]. Masc. Panaqolus koko Fisch-Müller & Covain, 2012. Type by original designation (and monotypic). •Valid as Pseudoqolus Lujan, Cramer, Covain, Fisch-Muller & López-Fernández, 2017. Current status: Valid as Pseudoqolus Lujan, Cramer, Covain, Fisch-Muller & López-Fernández, 2017. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

Species Pseudoqolus koko (Fisch-Muller & Covain, in Fisch-Muller et al., 2012 - Marouini armored catfishes (author) [=Panaqolus koko Fisch-Muller [S.] & Covain [R.], in Fisch-Muller, Montoya-Burgos, Le Bail & Covain, 2012:184, Figs. 7, 13-14] Notes: [Cybium v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 31970] Marouini River, vicinity of Antecume Pata, Wayana Amerindian fisherman, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Pseudoqolus koko (Fisch-Muller & Covain, 2012). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Antecume Pata in upper Maroni River basin, French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Pterygoplichthys Gill, 1858 - janitor fishes, sailfin armored catfishes, sailfin plecs, plecos [=Pterygoplichthys Gill [T. N.], 1858:408, Glyptoperichthys Weber [C.], 1991:639, Liposarcus Günther [A.], 1864:238, Notes: [ref. 1750]. Masc. Hypostomus duodecimalis Valenciennes, 1840. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Bleeker 1862:2 [ref. 393] and 1863:78 [ref. 401] (with genus misspelled Pterygophlichtys). •Valid as Pterygoplichthys Gill, 1858 -- (Isbrücker 1980:39 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:37 [ref. 23548], Weber 1991 [ref. 19114], Weber 1992:3 [ref. 19714], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2002:28 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:366 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 61 [ref. 27644], Armbruster & Page 2006:401 [ref. 28898], Scharpf 2006:20 [ref. 30386], Ferraris 2007:290 [ref. 29155], Kottelat 2013:215 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys Gill, 1858. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. (Glyptoperichthys) [ref. 19114]. Masc. Ancistrus lituratus Kner, 1854. Type by original designation. •Valid as Glyptoperichthys Weber, 1991 -- (Weber 1992:14 [ref. 19714], Page et al. 1996:186 [ref. 22598], Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2002:16 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:352 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Pterygoplichthys Gill, 1858 -- (Armbruster 2004:53, 61 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:290 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Pterygoplichthys Gill, 1858. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. (Liposarcus) [ref. 1974]. Masc. Hypostomus multiradiatus Hancock, 1828. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan 1919:332 [ref. 4904]. •Valid as Liposarcus Günther, 1864 -- (Weber 1991:638 [ref. 19114], Weber 1992:8 [ref. 19714], Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Britski et al. 1999:134 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:365 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Pterygoplichthys Gill, 1858 -- (Isbrücker 1980:40 [ref. 2303], Armbruster 2004:53, 61 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:290 [ref. 29155], Kottelat 2013:215 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Pterygoplichthys Gill, 1858. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

Species Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii (Holmberg, 1893) - Paraguay sailfin pleco (author) [=Liposarcus ambrosettii Holmberg [E. L.], 1893:354, Ancistrus multiradiatus var. alternans Regan [C. T.], 1904:229, Pterygoplichthys anisitsi Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.], 1903:503] Pterygoplichthys juvens Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.], 1903:504] Notes: [Revista del Jardin Zoológico de Buenos Ayres v. 1 (no. 12); ref. 26086] Río Paraguay, in front of Formosa. Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii (Holmberg, 1893). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraguay, middle Paraná, Bermejo, and Uruguay River basins: Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater. (alternans) [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Paraguayan Chaco, Drainage of Río Paraguay in region of Vila Conceptión, Paraguay. Current status: Synonym of Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii (Holmberg, 1893). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater. (anisitsi) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 55; ref. 1260] Laguna of Río Paraguay at Asuncion, Paraguay. Current status: Synonym of Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii (Holmberg, 1893). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Native to South America; established in Texas, U.S.A. [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater. (juvens) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 55; ref. 1260] Asuncion, Río Paraguay, Paraguay. Current status: Synonym of Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii (Holmberg, 1893). