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S-0867-0001-11-00001
Expanded Number S-0867-0001-11 -00001
Title items-in-Peace-keeping operations - Dominican Republic - press clippings and excerpts
Date Created 30/04/1965
Record Type Archival Item
Container S-0867-0001: Peace-Keeping Operations Files of the Secretary-General: U Thant: Dominican Republic
Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit .. ,. ;.. •-• . , NEW-YORK TIMES,• FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 1965. of Revolution EtiasWessiwyWessJti
WO things stand out about T Brig.!Gen. Elias Wessin y Wessin, leader of the'counter- ' revolutionary forces in the current civil war in the Do-. ! minican Republic. He is well i known for being incorruptible ; and' for being a fierce, anti- i Communist- . : . ! It - .was his .violent ariti-' ' Communism that Man led him to see 5 fh "• something sinister 10 lne in the moderate po- News sition Juan Bosch had -assumed' to- ! ward the Communists and other left-wingers when he was President... '."•• . ' The general' was'/instru- mental-in ousting the Presi- dent in 1963. Now,: he leads the fight, to prevent pr'o- Bpsch rebels from restoring, the deposed leader to power in the Dominican Republic. . Short, plunipy swarthy and bushy-browed, the general is, at the' age of 41, one of the jhiost powerful men in his re-, .Associated, Press volt-torn country. As a deep- Public-spiri ted general ly. religious'/Roman Catholic',' he instituted-the teaching of Catholic doctrine lo Domini- General Wessin y Wessin can troops.'He also has lec- first came to prominence in tured officers on .Communist 1962, when he helped, put theory;_and on methods of de- 'down an 'attempted, coup by fecting subversion. . the chief of the armed forces, ? Gen. Pedro Rafael Rodriguez * A polonel's Fight Echevarria. i In 'July,, 1963; while Mr: After Mr. Bosch eaffie'Ttp, .Bpsch wasigtill President, the power, in'the first legal'.'.e|eci-/ then Colonel Wessin y Wessin. tion in the Dominican Repub-- tried, with the backing of lie in 38 years, some members other officers, to force /him of his Government privately! to outlaw Communism.. The . expressed >the fear that Gen- colonel was the commander eral Wessin y Wessin had of a tank . battalion: at^iS.an: : : Been "infected by a touch of ' Isidrb Air Force: 'Base;'' • -..i '• •''',.-Bohapartism and might de- The Preside.nt-ityied ,-tp jdisr-. :cide.. some day to do away miss him. T^o^mc)nths..'iater:i''';' 'the colonel fpyerthresv' ;/thie: <.with 'the ...civilian authorities. President; and ,beca.m'e:';£ /ig^nr- Dropped ei-al.: . .•':<••••': : : •'-. .-" .: '•"•"-:.'';-; ,•• , jjuring'. the .current crisis in the Dominican :Republic,. the • of.'. Lebanese t .descent. His, general has.'remained with his : father .was a ^^storekeeper who tanks at San Isidro. emigr£tte.d: from ,Lebahpn in In : the air, attacks of the • '- • ' : last few dajrs he assigned at .; !w,as -bprn in-: least one p.laine to drop anti- • BayAguana', a tsmall town 30 Comniuriist;': pamphlets on miles east ;of: San to 'JD'omiagq; : • Santo Domingo. The pam- He jpmed::the; air f6rce.i a's a .phle'ts bore • a caricature of,, pnvafe ."•,in"194'4 '.at ithe-'age- of,. Fidel ; Castro on the cover. 20. 'He is .'now in the infantry. , ' The general is reported to : fii i947i he was'; graduated have hired an anti-Castro from .the Dpinimcan Military •. Cuban as his public relations Academy as a first lieutenant. .man. .'- :'•'...••••, .'. . - He rose to ^captain in 1955.,- ,He has sent medical per- Also in .1955,; -he went to. sonnel to the slums to give -';i.'' . •-dental Sid '.to. the poor. Under. years- later,-; he. attended a his guidance, the air 'force; : •has established a housing militaiy:;schdpt ;m ^Venezueia. . service under which service- i. In .1961) he became a "'colonel' men can' build their own and.: tookV'commartd;' of . the; homes : and pay for them over A.rmy Training Center at. San . a long period. ''' '' ' '", ' The general is not much of ; his- military' career given to social life. ;'- was... spent under the dictator- ', Donald Reid Cabral, the rishipvbf Generalissimo Rafael former President, who is sup- Leomdas Trujillo Molina, who ported by him, once said of was assassinated in 1961 him, that he was one of the General Wessin y Wessin has country's few generals who .- lnSBy"J^nilitary decorations, "was--tfot a millionaire;' ''"' , \ bjt yh% refuses to wear them. General Wessin y> Wessin, is r ground that they were married to the former 'Livia of the difitator , „ Ch>vez_TJiey haveyth^ee spns.^ Section NEWS BACKGROUND EDUCATION—SCIENCE
© 1965, by The New York Times Company. SUNDAY, MAY 2; 1965. THE NEWS OF THE WE DOMINICAN REVOLT—THE U.S. STEPS IN Dominican Crisis FACTORS IN \nd U.S. Role CARIBBEAN UNREST United States repeatedly in re- ent years has been caught in a ileinma in Latin-American coun- ties.. It arises from U.S. efforts D encourage stability without in- arvening and becoming identified rith the far right,' on the one and, or opening the door to Com- mnist takeover, on the other. The se of Castroism—and the efforts > "export" the Cuban revolution -have greatly complicated the roblem. Last week the U.S. was em- roiled in new difficulties in Latin merica as a result of an up- javal and turmoil in the Domini- m Republic. The U.S. sent more lan 4,000 troops there in a mis- on whose purpose initially was :scribed as the protection of merican lives—and it was widely mceded that the danger was real. Jt by the end of the week the ere presence of American troops id become a factor—perhaps the :y factor—in the Dominican niggle and some Administration ficials were speaking of the continuing instability in the coun- order could be restored "prompt- awaiting evacuation. Estimates of ed to prevent Communists from try. ly." the number of Dominicans killed Icing over the government. Pres- The Dominican situation thus WEDNESDAY in the week of fighting ranged ait Johnson cited "signs that between 1,000 and 2,000. ople trained outside the Domini- presents, in classic form, the key Large sections of Santo Do- n Republic are seeking to gain problem facing American foreign mingo were still in the hands of The international aspects of the ntrol." policy in Latin America—the prob- what were described as pro-Bosch crisis widened as the Soviet Union lem that has become bitterly acute rebels (in One section they manned called for an emergency meeting Moscow yesterday called for an since the triumph of Castro Com- of the U.N. Security Council to lergency meeting of the. U.N. barricades of stones, tree trunks munism in Cuba. and garbage cans) despite bomb- examine the question of "armed cufity Council on the U.S. ac- intervention" by the United States. n. But in some respects there In the effort to insure political ing and strafing raids by air '.s-more concern in Washington stablity -in Latin America while force jets under the command of Moscow .said .the U.S. had com- er the protests from a number avoiding..the. onus of the old inter- General Wessiii y Wessin. A three- mitted "aggression ... to suppress Latin governments which saw in. ventionist policy, that approach man military junta loyal to him the strivings of the people for : intervention overtones of the had been ' renounced in favor was "sworn in," but with the capi- freedom and independence." tmboat diplomacy" that. is one , of. collective responsibility, em- tal in a state of chaos and the .the traditional sore- points in bodied in the Organization of country virtually' in a state of full- 3. relations with the hemisphere, American States. But there have scale civil war, the junta's author- The Repercussions been, questions whether this ma- ity was largely theoretical. ere was controversy—with A New York Times corre- ong adherents on both sides—• chinery may be too cumbersome In Washington, President John- to deal with the threats presented spondent reported from Santo ;r whether the U.S., in light of son met with Cabinet officials and Domingo last week: i Cuban experience, should com- by- Communist penetration. In the aides, then summoned Congres- t itself to'a1 policy of interven- 1962 Cuban missile crisis, Wash- sional leaders to the White House. "Two 'conclusions on completely ri' iii the 'hemisphere if it .be- ington took forceful action with- They were said to have discussed separate levels seem to emerge red that a real threat of Co'm- out waiting for the support of the the possibility that Communists, from the events here this week. nist takeover existed. other American states. with, ties to Premier Castro, had . "The first conclusion — a prag- Che controversy arose at a time infiltrated and possibly captured matic one — is that it was en-.:the Administration, was. a.l- the pro-Bosch rebellion. mandatory for the Johnson Art- Section:: EDITORIALS LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
SUNDAY,. MAY 2; 1965. E THE WEEK IN REVIEW f.S. STEPS IN
\ \ FACTORS !N CARIBBEAN UNREST icfdfprship
30MINICAN •REPUBLIC
MARINES: A .helicopter crew evacuates a group of American citizens from the Dominican Republic.
