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POLAND, HUNGARY, the WORLD Selected Aspects of Contemporary Economy, Culture, and Science

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POLAND, HUNGARY, the WORLD Selected Aspects of Contemporary Economy, Culture, and Science POLAND, HUNGARY, THE WORLD Selected Aspects of Contemporary Economy, Culture, and Science ACTA ACADEMIAE MODREVIANAE POLAND, HUNGARY, THE WORLD Selected Aspects of Contemporary Economy, Culture, and Science ed by Klemens Budzowski and Magdolna Láczay Kraków 2009 Editorial Council: Klemens Budzowski, Maria Kapiszewska, Zbigniew Maciąg, Jacek Majchrowski Reviewer Csana Berde, Ph.D., D. habil. Włodzimierz Bernacki, Ph.D., D. habil. Roman Malarz, Ph.D., D. habil. József N.Szabó, Ph.D., D. habil. Stanisław Wydymus, Ph.D., D. habil. Copyright© by Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University Krakow 2009 Cover design Joanna Sroka English translation Małgorzata Kiełtyka ISBN 978-83-7571-058-8 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication or its entirety may be reproduced, transmitted or stored in any manner that allows repeated use in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, copying, recording or other without the express written permission of copyright owners. Commissioned by Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University www.ka.edu.pl Publisher Krakow Society for Education: AFM Publishing House (Krakowskie Towarzystwo Edukacyjne sp. z o.o. – Ofi cyna Wydawnicza AFM); e-mail: [email protected] Kraków 2009 Technical Lay-out Editor Oleg Aleksejczuk Print Esus Contents Editors’ Introduction ............................................................... 7 Anna Paterek European Union in the face of the challenges of the international financial crisis ................................................................. 13 Barnabás Szilágyi The study of the elements of the different organizational cultures in Hungary ...................................................................... 25 Rajmund Mydel Regional differentiation and changes in manpower in the period 2000–2050 in the light of forecasts of world demographic trends .. 31 Csilla Juhász Changes in the compensation management of human resources in Hungary between 1998 and 2008 ....................................... 43 István Zsolt Gerda Factors affecting the unemployment rate of the Northern Great Plain region ..................................................................... 49 Judit Kerülő The problems of integration and segregation in Hungary ............ 63 Magdolna Láczay, Zoltán Riczu The Jewry of Szabolcs and achievement of middle-class status in the Reform period .......................................................... 83 Réka Csutkai The causes and possible handling of labour bottleneck at the large companies of the North-Alföld Region .................................... 91 6 Contents Klemens Budzowski Prices and pricing strategies in the international market .......... 99 Małgorzata Czermińska The elimination of barriers to the movement of goods within common European Union market with a special emphasis on the abolition of fiscal barriers ....................................... 111 Wojciech Zysk The world financial crisis as an opportunity of foreign direct investment inflows to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe ........................................................ 127 Marcin Lasoń European Neighbourhood Policy and the Eastern Partnership as a tool of the EU Neighbourhood Policy ............................ 135 Zoltán Balogh Euroregions as a form of transnational cooperation: Case studies from Central and Eastern European countries ....................... 149 Katalin Dancsi East Central Europe’s preparation for Schengen membership: a turn toward a Schengen curtain ....................................... 155 Beata Molo Germany’s role in shaping the EU’s energy security at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century ........................ 165 Imre Egri International Logistical Trends ......................................... 177 Gergely Nagy “PPP” investments – inspection and qualification ................. 183 Ágnes Bilanics A study of management tasks and functions in agroeconomic organisations ................................................................ 205 Contents 7 Miklós Galó, Pásztor Szabolcs The effect of regional differentiation on the application of relationship methods ................................................... 213 Miklós Galó Analysis of direct and indirect effects in the multiplical stochastic relationship .................................................................. 221 Zoltán Szakál Marketing and tourism analysis of the wine specialities of the Tokaj wine region .................................................. 235 Dóra Kárpáti Barabásné The effect of emotional problems on the youth’s drug consumption ................................................................. 