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pterygoplichthys etentaculatus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) - Januaria sailfin pleco (author) [=Hypostoma etentaculatum Spix [J. B. von] & Agassiz [L.], 1829:7, Pl. 4 (figs. 1-2), Hypostomus brevitentaculatus Ranzani [C.], 1841:63, Hypostomus duodecimalis Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840:498, Pl. 454, Ancistrus longimanus Kner [R.] (ex Heckel), 1854:283 [33], Pl. 5 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Reise nach Griechenland und der Türkei; ref. 13] Rio São Francisco, Januaria, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys etentaculatus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (brevitentaculatus) [Nuovi annali delle scienze naturali e rendiconto dei lavori dell'Accademia della Scienze dell'Instituto di Bologna con appendice agraria. Bologna Anno III, Tomo V; ref. 24074] Province Divi Pauli, Brazilia [Rio São Francisco]. Current status: Synonym of Pterygoplichthys etentaculatus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater. (duodecimalis) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Rio São Francisco, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Pterygoplichthys etentaculatus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater. (longimanus) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Current status: Synonym of Pterygoplichthys etentaculatus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Weber, 1991) - Madeira sailfin pleco (author) [=Liposarcus disjunctivus Weber [C.], 1991:638] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 98 (no. 3); ref. 19114] Rio Madeira, Amazon River system, Restauracao, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Weber, 1991). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Madeira River basin: Bolivia and Brazil; introduced in Asia; established in Florida. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps (Kner, 1854) - leopard pleco [=Ancistrus gibbiceps Kner [R.], 1854:284 [34], Pl. 5 (fig. 2), Liposarcus altipinnis Günther [A.], 1864:239] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Upper Rio Negro near Marabitanos, Amazonas State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps (Kner, 1854). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Middle and upper Amazon and Orinoco River basins: Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (altipinnis) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Rio Cupai [= Cupari], Rio Tapajós basin, Amazon River drainage, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps (Kner, 1854). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pterygoplichthys joselimaianus (Weber, 1991) - Araguaya sailfin pleco (author) [=Glyptoperichthys joselimaianus Weber [C.], 1991:640] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 98 (no. 3); ref. 19114] Rio Araguaya, affluent of Tocantins, Amazon system, Arunanã, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys joselimaianus (Weber, 1991). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pterygoplichthys lituratus (Kner, 1854) - Guapore sailfin pleco (author) [=Ancistrus lituratus Kner [R.], 1854:285 [35], Pl. 5 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Rio Guaporé near Mato Grosso, Amazon system, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys lituratus (Kner, 1854). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Madeira River basin: Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus (Hancock, 1828) - Orinoco sailfin catfish [=Hypostomus multiradiatus Hancock [J.], 1828:246] Notes: [Zoological Journal, London v. 4; ref. 18242] [Probably near Santa Catalina, Orinoco system], Demerara, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus (Hancock, 1828). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Guyana (?) and Venezuela; Argentina (?); introduced elsewhere, including Taiwan, Hawaiian Islands and Florida. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau, 1855)- Amazon sailfin catfish [=Hypostomus pardalis Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:42, Pl. 20 (fig. 3), Liposarcus jeanesianus Cope [E. D.], 1874:135, Liposarcus varius Cope [E. D.], 1872:284] Notes: [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Amazon River, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau, 1855). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Peru; introduced in Asia; established in Florida (U.S.A.). Habitat: freshwater. (jeanesianus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 26; ref. 931] Nauta [= River Marañon, Amazonas basin], Peru. Current status: Synonym of Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau, 1855). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater. (varius) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Río Ambyiacu, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau, 1855). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pterygoplichthys parnaibae (Weber, 1991) - Paraim sailfin pleco (author) [=Glyptoperichthys parnaibae Weber [C.], 1991:641] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 98 (no. 3); ref. 19114] Lac de Parnaguá, Rio Paraim, Parnaíba basin, Maranhão, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys parnaibae (Weber, 1991). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Parnaíba River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pterygoplichthys punctatus (Kner, 1854) - corroncho [=Loricaria punctata Kner [R.] (ex Natterer), 1854:281 [31], Pterygoplichthys punctatus Günther [A.] (ex Kner), 1864:251, Figs. 2, 3a] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Rio Guaporé, Amazon system, San Vincente, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys punctatus (Kner, 1854). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Madeira, Purus, Jurua and Marañón River basins: Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (punctatus) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Rio Guaporé, Amazon system, San Vincente, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Pterygoplichthys punctatus (Kner, 1854). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pterygoplichthys scrophus (Cope, 1874) - Nauta sailfin pleco (author) [=Liposarcus scrophus Cope [E. D.], 1874:136] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 26; ref. 931] Nauta, Peru. Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys scrophus (Cope, 1874). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Marañón and Ucayali River basins, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pterygoplichthys undecimalis (Steindachner, 1878) - Magdalena sailfin pleco (author) [=Chaetostomus undecimalis Steindachner [F.], 1878:90] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 15 (no. 12); ref. 20476] Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta, Magdalena basin, 40 kilometers east of Barranquilla, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys undecimalis (Steindachner, 1878). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia; also Cauca and Catatumbo River basins. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pterygoplichthys weberi Armbruster & Page, 2006 - Weber's sailfin pleco (author) [=Pterygoplichthys weberi Armbruster [J. W.] & Page [L. M.], 2006:406, Fig. 5] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 28898] Laguna El Vaticano, Río Caqueta drainage, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys weberi Armbruster & Page, 2006. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Marañon, Ucayali, Caquetá rivers and upper Amazon River drainages: Colomba, Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pterygoplichthys xinguensis (Weber, 1991) - Xingu sailfin pleco (author) [=Glyptoperichthys xinguensis Weber [C.], 1991:640] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 98 (no. 3); ref. 19114] Rio Fresco, affluent of Rio Xingu, Amazon system, Aldeio Gorotire, munic. São Felix do Xingu, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys xinguensis (Weber, 1991). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Xingú River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pterygoplichthys zuliaensis Weber, 1991 - Zulia sailfin pleco (author) [=Pterygoplichthys zuliaensis Weber [C.], 1991:638] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 98 (no. 3); ref. 19114] Río Santa Ana, Maracaibo basin, Hacienda Río Grande, 9°36'20"N, 72°07'00"W, Estado Zulia, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys zuliaensis Weber, 1991. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Lake Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Scobinancistrus Isbrucker & Nijssen, 1989 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Scobinancistrus Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.], 1989:542] Notes: [ref. 13622]. Masc. Scobinancistrus pariolispos Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Panaque Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 -- (Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644]). •Valid as Scobinancistrus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989 -- (Burgess 1994 [ref. 21427], Burgess & Finley 1996:168 [ref. 22901], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Armbruster 2002:87 [ref. 25891], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:395 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:296 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Valid as Scobinancistrus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Scobinancistrus aureatus Burgess, 1994 - Fazenda sucker catfish (author) [=Scobinancistrus aureatus Burgess [W. E.], 1994:237, Figs. 1-6 (unnumbered)] Notes: [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 43 (no. 1); ref. 21427] Ilha da Fazenda, Rio Xingu, Estado Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Scobinancistrus aureatus Burgess, 1994. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Xingu River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Scobinancistrus pariolispos Isbrucker & Nijssen, 1989 - Tocantins sucker catfish (author) [=Scobinancistrus pariolispos Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.], 1989:542, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [DATZ v. 42 (no. 9); ref. 13622] Rio Tocantins, Jatobal, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Scobinancistrus pariolispos Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Tocantins and Tapajós River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. GENUS Soromonichthys Lujan & Armbruster, 2011 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Soromonichthys Lujan [ N. K.] & Armbruster [J. W.], 2011:220] Notes: [ref. 31416]. Soromonichthys stearleyi Lujan & Armbruster, 2011. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Soromonichthys Lujan & Armbruster, 2011. Current status: Valid as Soromonichthys Lujan & Armbruster, 2011. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Soromonichthys stearleyi Lujan & Armbruster, 2011 - Soromoni sucker catfish (author) [=Soromonichthys stearleyi Lujan [N. K.] & Armbruster [J. W.], 2011:222, Figs. 5, 6D, 7] Notes: [Copeia 2011 (no. 2); ref. 31416] Soromoni Creek, cobble and gravel shoal approximately 30 minutes by boat from the mouth and 11.8 km east of La Esmeralda, 3°11'37''N, 65°39'07''W, Amazonas State, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Soromonichthys stearleyi Lujan & Armbruster, 2011. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Soromoni Creek, tributary to upper Orinoco River, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrucker, 1987 - suckermouth armored catfishes, sucker catfishes (author) [=Spectracanthicus Nijssen [H.] & Isbrücker [I. J. H.], 1987:93, Oligancistrus Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.], 1989:246] Notes: [ref. 5993]. Masc. Spectracanthicus murinus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1987. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1987 -- (Burgess 1989:445 [ref. 12860] as Spectracanthus, Armbruster 2002:87 [ref. 25891], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:395 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644] dated 1986, Ferraris 2007:297 [ref. 29155], Lujan et al. 2009:50 [ref. 30056], Chamon & Rapp Py-Daniel 2014:2 [ref. 33224]). Current status: Valid as Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1987. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. (Oligancistrus) [ref. 13470]. Masc. Chaetostomus punctatissimus Steindachner, 1881. Type by original designation (also monotypic, one species mentioned). Genus proposed somewhat conditionally but accepted as available (see also Baryancistrus Rapp Py-Daniel and Appendix A in Eschmeyer 1990 [ref. 20647]) •Valid as Oligancistrus Rapp Py-Daniel, 1989 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:168 [ref. 22901], Armbruster 2002:87 [ref. 25891], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:390 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:274 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1987 -- (Armbruster 2004:53, 59 [ref. 27644], Chamon & Rapp Py-Daniel 2014:2 [ref. 33224]). Current status: Synonym of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrucker, 1987. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae.

Species Spectracanthicus immaculatus Chamon & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2014 - immaculate sucker catfish (author) [=Spectracanthicus immaculatus Chamon [C. C.] & Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.], 2014:12, Figs. 11-12] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 33224] Pará, rio Tapajós, near Itaituba, approximately 4°16’46.56"S, 55°59’5.77"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Spectracanthicus immaculatus Chamon & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2014. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Rio Tapajós, Brazil Habitat: freshwater.