pt- awaiting1 evacuation. Estimates of the number of Dominicans killed in the week of fighting ranged between 1,000 and 2,000. 30- of The international aspects of the ich crisis widened as the Soviet Union led called for an emergency meeting iks of the U.N. Security Council to rib- examine the question of "armed air intervention" by the United States. of Moscow said .the U.S. had com- ee- mitted "aggression ... to suppress lim the strivings of the people for •pi- freedom and independence." the Jll- or- The Repercussions hn- A New York Times corre- spondent reported from Santo md .Domingo last week: •es- ARMY: Infantrymen-move out to take up Dominican positions following airlift-operation. ise. "Two 'conclusions on completely sed separate levels seem to emerge its, from the events here this week. lad "The first conclusion — a prag- red matic one — is that it was mandatory for the Johnson. Ad- v "^n*ey™w"efe"~saia ur'nave aiauusseu turn in. the hemisphere if it be- out waiting for the support of the the possibility that Communists, from the events here UuTwe"eI3p -Sieved that a real threat of Com- with ties to Premier Castro, had "The first conclusion a, - munist takeover existed. . other American' states. ,1- -i VI Infiltrated and possibly captured matic one — is that it ' ,p The controversy arose at a tune the pro-Bosch rebellion. mandatory for the Johnson"" J" when the Administration! was. at ministration to piace M 1 Turmoil At 9 P.M. the President went on ready iunder pressure for a- course ashore to evacuate Americans In Vietnam, that critics abroad.— television to announce that 400 "It would be hard to say who U.S. Marines had landed in the other foreigners, aftea this citvfeU.^ "and some at home—regard as a prey to utter .anarchy and turned* and questionable use- of will be un control tomorrow morn- Dominican Republic (the first such arican powen "• ing" Tiiat waajhe report by the .landing; in a Latin country since into the bloody battleground oi a~ f . _ ._ n yL -v « . -— m?aibej_1g2g.) because "American-, lives are savage civil ^'E.r. \fter- vfjafr Dominican Republic la/st weekend. in danger [and authorities there] for 48 hours,.-..the extent*of After days of bloodshed and tur- are no longer able to guar- carnage here,' the statement "is Latin Pressures moil, that • same ' comment held antee their safety." The President made advisely that no other force true this, weekend. made no mention of Communists. under this tropical sun except .:• The Dominican Republic, with a It was V week of .see-saw battle United States troops stood a . population of 3,340,000 living in for controLof Santo Domingo and THURSDAY chance of stopping the massacres, an area of about 20,000 square the Government — with death and U.S. airborne units and Marine even if only by their presence. miles, is one of the smaller and, anarchy' the only immediate vic- reinforcements landed in the Do- "The second conclusion relates at least until the 20th century, tors; of urgent meetings at the minican Republic, bringing Amer- to political and moral considera- was one of the poorer of the West- ; White House and by the Organi- ican troop strength there to about tions of the Dominican dilemma. ern Hemisphere nations, It occu- zation'of American States; and of 4,200, as savage fighting continued Here the fundamental point is pies the eastern and larger part the first military intervention by in the capital. A high-ranking that in landing troops in Santo of the island of Hispaniola, which U.S. troops, in a Latin country in U.S. Navy officer said the func- Domingo, the Administration may it shares with Haiti. nearly 30 years. tion of the Marines was not only well have created terrible new A land of great contrasts of The turmoil began in midafter- to protect the continuing evacu- problems since the peacemaking wealth and poverty, like so many noon a week. ago yesterday when ation of Americans, but also "to functions of the U.S. force have of the Latin-American nations, its rebels — supposedly composed of see that no Communist Govern- become identified with political. history has been an almost unre- military and civilian groups who ment is established in the Do- support for the ersatz military lieved account of successive in- s wanted to bring back Dr. Bosch- minican Republic." The marines junta that passes for this country's ternal disorders, • dictatorships, in- seized the Government's Santo killed six rebels who made a series government .Thus the danger vasions and foreign interventions. Domingo radio and another, radio of sniping raids on the American arises that the United States may . Except for three brief periods station. They set: off a wave of Embassy. oversimplify the immensely, con- of independence during the first street demonstrations by declar- In Washington the Organization fused .and complex situation of the part of the 19th century, the ing repeatedly that the Reid Gov- of American States, in a meeting last seven days by accepting the country was ruled by Spain, Prance ernment had been overthrown. called by the U.S., voted to sum- junta's Interpretation - of the rebel- or Haiti until 1865, when the Over the next 24 hours street mon the foreign ministers of the lion here as—pure and simple—a Spanish finally withdrew. fighting broke out in Santo Do- Americas to consider "the serious Castro-Communist conspiracy. Since then its history has been mingo and there ware air attacks situation" in the Dominican Re- "The fact is that to many Do- one of long periods of despotic on the Presidential Palace as the public. minicans, continuation of the re- rule by strongmen-Presidents, rebels seized control and ousted The Cuban Communist party bellion has seemed essential to interspersed with years of do- Mr. Reid, only to be confronted by called for support for the Domini- avoid what they feared would be mestic political chaos. One of these a counterthrust by military lead- can people against the "brutal re- a new military dictatorship. To periods of acute internal disorder ers opposed to Dr. Bosch. 'This was pression" by the U.S. In several others, It loomed as a long-awaited, brought direct U.S. intervention. how the rest of the week unfolded: Lathi - American countries there opportunity to break the privileges Factional strife and the refusal was official and unofficial ques- of the entjrenched wealthy classes. of some key Dominican figures to MONDAY tioning and criticism of the Ameri- And still Ito others it was an op- accept fiscal reforms proposed by can action ("lamentable ... a re- portunity! to explode with the Washington, led in 1916 to the oc- Fighting mounted in intensity in verse for the inter-American sys- visceral presentments of genera- cupation of the country by U.S. the capital between pro- and anti- tem," was the comment by the tions." , Marines and the establishment of Bosch forces. A new "regime" Peruvian Foreign Minister) and Secretary of State Dean Rusk a military government that lasted headed by Acting President Jose demands that O.A.S. action re- said last week that the Dominican until 1924. Rafael Molina Urena, supposedly place "unilateral measures." insurrection might have "some Six years later, Gen. Rafael holding power pending Dr. Bosch's aspects jof a Communist move- Leonidas Trujillo Molina was return, armed thousands of civil- FRIDAY ment." The statement, in a sense, elected, president. From . then, on ians who roamed the streets and President Johnson announced defined 1jhe dilemma for the United until his assassination 31 years clashed with Bosch opponents. A that a cease-fire plan had been put States. There was no question, The later in 1961, he ruled the Domini- U.S. Navy task, force, headed by forward by the Papal Nuncio in Times correspondent reported, that can Republic with an iron hand.. the assault ship;Boxer, with 1,500 the Dominican Republic and ac- there were Communist elements in His regime came under heavy, fire Marines aboard,. arrived off Santo cepted in principle by both sides. Santo liomingo and that they abroad for its tyranny and cruelty. Domingo to evacuate those among In a television broadcast, the Pres- would t-y if possible "to take the 3,000 or more U.S. civilians in ident noted that a representative over the revolution." The problem The Trujillb assassination the country who wanted to leave. opened a new. period of .unrest of the O.A.S. was leaving for the seemed 1o be how the U.S. could In Puerto Rico, Dr. Bosch said he Dominican Republic to try to im- prevent 1 lat from happening with- that culminated in the events of was waiting for the situation to last week. After at least four gov- plement the cease-fire and "help out at tl same time pursuing an "clear" before returning to the clear a road to the return of con- actively nterventionist role that ernment changes in a year, the Dominican Republic. nation held in 1963 its first free stitutional process and free elec- would a' enate many Latins and elections' in 38 years. Dr. Juan tion" and achievement of the expose Washington to propaganda Bosch, a left-of-center social re- TUESDAY "legitimate aspirations" of the charges balking the "legitimate, aspiratio s" that President John- former, historian and writer, who Anti-Bosch forces led by Brig. people. But the President also said: had lived in exile through most of "There are signs that people son citec last week. Gen. Elias Wessin y Wessin, who sional comment last week the Trujillo dictatorship, was overthrew Dr. Bosch in 1963, ap- trained outside the Dominican Congre elected President Republic are seeking to gain for the lost part was- cautious, peared to have gained the upper sistent theme was that; Dr. Bosch held power for only hand after the Dominican Navy control." But a pi : the Unite 1 States must not again-; seven months before being ousted came to the aid of his air force In Santo Domingo itself, the 1 by a military coup. Coup leaders troops and shelled the capital. In fighting went on despite the cease- become B "patsy " for a Castro- accused his government of corrup- fire "agreement." One Marine was type taki 'Over in Latin America truce talks conducted at the U.S. simply b cause the Communists "> tion and of permitting Commu- Embassy, Acting President Molina killed and 14 were wounded in nists to operate freely. With his skirmishes with snipers and rebel had clev ly exploited a situation^, Urena agreed to step down. But and discontent, removal, leaders of a pro-Castro the Presidential Palace remained "irregulars." of unres group called the 14th of June vacant, its grounds and hallways One w out/bi the dilemma,_ Movement went into hiding. Other SATURDAY was sugg >sted, :;would be for the^ tio covered with splintered glass, as an pro-Castro figures and some Com- fighting continued in Santo Do- U.S. troops exchanged fire with O A.S. to play active role in - tin munists were deported. mingo and elsewhere. rebels in an effort to establish and support— .nd if.,rieed be defense—^ the hold an enclave in the city. There of- dem- o ratie •:;•'•. forces in Santo y ~j An army-backed civilian junta, Eleven hundred Americans were The; Vfdifficiifty there, - { i led by Donald Reid Cabral, took evacuted. Many had been sub- were reports that five more sol- Domingo a diers had been killed, and the . however, ; that'the O.A S —partly me office. Although basically rightist jected to harrowing threats of _.eements among in political orientation, junta mem- execution by armed civilians ("We number of wounded rose above because its memb -hisjnot been notably f bers appeared sympathetic to the were all scared as hell,", said one 25.. Evacuation of Americans and in thej past1: to'such a.T problems of the Dominican people of the evacuees). At a news nationals of other countries. con- successfu but were still unable to win the conference' in Washington, Presi- tinued. By the weekend .more .than. role. enthusiasm of the mass of the dent Johnson called the situation 2,500 persons had been evacuated,*' Still, me quarters last population. This failure meant a "grave" and expressed hope that and many hundreds . more, were;; pointed t thatJhe: Q.A S , after-, L^t=sfilUft hafei'Gbrnmunists, ""from the events nere tms weeic. iniierVcastro, had "The first conclusion — a prag- possibly captured matic one — is that it was mandatory for the Johnson Ad- ebellion.. . " ministration to place Marines President went, on ; ashore to evacuate Americans and nounce -that 400 other foreigners after this city fell id- -'landed": in. the >liii;Ctn&'first'.