243 Editors’ Introduction This book aims to sum up the achievements of the cooperation between the An- drzej Frycz-Modrzewski University and the College of Nyíregyháza, mostly its Faculty of Economy and Social Sciences. This is not only a summary or chronicle of the cooperation but the authors also made their contributions to fi nd our place in the World. First of all, as a starting point we have to locate our region and fi nd a defi nition for it. How do others classify our countries? Central Europe? Eastern Europe? Central and Eastern Europe? These questions were simply non-existent before 18th century. Before that time, the people of these two countries fought their wars to defend their nation, culture, language and religion. Many times the Polish and the Hungarians fought under the same fl ag. Inter-marriages of Polish and Hungarian dynasties made the relations even closer. The symbol of this relationship is the saying cited above. Theoretical debate to defi ne this region started in the 19th century. The easiest answer would be Central Europe. However, different scholars have taken into account different approaches such as cultural, religious, geopolitical and social approach. This complexity made the easy answer a lot more differentiated and diffi cult. From 1820 onwards the term Eastern Europe was linked to the Russian Em- pire. After the Crimean wars, this classifi cation became common across Europe. This led to the emergence of the Mittel-Europa concept. In this German concept the Eastern frontier was considered as given and the Germans included them- selves as the westernmost country of this newly created regional concept. Geographers, on the other hand, had some serious diffi culties to handle this large area. Some of the maps included the Benelux states in this area while others 10 Editors’ Introduction did the same with the Balkans. It became clear that Mittel-Europa between the Rhine and the Volga rivers is not a geographical term but the framework of the German politics in their struggle for European infl uence. The Mittel-Europa concept could not turn into reality as long as the Austro- Hungarian Monarchy existed. After World War I was over, there were other geo- political powers to prevent the concept from being a fully exercised. Oscar Halecki’s – the famous Polish historian’s – lecture held in Brussels in 1923 started a new debate on the region ceasing the former German approaches. Halecki excluded Russia from Eastern Europe. This new classifi cation was ac- cepted by Hungarian and Czech scholars. The Eastern-Western debate shifted from geography to social sciences, culture, and economic development. István Bibó and the geographer, politician and aristocrat Pál Teleki shared these views in Hungary among other infl uential scholars. They refrained from the usage of the ill-fated term “Central Europe”. Instead of that their concept was that this region is the easternmost part of Western Europe. In the 1930’s the regaining German imperial ambitions made it again very dif- fi cult to fi nd a sole defi nition for the region. A plan that had the Vistula, the Dan- ube and the Rhine under the same rule was simply unacceptable for the countries involved. This ambition was again stopped but our region became part of another imperial infl uence zone. Leading scholars of the new Hungarian historiography protested against this new Soviet-type classifi cation. Domokos Kosáry held in 1941 that Hungary belonged to an Eastern Europe without Russia. In the 1970’s, Jenő Szűcs came to the same conclusion based on a complex analysis of cultural history but their struggle was proven ineffective. By the 1970’s and 1980’s, even German scholars had accepted that any ap- proach that tries to defi ne Central Europe as a single, one-dimensional entity will not lead to any result but further debates. In the new debates, the terms Central Europe and the more differentiated Cen- tral and Eastern Europe no longer symbolized an imperial threat. The current regional debates revolve around different issues. What character- istics described these countries in the feudalism? When and how did the bour- geois development take place? These debates brought the fi rst studies to explore characteristics originating even from the antiquity. The former approach compar- ing the development status of Western and Eastern Europe is still used. Both Polish and Hungarian scholars share the view of their forebears that the people of Central and Eastern Europe formed this area into a region of European and Worldwide importance. Some ages forced them to be leaders of grand deeds. Editors’ Introduction 11 In the peaceful ages they worked on to build cities of glorious past and unique spirit. This region is a fl ourishing scene of culture based on its ethnical, cultural and religious diversity. To prove this point, this book is a collection from a wide range of topics. However, all authors contribute
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