Species Spectracanthicus murinus Nijssen & Isbrucker, 1987 - murinus sucker catfish (author) [=Spectracanthicus murinus Nijssen [H.] & Isbrücker [I. J. H.], 1987:94, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 13 (no. 4) (1986); ref. 5993] Poça de Pedra, Rio Tapajós, eastern Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Spectracanthicus murinus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1987. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Spectracanthicus punctatissimus (Steindachner, 1881) - Steindachner's Xingu sucker catfish (author) [=Chaetostomus punctatissimus Steindachner [F.], 1881:119 [19], Pl. 3 (figs. 3-3a)] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 43; ref. 14290] East shore of Rio Xingu, Pôrto de Mós, Pará State, Brazil, 1°45'S, 52°10'W. Current status: Valid as Spectracanthicus punctatissimus (Steindachner, 1881). Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Xingu River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Spectracanthicus tocantinensis Chamon & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2014 - Chamon's Tocantin sucker catfish (author) [=Spectracanthicus tocantinensis Chamon [C. C.] & Rapp Py-Daniel [L. R.], 2014:17, Fig. 13] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 33224] Pará, Carreira Comprida, rio Itacaiunas, Tocantins drainage, 5°22’S,49°07’W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Spectracanthicus tocantinensis Chamon & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2014. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Rio Tocantins drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Spectracanthicus zuanoni Chamon & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2014 - Zuanon's sucker catfish (author) [=Spectracanthicus zuanoni Chamon [C. C.] & Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.], 2014:20, Figs. 14-15] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 33224] Ilha do Sr. Izaltino, rio Xingu, Altamira, Pará, 3°16’21"S, 52°12’7"W., Brazil. Current status: Valid as Spectracanthicus zuanoni Chamon & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2014. Loricariidae: Ancistrinae. Distribution: Rio Xingu basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater

GENUS Transancistrus Lujan et al., 2015 - suckermouth catfishes [=Transancistrus Lujan [N. K.], Meza-Vargas [V.], Barriga-Salazar [R.], 2015:657] Notes: [ref. 33963]. Masc. Cordylancistrus santarosensis Tan & Armbruster, 2012. Type by original designation. •Valid as Transancistrus Lujan, Meza-Vargas, Barriga-Salazar, 2015. Current status: Valid as Transancistrus Lujan, Meza-Vargas, Barriga-Salazar, 2015. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

Species Transancistrus aequinoctialis (Pellegrin, 1909) - Pove sucker catfish (author) [=Chaetostomus aequinoctialis Pellegrin [J.], 1909:518] Notes: [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 15 (no. 8); ref. 14591] Río Pove at Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador, 0°13'S, 79°09'W, elevation 560 meters. Current status: Valid as Transancistrus aequinoctialis (Pellegrin, 1909). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Transancistrus santarosensis (Tan & Armbruster, 2012) - Santa Rosa sucker catfish (author) [=Cordylancistrus santarosensis Tan [M.] & Armbruster [J. W.], 2012:53, Figs. 1, 2a] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 3243; ref. 31842] Río Santa Rosa, 13.5 km south of Santa Rosa on Hwy 92, 3.56944°S, 79.9429°W, El Oro Province, Pacific Ocean drainage, Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Transancistrus santarosensis (Tan & Armbruster, 2012). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater. ********************************************************************** Unavailabale names, uncertain taxa

(genera)

Hypostomatinum Günther [A.] 1868:234 [ref. 5756]. thoracatum Günther 1868. Type by monotypy. In the 1990 edition Eschmeyer & Bailey stated: "As Hypoptopoma in Günther (June) 1868 [ref. 1992]." Appeared above (Sept.) as "Hypoptopoma (g. n. Hypostomatinum); reason for name change not stated; can be considered as name published in synonymy and perhaps never made available. Objective synonym of Hypoptopoma Günther 1868." But this name should be deleted as "Hypostomatinum" was the larger group name into which Hypoptopoma new genus was placed and not a new genus. Should be disregarded; not made available from use by Eschmeyer & Bailey (where it was also misspelled) or in list by Isbrücker 1992 [ref. 20893]. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae.

Apistoloricaria Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.] 1986:103 [ref. 5212]. Fem. Apistoloricaria condei Isbrücker & Nijssen 1986. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Apistoloricaria Isbrücker & Nijssen 1986 -- (Nijssen & Isbrücker 1988 [ref. 7322], Burgess 1989:444 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2002:13 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:330 [ref. 27061], Covain & Fisch-Muller 2007:26 [ref. 29329], Ferraris 2007:226 [ref. 29155]). •May prove to be a synonym of Rhadinoloricaria Isbrücker & Nijssen 1974 -- (Covain & Fisch-Muller 2007:27 [ref. 29329]). •Synonym of Rhadinoloricaria Isbrücker & Nijssen 1974 -- (Covain et al. 2015:513 [22] [ref. 34066]). Current status: Uncertain as Rhadinoloricaria Isbrücker & Nijssen 1974. Loricariidae: .