-such. prey to utter anarchy and turned tin cpiiiitry,- since- into the bloody battleground of a Mfefican-.'l'iv'es'are -savage civil y^r. After watching for 48 hours, -.the extent of the authorities there] 1 ;er able to guar- carnage here, ', the statement is y." The President made advisely that no other force i of Communists. under this tropical sun except United States troops stood a ISDAY chance of stopping the massacres, units and Marine even if only by their presence. mded in the Do- "The second conclusion relates :, bringing Anier- to political and moral considera- •th there to about tions of the Dominican dilemma. fighting continued Here the 'fundamental point is A high-ranking that in landing troops in Santo ;r said the £unc- Domingo, the Administration may nes vvas not only well have ; created terrible new jontinuing evacu- problems since the peacemaking ms, but also "to functions of the U.S. force have mmunist Govern- become .identified with political Pholosraph»•-•*-*•>s b-vy Uniteuimedu prresa.internatlona^ana: re ijiternallonal * shed in the Do- support for the. ersatz military NAVY: Gunners-stand ready aboard a U.S. warship off the Dominican;(tfaaf c." The marines junta that passes for this country's vhcf made a series government; .'Thus the danger initial doubts about the U.S. policy sions" offer. Yet there has been oh the American arises that the^sUnited States may toward Cuba, .eventually swung cipar p^fefa:^ oversimplify tile immensely con- no real movement toward the con- Officially. ;"'.'|he-.i; agefida?'would b< round, with general support of a ference table. Washington and : .: the Organization fused .and complex situation of the limited: -' to/.;if?,artibpdia/'' but, . thi last seven 'day! by accepting the break in diplomatic relations and Hanoi have signified interest in •' thought' wasy/UiatV'Vietnam-: coult ;tes, in a meeting economic sanctions. While the im- negotiations within the framework • S.,, voted to sum- junta's interpretation. of the rebel- be discussed'; infBymilly V.'in th( lion here as — pure and simple — a mediate problems in the Domini- of the 1954 agreements on Indo- : ; ministers of the can Republic did not appear corridors." . - -••''"•-.$Jv -.-. "'•' " ' • sider:"the serious Castro-Communist conspiracy. china, but they disagree ' on the comparable, reaction from the meaning of those accords. The re- . Priniie Nbrpdoiri' Sihanouk,. whos< ef Dominican Re- "The fac: is; that to many Do- country,'iborders/yietnam,v request ..-.•'. j • ' / Latin governments last week was sult is a political impasse based 1 .. •••'•• - minicans, i ontinuation of the re- not all critical of. the U.S. Some on the following positions: ed' the 'conference , March. -15 . t< jpmmunist party bellion ha,; seemed essential to acknowledged the necessity for the secure'inteniatibhal guarantees o: avoid wha they feared would be -..Washington. The Johnson Ad- Cambodia's, neutrality -and fron- •tt for: the Domini- U.S. action and the threat of Com-' ministration charges that North .st'the '.'brutal re- a new mlitary dictatorship. To munist inroads or control in "the tiers. Support.fpr.the meeting was others, It liomed as a long-awaited Vietnam is directing and supply- slow in developing,, but it 'pickec ; U.S. In several Dominican Republic. This led; to ing the Vietcong offensive against •countries there opportunity to break the privileges speculation that if the continued up steam last'"week. The U.S. v< of the entrenched wealthy classes. the Saigon Government, thus in Britain;.' France•', arid the Saigoi l unofficial ques- presence of American troops in effect committing "aggression" 3ism;'of the Ameri- And still 'to others it was an op- Santo Domingo seemed necessary, Government all "endorsed the idea [entable . • '. . a re- portunitj r\ to explode with the against South Vietnam. The Ad- they might be able to function ministration says it is ready for On the Communist. side,. Russia let-American sys- visceral Resentments of genera- under the aegis of the O.A.S. ' is agreeable.: .to: a conference tions." peace discussions, but will not cbmment by the At the weekend, the immediate, and. North ^Vietnam Is on rec- •n'-'fMinister) ' and Secret y of State Dean Rusk talk with leaders of the Vietcong problem still was the cessation of guerrillas (whom it regards as ord as saying, 'such a conference i;A'.S. 'action re- said last eek that the Dominican bloodshed in Santo Domingo. Af- would be "useful." Russia reaf- .'mea.sures." insurrec n might have "some "agents" of Hanoi), and insists ter that would come the questions that the objective of negotiations firmed her position in a joint So- aspects a Communist move- of whether a legitimate democratic viet-French statement after talks DAY - ' ment." ' e statement, in a sense, must be an independent South government could take over in the Vietnam. Until Hanoi shows a between President de Gaulle am irispii ; r announced defined dilemma for the United Dominican Republic that was prey Foreign Minister Andrei Gromykc pi'aiilhad been put States. ' re was no question, The willingness to stop the anti-Saigon to neither the Communists nor the campaign, Washington insists, the in .Paris. The. statement also callec" 'Papal ..Nuncio iii Times c< espondent reported, that far right, and how the U.S. could for an end to foreign interyentior 1 there we air attacks on North Vietnam will Republic': and ac- Communist elements in extricate itself from a situation continue. "in Vietnam, implying condemna- jiej:byf both sides. Santo 1 mingo and that they that might prove as nettlesome in > tion of the. U.S. for its bombin| oicica's.t,- the 'Pres- would t if possible "to take some ways as Vietnam. Hanoi. As a "basis" for nego- raids; . , • a;, representative. over the evolution." The problem tiations, the North Vietnamese in- The oniy strong objector to t isUeaving' for; .the/., seemed be how the U.S. could sist on an end to the air raids and Cambodia conference was Commu- blicHo.try-torim- = prevent t at from happening with- withdrawal of American forces nist China, which charged that th< serfire-"and. "help out .at tl same time pursuing an from Vietnam. They say the Na- meeting would be used as a pre- ;he.,.return" of ./con-: . actively iterventionist role that Vietnam tional Liberation Front (the polit- text to discuss Vietnam. Peking ss' .r,and " freejeiecT •:' would al mate many Latins and ical arm of the Vietcong) should :: has opposed any settlement of the .'eyfenient i of v ;the:' expose V shington to propaganda How to be a party to any negotiations, and Vietnamese .war .short of Ameri- ira'tipns!;i ; of'";Athe. ;• charges . balking the ''legitimate the goal of talks should be reuni- can capitulation. Te'sident aisa
ter over a two-part article by a young Yugoslav university lecturer named Mihajlo Mihajlov that ap- peared in the Belgrade literary re- view Delo last January and Feb- ruary. Recounting experiences and conversations he had had during a 1964 visit to the Soviet Union, Mr. Mihajlov wrote, among other things, that the Russians had had concentration camps and had prac- ticed genocide long before the Nazi era in Germany. The Soviet Government protest- ed publication of the article and a Russian diplomat in Belgrade com- plained: "No American journalists have written this critically." The Yugoslavs promptly banned fur- ther distribution of the magazine and. Marshal Tito denounced Dr. Mihajlov as a "reactionary" and "beyond the pale." The author was arrested and charged with violat- ing Article 175 of the Yugoslav Criminal Code, which forbids the bringing of "a foreign state into derision." Last week Dr. Mihajlov was tried and found guilty. In his de- fense he contended that the intent of his article was to present "his- torical fact" about Soviet concen- tration camps as an introduction to new Soviet literature on that subject. Asked why he compared them to Nazi death camps, the author replied: "This is not a coincidence. I 'United Press International consider that Stalinism is no bet- ie Vietcong and kill them." Above, a patrol ter than Fascism. That is why iarching for guerrillas near the big air basa I have made the comparison,-to : 0anang is . ferried across' a ' river by farmers. show that totalitarianism is al- ways the same regardless of whether it is Fascist or Stalin- generally not containers. of. coffee. The 2,000 ist, no matter under what sign ay a poll tax. tickets placed on sale at ?4 to and no matter what social sys- of the statute $12.50 were, sold out in two hours; tem it tends to realize." into question, many in the line, grown to more The three-judge court sentenced tfs conference, than 1J500, were turned away. One him to nine months in prison. The ndicated that . of the lucky. ones, Polish-born maximum penalty is four years. Anatole Morell, .said, "The only INTERROGATION: US. Marines ask help from Vietnamese natives Student spectators in the court- ve liked a flat other time I ever stood in line in hunt for .Vietcong .Communists. Moments later two Americans i- the. bill but were killed when the patrol was ambushed by waiting guerrillas. room complained that the sentence 3 Justice De- was in Russia—for bread," • was "politically motivated." Dr. t "we. have a Mihajlov's attorney called "it j 'the poll tax "harsh" and announced he would WHAT FOR HOFFA? "They're bind France "body and soul" over impossible a denationalization of appeal. ore, he said, interested in how many bucks they to the Soviet "empire", after the industry, such as occurred in Jatzenbach to can make. I get it for-them." That World War II—but also of those 1953, should the Conservatives re- Congressional :was 'James ;Riddle -Hoffa's "reply who as he put it, wanted: France turn to power. ; r Arabs on Bourguib* ry step that he recently to "whether his -legal en- absorbed in an "Atlantic system" ional -bounds" r It is not going to be easy, how- tanglements wef£ -jeopardizing his in which she ' would ."necessarily ever,, for Mr. Wilson to push na- In Tunis last Tuesday, thousands • position • as: head of the Interna- depend on American arms, ma- tionalization through Parliament. of demonstrators broke through ompromise 'on •tional Brotherhood- of Teamsters. terial domination and policies." He has a majority of only four— police lines and hurled rocks and if red. Senate He appeared-so confident of mem- Though reaffirming friendship for 316 Laborites to 302 Conservatives inkpots at the embassy of .the ke Mansfield bership support, in fact, that there the U.S., he said: "As big as the and 10 Liberals—and this will United Arab Republic. In Cairo the forces to be •had been speculation he might try glass may be that is extended soon be cut to three when a va- next day Egyptian mobs returned At the week- to retain the union presidency even toward us from outside, we prefer cant seat, usually Conservative, is the compliment by ransacking and nority leader if his appeals from two current to drink from our own while clink- filled in a by-election. Both Con- setting fire to the Tunisian Am- md Mr. Katz- convictions failed-; 'One involves a ing glasses with those around servatives and Liberals adamantly bassador's residence. :d agreed on five-year sentence, on a Federal us." oppose the measure, and there is The demonstrations were part n poll taxes, charge of fraud in connection with The consensus was that Presi- a small defection, though a vital of the storm raised in the Arab his union's pension fund; the other, one, in the Labor ranks. the Attorney an eight-year sentence from a Ten- dent de Gaulle had in effect world by Tunisian President Habib legal actions nessee court for tampering with a launched his election Campaign Mr. Wilson, however, does not Bourguiba's proposal of the pre- d to get a Nashville jury. 'While Federal law with the implication that those intend to risk the life of his Gov- vious week for an end to the cold the Supreme requires a imibri'^'ffieial to .resign who oppose him—the candidates ernment on the issue at this time. war with Israel. Mr. Bourguiba early aa the if convicted.of cectain"crimes,-.Mr. . thus far are Socialist Guy Deferre The White Paper, which is not a urged Arab leaders to explore tha beginning in Hoffa's. alleged;.|igrimes ....aie %not;; and a rightist, Pierre Marcilhaoy bill, will be debated in Parliament possibility of a settlement on tha ler poll taxes among them.'.guf"""'" ;—alscTMppppse ; French ' independ- this Friday and then a vote will •basis of the United Nations reso- itions are un- .encei'Heiw.as-expected .to press the -be. taken. The Prime ^Minister has lutions of 1947, which called for . clear , he ^caiTOfi'^J^ISStouflo&tEer.^DrdvT: the unipji "Eresie f> said /he doesr not; consider -.this an. partitioning Palestine into aepa- .dniinistratipn .^prispiw, t'There.r **'-•--•'•—•= —-•=•» •-•'—*-*chr~rwere. he .te^'jewiah-and .'Arab states.;'; e'-.Title:1 VI of /president"" "1 '. regolu- j
,cial discriirii-rum- - „.. -.-hsn-s-. igiRuaS'-fjJssgawi^sw;'-^--™^? ,^riT,. ••.-. :.•^r-:aa^^u^^t.s^fefes^a&^,aJ,..WBm.| amount 01 aownpaymeni uie com- ; .Last week.,the "Administration prison. '.'There would-be a new . . . I With the continued debate over panies would give the union ,in : Its policy, and in the absence of also moved .to enforce .Title: VI of ..president," "he said!.. ^.'/That's-Iwhat . return»|or-an, extensipjt/pf .the. con- the Civil Rights.Act tjf,1964,.which .would, be -best, for..'the membership &ny consensus on an alternative; ''"d_ ' ilwill -. a-pproachy^the-Administration .last,.b bans' Federal^aiil .to. i>ubl"ic. school .—and .th'at comes" ffcst .with ,?ne." ' -*grant;.;an;',imrneidiat&.:.:11.5-cent" an. •-,afsCricts practi'cing racial discrimi- ••%e.^' Went all-out to. answer the hour " increase'^— halfway between '•'-Critics/The President's news con- ,.,-the .union's, demand, and manage- nation. In a 3,000-wbrd memoran- ference was part of an-effort that:' :: ment's offer—with : the money to dum to the nation's 27,OO.Q-school also included a conference by De- be held in escrow "until a final districts, the U.S. Office of Educa- THE WORLD fense Secretary Robert McNamara contract is signed. Bargaining on tion told them how fast they would 4nd extensive briefings of Con- that contract will get underway have to desegregate, to escape, the gressmen and newsmen by other- May IS, with a new strike dead- sanctions of the new. law. The De Gaulle's Platform top officials. line Sept. 1. requirements were: a "good-faith s Mr. McNamara said that North substantial start" toward desegre- Next December' France will elect Vietnamese aggressive operations gation (generally speaking, deseg- a President 'by direct balloting i against South Vietnam had "grown Moves on Rights regation of at least four grades) for the first time' since 1851. The progressively more flagrant." He for the school year beginning next complex" system of indirect ballot- I said the U.S. air strikes against The poll tax has been outlawed September, and complete desegre- ing instituted by the Third Repub- I Communist supply routes had been in Federal elections by the 24th gation (all 12 grades) by the fall lic in 1875 (to prevent "strong •effective, although not yet de- Amendment, ratified in January, of 1967. men" "from usurping air power, as Icisive. 1964. It- remains in use in state they had done "in the past) has and local elections only in four . Officials said compliance with been overhauled under the Fifth .President Johnson said his .these guidelines:would mean more Republic of General "Charles de burse would remain one of "firm- states—Mississippi, Alabama; Vir- ginia and Texas; As a device for progress toward desegregation in Gaulle on the grounds, that" mod- Iriess with moderation, readiness discouraging Southern Negroes the next few months, than" has ern times 'demand ' Presidencies for peace with refusal to retreat." been made since the Supreme Court with broad popular mandates. The Administration thus made from voting, its role has been taken over largely by discrimina- ruled pi*iblic school segregation un- And the man who seems assured clear that it had no intention of constitutional almost 11 years ago. of victory in December is Presi- (altering its two-pronged policy of tory use of literacy and other tests. Nevertheless the poll tax re- The wrench would be severest in dent de Gaulle^—if he runs. combining diplomatic probing with the Deep South, where the over- |military pressures. mains a symbol of Negro disfran- "Le grand Charles" has not said chisement, and an early draft of whelming majority of schools still whether he will seek ..re-election. the new voting-rights bill now be- are segregated. • He is almost 75, and; it is held fore Congress contained a clause possible in French political circles /THE NATION under which a Federal court could HOROWITZ RETURNS: In that he might supper)^ the candi- suspend the poll tax if it found it 1953, after 25 years of giving con- dacy of his "Premier, Georges Pom- being used to impede Negro vot- certs all over the U.S., Russian- pidou, or -campaign himself and [Strong Economy ing. That, however, was not good born . pianist .Vladimir. Horowitz resign in Mr. Pompidiu's favor enough for liberals of both parties retired, suffering from an intesti- after a year or so. But the pre- !•'••"' "The state of our economy," on the committees that received nal ailment. He continued to make vailing view is that hq will run J-Eyndon Johnson told the nation the bill in the House,and Senate. recordings. Last February, Mr. to serve out a second seven-year llast January, "is excellent." In his The liberals- pushed through a Horowitz, now 60 and apparently term. i " ' 1 annual economic and budget mes- substitute outlawing the poll tax in good health, announced that That view was bolstered last I sages the President said "we can altogether. "after 10 years of playing for week when President' de Gaulle I look forward to uninterrupted and Last week the poll tax contro- microphones I want to play again made one of his infrequent tele- I vigorous expansion in the year versy threatened to upset plans for for people." His first public con- vision appearances for a| 17-min- I ahead." At the time, however, speedy passage of the bill as a cert in 12 years was set for Car- ute report to the nation. He looked I Some economists outside the Gov- whole. The bin is based on the 15th negie Hall in New York next Sun- somewhat thinner, but Jwas as Jernment saw possible danger spots Amendment, which forbids abridg- day, for the benefit of the hall's forceful as ever; and, while touch- I-YT continued unemployment of ment of the. right to vote on ac- program fund. Last Sunday noon, ing on Vietnam, he" concentrated I about 5 per cent, the threat of count of race and color. Attorney Horowitz fans began lining up by on the theme that France under I inflation, the possibility of a steel General Nicholas Katzenbach ar- the. hundreds outside Carnegie his leadership had regained inde- I strike — with a potential. slump gued that it might be difficult to Hall. They camped there through pendence of action after ajcentury i in the year. prove that the poll tax was used the cold, rainy night, .waiting for, of decline. o far in 1965, however, the for that purpose, .since Negroes the box office to'open. at 10. A.M. He was scornful of the! French I economy has done even better than who do not expect to pass the Monday. Mrs. Horowitz sent over Communist leaders who' sJught to I predicted by the President and his I economic advisers. Industrial pro- Iduction has moved up every I month and may top last year's I gain of 8 per cent. Unemployment I in- the first three months of the (year dipped below 5 per cent for I the- first time for a full quarter I since 1957. The Gross National I Product—the total of all Govern- Iment and private goods and serv- lices—may reach a record $680 bil- Lipn by the end of the year. $20 I billion higher than the January I forecast and $58 billion above the 11964 record. -/Last week President Johnson I said, "Our expanding economy will •produce higher Federal revenues Ithis year than we estimated" — l$500 million more than the pre- dicted S91.2 billion. The increased Itax. receipts are a direct result of |the. accelerating pace of business -corporations have reported re- cord profits thus far this year— nd the rapid growth of personal . Culver Pictures, Th WIGS THROUGH THE AGES: Wigs have en, as-illustrated by a display of a'wig with halbeen their traditi ncome. been worn since antiquity. In early Rome its own traveling case, far right. Last week., tefflnce shown.in sec | ""At the same time, Mr. Johnson statues as well as women had changeable it was decided that barristers arguing cases ru| barristers will aid that "our continued drive to hairdos, as illustrated by the picture of the in the British House of Lords, the country's $hovn in third pictui fiold down Government spending Empress Faustina, far left. And they are court of ultimate appeal, no longer will be war the shoulder-1 rill produce lower expenditures" worn to this day by fashion-conscious wom- required to wear the full-bottomed wig that wren decisions are d parauonmg- i-aiestlne into sepa- the union presidency if he went to inces this month. issue of confidence which, were he SSiTuniatration . prison. .'.'There ,would- beanew ... •-_ rate Jewish and Arab states. . :: to lose, would bring him down. In- : •y-^'msLi -5V7T"'X4! ..president" "he-said. ^"That's-.what '. . • ." stead, the debate and the vote will A "return to the U.N. resolu-A ".would.'.be,best,for-.'t&e membership T i; ••' '••• tions" had been demanded by 0ther be considered in the nature of ad- JSli ^andltha't copies" ffrst.;with -me:" ;Lat>01L Ol vice and a nationalization, bill will - Arab Governments;, before,, ;i "-'- be shaped accordingly. -""' sterile "round. orS'i^efflation'" When Harold. Wilson .moved into by the U.S. and Others1 "iiyU™^.. . 10 Downing Street last fair, few That there will be a bill is not 15 years. It .would:.mean?freiin- 'fice. of Educa- Britons doubted that he would questioned. Mr. Wilson has staked quishment by Israel of; A^iyat * a" eventually try to redeem Labor's too much of his public .career on ist they would third qf her area/^.territory.;she . to. escape, the most controversial pledge—to . re- the issue. In- 1960, he fought and sliced oft the proposed Palesttnian* ew. 