(species) haerteli, Farlowella Schreitmüller [W.] 1936:93 [Nachrichtenblatt für Aquarien- und Terrarien-Vereine 1936 (Nr. 8); ref. 33637] Amazonenstromgebiet. no types known. Figured in Schreitmüller 1936:218 [ref. 35557]. •Possibly a synonym of Farlowella vittata Myers 1942 -- (RVL). Current status: Uncertain as Farlowella vittata Myers 1942. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater. maculatus, Loricaria (Plecostomus) Swainson [W.] 1839:304 [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Based on Gronovius, pl. 2. and Bloch, pl. 375, fig. 2. The later is Bloch is Bloch 1794:Pl. 375 (fig. 2) [ref. 463]. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater. bourguyi, Microlepidogaster Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1911:90 [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 16; ref. 3716] Brazil. Syntypes: possibly MNRJ 1036 (12). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:300 [ref. 29155]. Original as Microlepidogaster (?) lophophanes. •Valid as Otocinclus bourguyi (Miranda Ribeiro 1911) -- (Isbrücker 1980:82 [ref. 2303]). •Valid as Microlepidogaster bourguyi Miranda Ribeiro 1911 -- (Burgess 1989:439 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Hisonotus bourguyi (Miranda Ribeiro 1911) -- (Isbrücker 2001:28, 30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178]). •Species inquirenda in Loricariidae, subfamily Hypoptopomatinae -- (Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:327 [ref. 27061]). •Species inquirenda in Loricariidae -- (Ferraris 2007:300 [ref. 29155]). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. minutus, Hisonotus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1890:391 [Occasional Papers California Academy of Sciences No. 1; ref. 12251] Apparently a lapsus under Hisonotus notatus for notatus as, "Dr. Steindachner probably includes minutus with his maculicauda. We here wish to restrict the name maculicauda to the species figured by Dr. Steindachner." •In the synonymy of Otocinclus notatus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1890) -- (Isbrücker 1980:84 [ref. 2303]). •Synonym of Hisonotus notatus Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1890 -- (Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:16-17 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:323 [ref. 27061]). •Unavailable name -- (Ferraris 2007:249 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Hisonotus. Loricariidae: Otothyrinae. phrixosoma, Plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1940:233, Figs. 21-23 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 91 (for 1939); ref. 1432] Contamana, Río Ucayali basin, Contamana, Peru. Holotype (unique): ANSP 68650. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:124 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus phrixosoma (Fowler 1940) -- (Isbrücker 1980:30 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644]). •Valid as Squaliforma phrixosoma (Fowler 1940) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:22 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:31, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:367 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Aphanotorulus phrixosoma (Fowler 1940) -- (Ray & Armbruster 2016:523 [ref. 34178] or a hybrid Aphanotorulus horridus x Aphanotorulus unicolor, Oliveira et al. 2017:[7] [ref. 35225]). Current status: Uncertain as Aphanotorulus phrixosoma (Fowler 1940). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Río Ucayali basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater. stannii, Hypostomus Lütken [C. F.] (ex Krøyer) 1874:206 [5] [Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenhavn, Aaret 1873 (nos 13-14); ref. 2854] On p. 5 of separate. Not available, name in the synonymy of Chaetostomus stannii Lütken. •In the synonymy of Chaetostoma stannii Lütken 1874 -- (Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653]). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater. trifasciatus, Chaetostomus Steindachner [F.] in Kähsbauer 1959:15 [Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien v. 63; ref. 19695] Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. Name only, not available; see Isbrücker 1980:64 [ref. 2303] who could find no description of this species by Steindachner in 1902. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. brasiliensis, Plecostomus Bleeker [P.] (ex Valenciennes) 1863:2 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 1; ref. 401] No locality [Maracaibo Lagoon, Maracaibo Lake in western Venezuela]. Lectotype: not RMNH 3102. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. Pre-Linnaean name adopted by Bleeker; other species listed in synonymy. Lectotype selected by Boeseman 1968:37 et seq. [ref. 7872] is incorrect; see also Boeseman 1972:311 [ref. 19698]. See Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. See Weber et al. 2012:219 for status of types and dating of the species. •Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Isbrücker 1980:31 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] top of p., Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]). •Status needs to be revised -- (Weber et al. 2012:219 [ref. 31999]). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater. ciliatus, Hypostomus Bleeker [P.] 1864:11 [Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van de Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen te Haarlem (Ser. 2) v. 20; ref. 14181] Not available, museum name mentioned in passing under Pseudancistrus guttatus. Loricariidae. Habitat: freshwater. suttonorum, Panaque Schultz [L. P.] 1944 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 94 (no. 3172); ref. 3959] The original spelling was suttoni, but that was incorrect; named after a man and woman, so the correct spelling suttorum. •See Panaque suttoni Schultz 1944. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. ciliatus, Hypostomus Bleeker [P.] 1864:11 [Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van de Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen te Haarlem (Ser. 2) v. 20; ref. 14181] Not available, museum name mentioned in passing under Pseudancistrus guttatus. Loricariidae. Habitat: freshwater.