'law. The De Gaulle's Platform nationalize steel—or that a bitter won against the late Hugh Gait- Arab state afferj-Arab ^Govern- a "good-faith debate would follow. Last Friday, skell then Labor's leader, to keep ments, rejecting the- U-N-ire'sblu- ward desegre- Next December France will elect after more than six months in of- nationalization as part of the tions, invaded Palestine"- ia-. 11348. eaking, deseg- a President 'by direct balloting fice,, the Prime. Minister took the party's program. Last fall, he It also would entail,;repatriation'. four grades) for the first" time' since 1851.' The first step. He issued a White Pa- made nationalization a major is- of the hundreds o£ thousands' of complex"1 system of indirect ballot- per announcing the intention to sue in the general election. And jeginning next : Arab refugees who- flefelsrae'li- plete desegre- ing instituted by the Third Repub- nationalize the industry and ex- his continued advocacy of it may held territory duringi thevfighting. s) by the fall lic in 1875 (to -prevent "strong plaining exactly how it would be help placate left-wing Laborites, Both steps have been rejected by men" 'from usurping air power, as done. who have been sharply critical of Israel in the past. '. o^;.y; they had done "in the" past) has the Prune Minister for backing npliance with r Under the plan, the 14 biggest What infuriated Cairo :and other been overhauled'-under the'Fifth steel companies, which produce 90 U.S. policy in Vietnam. Id mean more Republic- of General Charles de Arab capitals was Mr; Bourguiba's segregation in per cent of British.iron and steel suggestion, .'that a'.-'cQmpromiss : Gaulle on the .grounds, that mod- and employ 70 per cent. of. the in- ths, than- has ern times, "demand :': Presidencies Korean Incident could be. found: and: normal; rela- Supreme Court dustry's labor" force, will be taken tions established with Israel. •'•'• with broad popular mandates. over by a new Government-con- :gregation un- And the man who seems assured Air incidents — over Germany, Mr. Bourguiba's proposal — tha 11 years ago. trolled National Steel Corporation. over Russia and elsewhere—have of victory in December is Presi- This will be done by swapping culmination of a series of state- ' De severest. in dent de Gaulle—if "'he runs. • been a recurrent by-product of the ments by . him. urging.. Araba, to shares in the steel companies, for cold war. Usually these incidents lere the over- "Le grand Charles" has not said give up "hopeless '• dreams'./.,of )f schools still shares in N.S.C.; Treasury, offi- have involved Communist attacks whether he will seek jre-election. cials estimated the cost to the crushing Israel — was : welcomed on American planes engaging in last week by Tunisia's governing He is almost 75, andi it is held Government at $1.54 billion (the aerial reconnaissance along the possible in French .political circles price, is higher than had been pre- Neo-Destour party.'.The/Tunisian perimeter of Communist territory.' students and labor union members TURNS:- .In that he might support I the candi- dicted—30 percent above current In most such patrols, planes es- dacy of his Premier, Gebrges Pom- prices on the stock exchange and, who demonstrated before the of giving con- pecially outfitted with electronic Egyptian (and Syrian, Iraqi and J.S., Russian- pidou, or -'campaign himseu? and as a result, steel stock prices ad- gear fly outside the borders of resign in Mr. Pompidim's favor vanced on the London stock mar- Jordanian) embassies carried signs nir. Horowitz Communist countries to obtain reading: "Stop lying, stop crying-, after a year or 'so: But 'the pre- ket at the news). . >m. an intesti- strategic information. In some think!" -.-'••.. . ' . '.mied to make vailing view is that ha will run others — those of the high-flying Unlike the nationalization • of In most of the 'other Arab cap- ebruary, Mr. to serve out a second seven-year steel"in 1951,. when the companies U-2 — reconnaissance takes place ad apparently term. ' ' ' •''!'" itals the press followed Cairo's were allowed to operate pretty over foreign soil. lead in denouncing Mr. Bourguiba's npunced that That view was •bolstered last much as before though under Gov- In all there have been nearly 40 •week when President' qe Gaulle proposals. Demonstrations (though playing . for ernment control, this time there major shooting incidents, among 1 to play again made one of his- infrequent tele- less violent than those in Cairo) will be mergers leaving a few which the most famous was the were held at Tunisian embassies it public cpn- vision appearances for al 17-min- large producers. .This is being shooting down by Russia of the j set for Car- ute report to the nation. He looked in Syria, Lebanon and Iraq. The done, 'it was said, to. make them U-2 piloted by Francis Gary Pow- U.A.R.; withdrew its Ambassador prk next Sun- Somewhat thinner, but was as more efficient—the biggest pres- ers five years ago yesterday. of the .hall's forceful as ever; and, whi'; touch- ent steel mill has: a capacity1 of and the bulk of its diplomatic mis- ing on Vietnam, he cone ntrated Last Tuesday there was another sion in Tunisia, stopping just short Sunday noon, only. S.6 million tons annually, only 1 on the theme that Franc: under incident in the air. Involved was a of a break in relations. t lining up 'by 40 per cent of the size of many United States RB-47 reconnais- ide Carnegie his leadership had regain d inde- large U.S. mills,..and the -produc- On Thursday, however, dele- there through .'pendencS of 'action after a century sance plane which was attacked gates to a Cairo ;meeting from 12 1 tivity of workers is only about by two North Korean MIG-17 jet t; waiting for , of decline. half that of American steel work- Arab states (boycotted by Tunisia) an. at"10. A.M." fighters over the Sea of Japan. took 'a calmer view of Mr. Bour- He was scornful of "the French ers. Some experts also noted that Though damaged, the plane—a ritz sent dyer Communist leaders who s< ught to the mergers would make almost guiba's course than the Arab press. modified six-jet strategic bomber The meeting adopted a resolution —was able to land at Yokota Air rejecting "any call- for recognition, Base in Japan. None of the six reconciliation or coexistence with crewmen was injured. Israel." But it also rejected pro- . The Pentagon placed the inci- posals that Tunisia be expelled dent over international waters, from the Arab League and that about 90 miles north of the 38th Mr. Bourguiba be barred from Parallel dividing Korea and 50 meetings of Arab leaders. miles east of the North Korean The mild wording of the- com- coast. The American crew re- munique, which did not even men- turned fire, it said, but did not tion Mr. Bourguiba by name, was know whether any damage was attributed by informants to oppo- inflicted on the Communist MIG's. sition to stronger action on the Although Washington described part of Morocco, Libya and Saudi the flight as a. "routine mission," Arabia, as well as to Egyptian re- it was generally presumed that luctance to risk a split between the RB-47 was on a reconnais- Arab "moderates" and "hard- sance flight. On Friday the State liners" on the Israeli issue. Department issued a warning that "appropriate" measures would be taken to protect U.S. planes flying HAVEN FOR PHILIP: "Do you over international waters. mind if we sit this out on your square?" asked the pilot of a heli- copter that landed on the parade Yugoslav Verdict ground of a British Army ord- • •-—•-.--•• ^ -"-«•' nance depot in Oxfordshire during Culver Pictures, The NEW York Times. Joyce Christopher Marshal Tito's Communist re- a hailstorm last week. There were llustrated by a display of'a wig with hajbeen their traditional ceremonial appur- gime in Yugoslavia pursues an "in- no objections. The pilot was the traveling case, far right. Last week., . temnce shown in second illustration. Under dependent"' line in world affairs, Duke of "Edinburgh and his pas- iecided that barristers arguing cases ruf barristers will wear the short wig, but at the same time tries hard to senger was the Queen Mother iritish House of Lords, the country's Shfcvn in third picture. Barristers will still keep on close, friendly terms with Elizabeth. Prince Philip was fly- E ultimate appeal, no longer will be wdr the shoulder-length wigs, however, the Russians. This is one of the ing her from Windsor Castle to a I to wear the full-bottomed wig that wl|n decisions are delivered in the House. reasons there was a stir last win- friend's home in Oxfordshire. UNITED NATIONS Press Services Office of Public Information United Nations, N.Y. (FOR USE OF INFORMATION MEDIA — NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD)
Press Release SG/A/2^ 15 May 1965
SECRETARY-GENERAL ANNOUNCES APPOIWTEMFIMT OF MAYOBRE AS REPRESENTATIVE IN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
The Secretary-General, U Thant, announced today the appointment of Jose Antonio Mayobre, Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Latin America^ECLA), as Ms Representative in the Dominican Republic pursuant to the resolution adopted by the Security Council on Ih May 1965. Mr. Mayobre, who is at present in Mexico City in connexion with the present meeting of the Economic Commission for Latin America, is expected to come to New York on 16 May for discussions with the Secretary- General and leave for Santo Domingo on 17 May. Born in Venezuela on 21 August 191J, Mr. Mayobre obtained the doctorate degrees in law and economics from the Central University of Venezuela. He also studied at the London School of Economics. Mr. Mayobre held several posts with the United Nations from 1951 to 1958, among them that of Chief of the Division of Economic Development of ECLA. In 1960 he was appointed Ambassador of Venezuela to the United States and Representative of Venezuela to the Council of the Organization of American States (OAS). Mr. Mayobre became Commissioner for Industrial Development in the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs from 1 June 1962 and on 15 August 1965 assumed the post of Executive Secretary of ECLA.
y y y « A A A THE NEW YORK TIMES, Wednesday, 12 May
Proposar> - lI ito r1 Tot^epori on Dominican Dispute
' By THOMAS J. HAMILTON Special to Tile New Yorlf TIpes 'ED NATIONS, N T, ;he cease-fire and its decision —Th e United States op- to dispatch an inter-American ^Uruguayan resolution force. *M.r Stevenson said that if a t would give| the Sec- resolution .. asserting.':."the ad- retary iGeneral a vague authori- mitted competence and concern," iationito intervene in the Do- of the Council were adopted 'it (ninican situation should "have no ambiguity, no :.' Tinder the resolution, the Se- inferences, especially inferences that the ^ecurity Council is not ' Council would ask U encouraging the regional or- the Secretaiy General, to ganization , measures as he may \Without; the-vote of the five appropriate" to enable permanent,, members of the him *to\ report to the Council Council — i Britain, China, f< France, the Soviet Union and 'oa. 'all aspects of the situa the United States — the reso- lution cannot pass A^tliough the draft of the In introducing the resolution, resolution does ''not na(me the Dr Carlos Maria Velazquez of Upifed States its undertone is Uruguay said that the Council critical of the "emergency ac- must "unequivocally assert its tipnVJtaken by President John- authority " V! ' i The i. resolution .was endorsed lt^reaf firms the articles of by Abdul Monem Rifai of Jor- thyep pharter that require mem- dan, who i said that the situa- ber^ to refrajn from the use or tion required more substantive threat of force against the po- measures but that the prop6s htjcal independence- and terri- al was a step in the right jtorial integrity of any state 'and direction. £hat,j confer 'primary respon- However, none of the other sibility" ori the Security Coun- elected members of the Council cil .jfoi the maintenance | of in- —.Bolivia the Ivory Coast, Ma- teigaational peace and security laysia and the Netherlands^— ^he resolution would assert whoxhad joined m the attempt the1 supeiior position of the to draft a resolution, spoke in Council by inviting the Or- favor of it ganizatioji of American States At the request of Mr" Rifai, to keep the Council informed the Council retiessed unti andJto coopei ate 1 with the ef-Thursday for the ] six nonper- forts of the Secretary General manent i members to make an- " Adlai E Stevenson told the other attempt to agree on a Cpujicil that the United States resolution. believed that the resolution .Before the, .recess Mr.' Ste- ^oyght to "interpose the Se- yerisbn /challenged. Nikolai^T icurity Council into the situa- Fedorenko, the Soviet repre- tion". just when the hemispheric sentative, to call for a vote to- organization seemed to be deal- day on a Soviet proposal to ing with it' "effectively ' He condemn the United Stages and said that the United States be- r demand-:the'..'• immediate . with- lievrd~~ tKe~~"res.o5u.tion would drawal :of United' Sta'tes forces hamper a solution from the Dominican Republic The United States represent- The Soviet repiesentative did
ative inqte^ ~d* 'thjwVkuue ,O L A S role in not take up the challenge " _ _" "'"<>*:%&& J^/jVO-^'T'- THE NEW YORK TIMES Durable Dominican Friday, 3A May 19&5 Antonio Imbert Barreras
\ BOUT 9 30 o'cleck on the rlnight of May 30, 1961, a. chauffeur-driven' limousine sped down a lonely coast road •toward San' Cristobal1,:-in: the Dominican Republic In the ;shaclpws,-..a'-.1958 Chevrolet Amoved;.out; and followed the" 'rjimousine -for . two ihiles. In. .'.tie-i. limousine sat Rafael O'.v!';j . . "• 'L.eonidas Trujillo ^ikan WnV the ,Do- ::" '"fl: minican dictator -^VpW- ...for 30 years, and ' •;;:.-.': j^™?;, "his chauffeur, ; >"'J:j ."'.'. .;- '^Ca-pt. .Socorro de . : ; ; :la'; Cruz:.'.'In- ,-the Chevrolet •'jwere' ..four.;men, armed with r.atifeomatics',- -'carbines and a ^|hqtgun. After''a,:few;minutes, , .::the; Chevrolet•-.'moved, closer ':£o% the' limousine',: 'Suddenly both1 cars .were- abreast and the . men •"• in; the' '• .Chfevrolet 'started .shooting. Th'e:';;chauf- .feur'.; 'braked the;. Jiiijousine. ''The other.-Car 'jolted'fgrward,'' turned-, and stopped within 20 feet of.'the dictators- car. -,. "We". .four -' advancedj' half crawling, -half '' lying VdQwn," j- .recalled ..Antonio Imbert .Bar- 'j. i'reras,: .who 'had driven-'the'i r.Chevrolet.'-. "Trujillo by. ;now structipri:" after the '-t clashes ftwas-'Standing in front "of .his; between' rebels andjthe_niili:-. .Vcai-v;-. ;He screamed something,-. tary.C. , . '" : ' "\ •-. p-tJjiiTor I suppose; .He had been •There, appears little, doubt, tjvoflnded in' • the ;-left shoulder that-t;|ie.United States 'looked' "j.byj'a-;shotgun charge. .. 'fr .' withvfavor on GeneraK Int- .;4?:t'-!I was -lymg; 10 feet from bert's-'accession. On. Aprfl 29; :''Himl I.-aimed my .45 and-shot wearing: a peaked baseball fitwice. One bullet, hit him , in cap, he Hew to the aircraft 1 r -the; chin. It - knocked-., lirm carrier Boxer for what prob- ";the"police ..a'rid. b'uilt. the;"force '• sprawling on his back and '• ably was a discussion that led, : up;td 12,000 members as a.bal-,' .-.i'e-must have died instantly; j to- his present post. He has aiice'to the army', thus:achiey-: He; never moved again.-'. ' yj ! long- been friendly to the ing a personal power base. On : United States -and speaks the other hand, he refrained •^•lAmbitipus and{\Adept; ;l; from joining any political ^..-'FJor General ImbePt, one ;of? good, careful English. : General Imbert was born party; Whereas the only other 'twbi surviv-prs pfi trie' seven- . Dec. 3, 1920, the third of four surviving Trujillo assassin, •: man plot, the death; of Trur Luis Amiama Tip, founded, jillo was the start;,ofr-sj. c'a'reer : children in a well-to-do fam- ; ; ily.. When he was 3 his father the - liberal Evolutionary, that has brought; him' to the died. His mother, Consuelo, .party.--; • Presidency of tlig itew—flie^.-jr ~'~"~F72:™~~-;--;-T--,--,, .... man Dominican junta. P.udg^. ' .The/ cpuncil alsp preceded' was a .partner and .man-;! with honest elections observed; and soft-lipped with -a jpwlyi , ;: by the Organization of Amert pock-marked face, General ;'j .ager in .a, .citrus-products f ac- can States. Juan Bosch was Imbert has been termed .by J. tory when he'was named Gov- elected' President and General, both, friends and enemies cou^.;; j.ernor 'of- Puerto Plata-Pro-' Imbert withdrew somewhat-. rageous, confident, -shrewd', j| Vin.ce under Trujillo. In 1956 to the background. ambitious and adept at ma^ ;i :..-hiS:'i older .brother, Segundo',. .*:- ;Mr.'' Bosch 'was .deposed in nipulation. . ;; j',. j'.W3ig arrested in one of the dic^ . a;:military coup d'etat when' To his friends 'and allies, Vjt.atcjr'sJ . periodic roundups. This, '.He clashed with Brig. Gen. the 44-year-old Dominican j is:, "" "—tiy made him a"bii>. -.'iliias Wessin y Wessin in. a a liberal and a fervent patriot;' of Trujillo. With ser. quarrel over extremist influ- j who will keep a "firm grip; • others, he plotted the- ': eneei General Imbert returned.' 1 on the government, which has v ..,.,_,_ _3r of the dictator, which: : to public attention when he es-.; , crumbled in recent./months;: j;, v'tS^k- place five.. years after corted Mr. Bcisch and his f am- To his enemies, he is power.--.•;;;r^h: euU Imprisonment .of- Segundp'j'. ;«ily'/tit safety on a ship bound: hungry, explosive and unpre|;.;:.;•''*" -Vas_ slain, ironically, ,in. ..lor.Gtiadalupe;. . . '. dictable. '''-?, ^ two days after Tru;- ; death, allegedly on b'rv ~'';''--. General Imbert and his- Rival rebel constitutional-' ^ :. .wife, the former Guarina Tes- ists have generally hesitated;. 'L of, Trujillo's son Rafael, sb'ri, have three 'children—An- however, to denounce Genera;]. , • -inrevenge. ' :: tonio, 25, a police first lieu- Imbert personally, mainly [.be* - ; : '.Six months after the dicta-, tenant and one of his father's cause pf his highly publicized . ,tpr's death, and after the Triir .bodyguards; a daughter, Les- role in the-Trujillo assassina- 'jillo family had left the island;' lie,'18, arid Oscar, 11. tipn, for Which he was given .General Imbert. emerged from - "He is an ideal father and tlie hpnorary rank of briga- hiding., On Jan. 1, 1962, he bef 'gives us lots of his time, dier general. came a member of the seven- : ,'. said;; Leslie. His most striking The President, in turn, con- . man council of state tliai characteristic is "his calm- tends that the new' leaders ruled the cpuntry under Pres-: i : ness,"- the girl added. "My ident Rafael.,, F.,..Bonnelly,-un- : '.' grandmother says he was that .'; rule '.but'S offered themselves^ til-February, 19:63. ; ,, ' ' ;.,way as a child," she. qb-. ;\as ^men:;v.,of patriptism."1 , and-":: , In the council,. General Im- served. . |, honor ta-begin national recpn- .j .ber,t,: tqok_J Responsibility,, for/ is *• THE NEW YORK TIMES \xcnitect of U. S. Tuesday, 18 May 1965 'McGeorge: Bundy \ ' V Special to The New York Times v I /• ASHINGTON, May 17— W No administration ' in / decades had seen anything quite 'like 'the personality and role of McGeorge Bundy, White House assistant for national security under Pres- idents Johnson and Kennedy. A Boston Brahmin who has worked ^qually well with, two such different" Man men, Mr. Bundy \ . ., has assumed a in tne foreign-policy role News -close , to::those.:of,, the Secretary of / State and the Secretary of 1 , ' -" ~ \ Defense, if not equal to them. he was reamed dean of arts In contrast to the .tradi- and sciences. tional anonymity of White House aides, Mr. Bundy is Although he was a Repub- ! often :. seen in public. He lican — of the Eastern, rela- tively ^liberal variety — he writes articles and i occasion^ Was' strongly attracted by ,. ally conducts news confer-^ John Kennedy, whom he had a. erices. • , ~ public official" is somehow come to know largely through :J; The Bundy presence in especially' accountable to the SMr Kennedy's role as a mem- Santo s Domingo now and in profession he worked with be- ber of Harvard's board of v! Saigon earlier this year testi- fore coming itp government." overseers Mr. Kennedy .'.ified to the confidence the Son of Boston Lawyer brought him to Washington. "•President places in him at In 1950 Mr. Bundy married' i/'-impments of crisis. Until the McGeorge Bundy was born: Mary Buckmihster' Lothrop. rMarch 30, 1919, the/youngest They have./four sons. :Mr. .;;'?Dominican tap, evidently de- son among five (children of a i: cided. upon at the last mo- J Bundy's older hrother is Wil- :' ment, it was Mr. Bundy who noted Boston lawyer, Harvey liam P. Bundy, Assistant ' was to be the chief defender' He-Ulster Bundy He grew up Secretary of State for Far in the Boston Brahmin trap Ejastern Affairs. •.-..of the Administration's Viet- diti6n* the Dexter School,J The Bundys generally de- '.. nam policy at the teach-in 1 : L which John P. Kennedy also cline invitations to Washing- . here; last weekend. ! attended, and Groton and— ton's numerous cocktail par- Luncheon Triumvirate breaking with the Boston ties, though they enjoy small I tradition—Tale. , , dinner-dances. Reading pro- Mr., Bundy conduct Tv s whai iVt * vides Mr Bundy's chief recre- has been called, a "-"i"*^*< * 'ijatjlcin;, and he stays fit with : WW Balking, swimming and ten- £?&^ ^ ^ Hou|e, oh:s ofxformer Secretary bft basement,:; with .. assistant, -m-ow winrv -T' '•''••M-irnwmW -x sectaries",forregions,of the •%&J*$3$;fa^$$?* Sifter of Information -.world, and even; one, for in- shall Plan and'helped:toTaa>!: >Cn thet White House Mr.vj 'terriational. 5 economic ques-;. Bundy:s authority and influi:* vise; the;: Republican Presii , tions:' dential candidate' ThomasrE. : ence are attributed not only* He is'one of the triumvirate,' Dewe'y ,on foreign.,. affairs: In1.-. to the opportunity to advisp'i —also comprising Secretary 1949, after the Dewey defeat;. the President but also to his i of'State Dean Rusk and Sec-, retary of Defense RoberEvS..S|i . McNamara—that has luhqh "\ years iater, with the President .each Tuest; .•-.--..- day. When foreign problems important are active, he probably sees ;:.of.. the :GoVern- ( the President t more than any . mept's. decision-making proc- other man. ess; and often;-decides which - .of a ;day's".batch' of develop- Mr. Bundy is noted for a . merits' 'abroad':.'are .worthy of quick intelligence and a man- the President's' immediate'.'ati- ner that ofterT"seems brusque. ••.n' ••'•' -:-'.'••• -- '' Intolerant df vagueness, he is ' '' Although the, precise nature','' said to be a master at cutting ,bf VMr! '•• Bundy's > adyice-T-rajidi through to"Tthe i heart of an : where it'may .differ;from; that issue. His is not the simhng, : of others such'as Mr. Rusk—; easy-going' familiarity of the is known :pnly. to the small politician but rather the pre- 'Circle' around.- the,-:. President,:, cision of the intellectual com- ,:'There: is.1 little :doubt that''-he-'' bined with the administrator's back's; the1:v:current.:-.."tough";i; capacity for action. 1 ; .policy..: in yietaam' v'andrthe,! The acerbity of his manner ., 'Caribbean; :; It is widely be- was well illustrated ma much- ,' lieyed;4hat he was :the; leading'•' publicized letter he wrote . .fi^ure-:ini persuading the Pr'es- last month to a group of pro- -.-'. ident;last,year to: reduce pres- fessors at Washington' Uni- ' Sure;;on the:,Etirbpeah .allies:] versity in St. Louis. The let- to]jaccept' the proposed .allied: ] : ter was ajeply to criticism of nuclear fleet;- ,;''::/.;.',,; >:( ; V' t-:' the Administration's policies .•.v : In any::event he hasll^stab-!.•"! on Vietnam. ; ' ;;lished=a 'de.^%f)p'bVt with t^;-:;i "IfJ your letter came to me strong: Presidents, i-Arid wheto! for grading as a professor, at MM^&£$rf^'M •• Gpyerrir; government,"! -> he< saidjn--"! \ '^^^^pPi-fap^^r^Weirti! would not be able to give it) ^,^td5|iK^g;,^:-^^j|::np^ high, rn^arks." He said it was' aj THE MEW YORK TIMES, Thursday, 20 May 1965
So~"long~as one side in a conflict believes it is going to win, it will not accept a compromise and still less defeat. This : is the lesson ; of the 'mess in Santo .Domingo/' .-''-'••'• ...:.,:;:: ; ,' '...•' ... The Imbert junta, sensing victory in the northern rebel zone,''has refused;to consider a coalition gov- ernment in which the pro-Bosch.. element would have the leading, place.; It has also, refused to respect .the cease-fire it signed two weeks ago. The United States, with 30,000, troops .in the'Dominican .Republic or off- shore, finds itself helpless to restrain the forces it put intp power. ' :" A combination of faulty information and quixotic policy has led Washington-into a position of tragic irony. It switched over' to an 'acceptance of the Caamano constitutionalists just as they were about to suffer a serious defeat; it abandoned General Imbeffr on the verge of- a victory that he probably never would have achieved without /this country's help:. . . ' • . . '..••' . ;' '" '' ^fhe conflict is by no means over and the United; • States is, if ariything,: further than ever 'ffrom| 'extricating itself from the' Dominican morass. The' •southern rebel zone is much stronger than the nprthr; •era one. To reach-it, the junta troops would '.iiavej L-to|go through the American security zone. Thisi'deiv r.tainly will riot be allowed, but the question-is whether? at.|can be'.stopped without, a clash between Americans' •arid Dominicans. , !' ;' .Colonel Caamano has less bargaining power tharii at the beginning of the week, when the United States turned to embrace hhn. However; if ihe morale of ;.his supporters stands up, he can hang on for a long time. The provmces are believed to; sympathize with ; the rebels, but they cannot; be. expected to rise on behalf of a-cause they may,think is lost. The'massive American troop build-up may yet prove to have helped the rightrwing militarists to victory. The next days could be .decisive. A sense of climax "pervades ;the:;,pominican: scene. The Organization, of American 'States and the /United Nations can plead or inediate, but unless the O.A.S. is,willing and able to use the foreign troops in the Dominican Republic,; .including the Americans,' there is no way to impose a solutiori.! Tlie Unitedv States' got militarily involved in something which it is in'no position to stop alone. The only result of the U.N.'s intervention thus far has been an appeal by Secretary General Thant that the United States try to get the cease-fire It Jias vainly been seeking all along. The O.A.S. wants- T;lie~UrNr to get off the scene. The confusi6iTi¥lhu¥| Complete—andkthe Dominicans fight on.' ' THE NEW YORK TIMES Thursday, 20 May 1965
CouhcH Assertlcf Dominican i s* ' *< Casualtie^ Mu$t Be Fouricf" -.,-„., to1 try to persuade b"bth| By THOMAS J. HAMILTON \ jsides to- sagree-. to t;he "strict! Special to The New York Times .cease-fire" urged by the Council last week UNITED NATIONS, N Y., Thursday, May 20—The Secur- Thant in Plea to U.S. ity Council last r.isi- »«4 Con*m1 •'-.,of'• Dominican Colonel •'• 'jBy SAM\POPE .BREWER - •;,' Special to The New. York Times.' .'.. .UNITED .' NATIONS; 'N, ' Y. May 201-' —: Adlai-E.; Stevenson vigorously denied-; today: -that United. •-States -troops .had trea.cherou'slyi.killed; a Doniini- can:..colonel; by; firing- on him from behind while he was fight- ing forces of the civilian-mili- tary junta. Commenting -.on a Dominican rebel accusatipn, Mr. Stevenson agreed that kieut. Col. Rafael Fernandez Dominguez, minister of;Jthe interior and of police in Efieirebel regime headed by Col. Francisco Caamano Deno was led yesterday in an action tha.t:,-j. involved. United States troops. But he said that it was riot::. known who shot Colonel Fernandez. ' ifin-••» Security Council debate; ito:'work; put. a • resolution to the United States delegate also :emphasize v the Council's .insist- said .that the colonel and his ence" on- an-- end:.:of. fighting.i group had fired first and that j Secretary ; General Thant pre- e^ rebel account of the inci- sented a report on cease-fire dent was "wholly distorted." effort. . ' Mr. Stevenson said that dur- : ing- a skirmish around the pres- Cuban and Soviet Attacks idential palace in Santo Do- Dr. Fernando ^Alvarez Tabio mingo, a group with Colonel of Cuba and D>. Nikolai T. Fernandez/and "possibly led by Fedorenko 'of the Soviet Union him" had fifired on United States both made vehement attacks on United'States'actibhs. • forces and'wounded three para- ! troopers. .'-•P'r. Alvarez Tabio said 'that He said ;:it was not clear the Dominican crisis represented: whether the colonel had been ap attempt, by a?group 6f..offi-.j cers.r.tp: -overthrow the ^untal killed by the return fire of ; United States -troops- or by "suppprtea. .':.;-byf ,the' 'United: shooting from the palacer Spates" Because 'ithey. wanted; to; Red Also Killed < One of those killed in com- support fbr'the-Jtitita the. rifles .of the Am^rica^i iiia-1 pany with the colonel was Juan ; Miguel Roman, "a key Commu- riries." '•.:•.:• . ,:...'.' .../,/,,.' :•. H'?'; . ' nist strategist," Mr. Stevenson '.TJie'r.; Cuban;. v'ieprelenMirip: declared. . called i'the -: junta'" g;6verjSi|S| The debate was caused by a "the goriilacracy - of- the .:Senta-i cablegram- received this after- gon.V JEJe;.deriied: that the: rebel noon by the Secretary General, group ui .'Santo Domingo 'was! U Thant, from , Jottih Cury, Communist" but said: "Any-gov- "foreign minister" of the rebel1 ernment that- does not agree government. with; Washington has. to be After the heated.debate, the tainted with red." Security Council adjourned' to Mr. Fedorenko in his attack await further word from Santo charged that sending ' United Domingo on efforts -to -achieve States forces to maintain- order a' cease-fire—It_is__to reconvene in the' Dpminican' Republic "was tomorrow morning/ ~ ...... "like sending a hungry, wolf to • ! Delegates 'have;, been.-,trying: guard your kitchen." UEOKASSERTS;: TEE NEW YORK TIMES DOMIHICMOLE Friday, 21 May 1965 To Offset IMVJ. Intervention, It Names Mora as Envoy By .JOHN W. FINNEY Special' to The New-'Ybrk -Times Den£~ Head lot '' WASHINGTON, May ,20 -- ' 'beckme evep ' more unwilling. The Organization of American to :have^Et: dialogue:?; .--..v -•:"!::.V':1;L;..i States, in a move to prevent Split Over Factios" 'h' further intervention .by the ;! In'ithe midst of this, irritation United Nations in, the Domini- with 'the United Nations, ,a feplit can . crisis, decided tonight to was •developitig within the- ranks re-establish .its peace-keeping of the O.A.S. over which Do- representation in 'the; Dominican minican faction -should be recog- : ; ; Republic. . -',•'.' : '•,'C;,-..- '-' .'•'•;•-. nized. i • . .' • A. ministerial, meeting1!, of .the Chile, with, the support of Venezuela and Costa Rica, was 6.A.S. voted 'to appoint , Jpse A: reported to be drafting a pro- Mora, Becertary' Geheral;-bf',the Iposal that the Caamano rebel, O.A.S., as the sp'ecial. repre- (faction .be ^recognized as "thej sentative of the inter-American constitutional government and organization in the Dominican that: a representative of it be seated in the organization. Republic with the, assignment of 1 The Chilean ' proposal runs' negotiating .a cease-fire and re- counter to the views of the establishing political order. ; United- States, which has in- In his new capacity Mr. Mora fsisted from the outset that, will replace a five-man peace neither faction , represents an committee that resigned today, effective or legal government in partly in annoyance at what it the Dominican Republic. described as United Nations- 1 In principle, the Chilean pro- "interference'' in the Dominican. posal would endorse a move by . . the United States last weekend f|||j3 the indignation mounted, to form a coalition around an •s'iipiport 1 developed for a resolu- official . ; drawn from the Caa- :£i;p| calling upon : the. United mano faction. iNSfcjons' to leave the resporisi- -Today's session of the min- <®fii|y for solving the Dominican isterial meeting was regarded ,by the.,diplomats as one of the :crisis to the organization. : ; jmositi fateful yinrfheTTS-yeaTThiS' •-.'Indicative .of tne widespread , tory ', of Ban American cbopera- ;aii;ger was the resignation today 'icardo Colombo of Argen- tiqri. As one. ambassadoL; r put' it jjtina;; as chairman of the five- privately, 'to . 'his . . c6Ileague,s; i man peace committee estab- "This is a day of decision for fjished May .1 by the O.A.S. the O.A.S." ! ministerial meeting. . The basic question was -whether the organization could TJ.S. 4-Man Mission Scored reassert that the Dominican sit- He said . he could not con- uation was in its province be- tinue as chairman in view of fore the United Nations took the "political interference" by over jurisdiction or before a the United : Nations and" . by military solution was reached other: .members of the organi- in Santo Domingo. Upon the zation. ..-. . answer to tins question, in the Under questioning by the opinion of many of the diplo- other delegates, Mr. Colombo 'mats, depends the future of- extended his criticism to include the O.A.S. as a peace-keeping the United States. He said the organization for the Western action of the Johnson. Adminis- Hemisphere. tration last weekend in 'send- This was probably the most ing a four-man Presidential important, jurisdictional clash mission to the Dominican Re- between the organization and public without consulting the! the United Nations since the organization of which it is a United .Nations Charter was member had complicated efforts drafted' an il945; ' to .reach' a political solution: .? ' -Asia concession to the-O.A,S., the. charter;;; in Article 52, rec- His harshest criticism, how- : : ever, was directed at. the United ognized- .th^_existence. of ^region- Nations. He 'said that the peace al! organizations and gave them responsibility ; f or settling dis- committee had been on the verge putes -before-, they were refeired last Thursday of arranging di- to the United Nations Security rect discussions between the two Council..' •'.•• ••'"• . rival factions in the Dominican /It is'thi's provision that many Republic. of the O.A.S. members believe But/ he; added, with ' the -vote was violated by the Security the United Nations Security Council's yo'te^of^'last- ".Friday send •,' a authorlzing.,a ..mission . to Santo .pbnungo.",' .; ".'."..:;'. NEW YORK HERALD TRIBUNE, Sunday, 23 May 1965 Iora i i, \"iffa^ t t't f 1 M ' f \ r ' /*•*• "" ' & * f * e 1 t \ ! By Darius S Jhabvala \ TlievbestUaid~plan,s\of the\Uft Security,Council of ten are frustrated t'' ' rrade no'mention rff the > ,f I : Oj The HefaM TnVune Staff Yesterday, Ivory Coast Ambassador ^Arsene Usher told a story about it:* ! i Itlmerely recorded the Coun-' | UNITED NATIONS cil's demand that the "tiuce f The United Nations- Security.'. "When there was a-- dispute between twfr small ^powers, the dispute*/ beTUransfeired to a peima- Council yesfceiday adopted a eventually disappeared " ^ ^ nenj? ce,asefiie '' 1 French resolution calling for a "If there was a dispute between a small power ard a great power, j The British ies61ution on[ peimanent ceaseflie m the Do- the othei hand,! "welcomes "mmiCan'Republic s >V^' the small power'^disappeared ' the effort of the OAS', and 'calls on all concerned to The vote was 10 to 40 The/ "And if there was ^a dispute ^between,/ twcf-great/powers, the Security^ s intensify their effoits" to States abstained be- Council disappeared" ' 5 j the Fi ench motion made L bung about a complete ces- |mentlon of trie^Oiganiza- • v sation of hostilities l u . o. of American States as a.( French Ambassador Rogei cemaknig force in the Seydoux freely admitted that libbean crisis The OAS has the Council is no longer :mg for a permanent Stevenson, opposing this re^o- resurgent,, junta forces of implicitly" criticizing the U S aole to come to a foimula efire and & lestmation of- Jution, gave the most explicit, Gen Antonio imbert Ber- intervention it sought vttf that will, deal 'with the..sub- |e in the'..D,oipihicah up- '' detailed statement so fai by r leras would .try. to invade the .bring the UN more;prpmi-, stantive problem of. the Do- ; a Tanking; Anieri'can official rebel stronghold by '.crossing, .nently into. the search.'\fm-'a minican crisis!" Late-in the that the supply corridor, held by peaceful solution.. /The'.'U;-.'S. afternoon, the Council adopted -'Sldminipaii^.'CbnStitutionalist" 'American1' pa'i;atrSdpe'rs'- and maintains that the ::Uj^ should the French resolution. lpels,agarrist attack by the Marine's in ;.;the absence- of .keep hands off, ;while!-.ithe- 1 .the Council; -but 1 Mr.... Thant, • in a gloomy •-Dominican : civilian-military mone •'• than '','&- .token '••;_OAS crisis is before-/the regidrial' statement released yesterday, - • - • • body; the OAS. ; . '.'... - by the Soviet Union, be-' peacekeeping, forces ..-There said that recent events "have | it contaihed1' a'n/expres-, „':• Noting that the' "Constitu- have, ,alsp '-been reports-', that .The resolution received; the tended to undermine the posi- "welcome".for the OAS tionalist" rebels led by Col. Gen. imbert might atta'ck'by support of France; Jordan, , tion of the UN as the primary ' 'place11 efforts'.-. The British pror Francisco Caamano Deno are sea, avoiding, such a" con- the Ivory Coast, Malaysia- agent for maintaining peace ppsal was not brought to a now concentrated south of frontation with the U.' S; and Uruguay. Bolivia, China,, and security." ' vote. ' '•'.'. the American-held "supply . Amid the debate, UN Secre- the Netherlands, Britain and' "A further drift',in ,thls di- The U. S. has strongly sup- corridor" .in Santo Domingo, tary General,U Thant'issued the U. S. abstained, and the rection, if not arrested in time,- ported the 'Authority • of. the1 Mr. Stevenson said: . a statement warning'that "the Soviet'' Union voted against will mark the close of a chap- t ; since proposed Soviet amend- OAS to-opera1;ev..in trie.Do- . "United States and OAS. situation is ominous" in: Santo ter, of great expectations' and . minican crisis without inter- '(Organization of American Domingo. .' ' ments denouncing the U.-S. the 'heralding of a chapter in ference from the UN, which -States)--.forces will continue Mr. Thant spoke on the failed to get any support. which the world organization' is the parent body of the to enforce—by force if nee-.' basis of a preliminary report Seven votes were necessary will provide merely .a de- inter-American regional or-. essary—any crossing of the from his _ special • representa- for passage. bating ' forum,. and nothing - ganization. , • supply c6rridor or attack from tive in. San to1 Domingo, Jose •The French and British else," he said. The French resolution was" the sea." j Antonio Mayobre-, saying that drafts presented to the Coun- The defeat of the Uraguay- passed "after the Council had He added that U. S. forces Gen.',Imbert ha'd -refused to cil were merely Interim reso- an resolution drew •pessimistic . rejected a Uruguayan resolu- at'the San Isidro. air base, extend ^a 24-hour, ceasefire lutions, dealing with the .im- comments from delegates over '•tion indirectly critical of the outside Santo Domingo, are scheduled, to expire at noon mediate problem of securing both the future of "the'UN as .American military, interven- "effectively blocking" any yesterday. . < a truce and not with the sub- ' an effective missionary and ftlSrtifaican Re- '. takeoff of defeated its inability to act in times of attack the had been crisis. because of big power Adlai It has been | |§^H^)n May 11. Besid differences. THE WASHINGTON POST, SfflTCAX, 2J MAY 1965 I .S. Abstains in 10-0 Vote ""The 'Brazilian and U.S. gov- refrain from supplying the ernments are to name the in contending faction's with . . . dividuals. military assistance." U.N. Asks Permanent The resolution- won the It fell" short of the 7 votes support, of 14 nations. "No" necessary for adoption. The votes were cast by Chile, Peru, vote was 5 in favor, 1 against Dominican Cease-Fire Ecuador and Mexico. Argen- and 5 abstaining. tina arid Venezuela1 abstained. France, the Ivory Coast By William N. Otis The French-submitted U.N, Jordan, Malaysia and Uru- UNITED NATIONS, N. Y., cease-fire w'as 10 to/ 0, with resolution was approved after guay voted for it. The Sovie May 22 By RAYMOND DANIELL Special to-The New Y6rl£ Times. UNITED NATIONS, N. Y., list the developments to which May 22—U Thant, the Secre- he referred;;:but those -close.to tary General warned today that mm had no difficulty in inter- ^he* United Nations Would be- preting his remarks. com'e "merely a debating forum A, ^deadlock' between the So- and ,Jnothing else" if the trend viet Union and the United; of th'e first five months of this States : over payment 'for. past was not arrested in time peace-keeping operations of the These months, he said, wit- United' -Nations. :all • but para- ne'ssed: developments 'that have lyzed the General . Assembly "teriidei d to undermine the Unit- early this year. - The.-United ed"f Nations as the primary States insisted that the Soviet agency for maintaining interna- Uniony under: .Article. .19. of the tional peace and -security." Charter, lose its Assembly vote The Secretary General's words because it was two years in were contained in a speech pre- arrears, and the resulting im- pared for delivery at a convo- passe blocked virtually all other cation at Queens University in Assembly work. Kingston, Ont. The speech was Further, efforts by the Sec- released here as a statement retary General to bring about when Mr Thant was prevented a rceasa-f ire and a political set- from' attending the ceremony 1 tlement in Vietnam^were re- Because of the crisis in the Doi iniruSt China and mimcan Republic,-which, kept North Vietnam and were' not the Security Council m session/ Mr. Thant dial.: not explicitly}welcomed by the United States. chapter of great expectations Nations, is to shy away from [ In the Dominican crisis, the and the heralding of a new a timely .and cpncerted effort chapter in which the world or- to •'•'take on those problem's of Secretary General was author-' ganization will provide merely peace and security which are a ized by the Security . Council, a debating forum and nothing;primary responsibility of the with the approval of the Unit-1 else.!;' United Nations under the Char- ed States," to send a representa- Mr\ Thant said he was aware ter, for fear of failure." tive to the Dominican Republic of the desire of nations con- Mr. Thant said he had the to get the facts and to attempt cerned with explosive situations right and duty to bring tbefor'e to bring about a cease-fire. "not to be interfered with or the Security Council airy mat- However, the United-,. States distracted from what they con- ter that in his opinion threaten- maintained that the primary sider to be their necessary ed international peace and se-i responsibility for restoring or- courses of action." Neverthe- curity. \ ' der there rested with the Or- less, he said, there must come But the powers and responsi.- ganization of American .States. a time when the wider consid- bilities of the Secretary General,. - "For various reasons;" Mr. erations of world peace "must Mr. Thant said, "must, not be Thant said, "the role of the be taken into .account and even frittered or thrown away in use- United Nations has. been ig- become dominant." less dramatic gestures," They nored or avoided in the' settle- Danger of Avoiding Issues must, he declared, be "husband- ment of some recent disputes, ed" to be used to the best ad- thus causing profound uneasi- It would be "unrealistic" Mr. vantage in the common interest ness in the minds of those who Thant said, to expect the Unit- of all nations. maintain that the .United Na- ed Nations to act in situations "I have no intention of using tions represents the • world's in which there is no possibility them for any other •purpose, nor best hope for peace." • for it to take effective action yet of failing to use them to He continued: "We are wit- and in which it does not have the full if I believe the situa- nessing today, I feel, a definite authority. Some have felt that tion demands it," he said. reversal of the slow progress "abortive attempts" by' the The function .of the .United the United Nations has made United Nations to tackle major Nations in harmonizing the ac- toward world stability and problems have damaged the tions of nations, Mr. Thant said, w_orld_;peaee..".-.fefurther-drift in prestige of the organization. has not been exploited fully: thisi direction, 'if not; arrested ini I believe" the Secretary This calls for ..patience, hard time,- 'w,ili mark the close .of. a| General said, "that a far great- workand:;under?,tanding "rather, er danger, for the .world at large,-as well .as for the United TIB HEW IOBK TIMES, Sunday, 23 May 1965 ,t™Unres: ^^, ty ^ in Lati- ,!- n -Americ ^y_,^^,,,.^.._ a Jr _ ' By rejecting the United 'Nations plea, 'for an ex- tended truce, the Dominican military junta has re- opened the danger that it may try to shoot its way to domination. This conflict is much "the worst in Latin America, but unhappily there are other coun- 'tries in varying degrees of trouble. This is a period when unrest seems endemic. Colombia, Bolivia and Guatemala, as well as the Dominican Republic, are in difficulties. ' There is no clear connection between the troubles in these four countries. Yet, General Imbert in the Dominican Republic, President Valencia in Colombia, General Barrientos in Bolivia. and Guatemala's: Chief of Government Colonel Peralta are as one in blaming the Communists. , This has been ('an infallible tactic to win United States support and, internally, it is also very effective since none of these countries wants to have anything to do with Communism. ' In reality' , witVh the exception of Guatemal/ a where p the trouble stems largely from the left wing — with a .CaSjtroite terrorist and^ guerrilla movement on its ex- , •treme fringe — -Communism, was not! the 'pivotal" ele- ' ,ment behind any of the difficulties. Once the trouble I istarts, the Communists understandably get into JJie,? tact. , Since they ark trained agitators and revolu-,^ tionaries, they can be temporarily effective; buKthei' .greatest assist to their effectiveness can come 'from- i panicky and excessive American, counter-measures.j ( ^' Latin- American Communism never had such aiii>e-j sounding boost to its collective ego as when the United i States sent 30,000 troops into Santo Domingo to foil ,53 ! asserted Communists and Communist sympathizers. Colombia first showed signs of cracking when a political crisis worked on ( long-standing social, po- litical and economic weaknesses. Resentment against American military intervention in the Dominican con- flict added to the tension; rioting in four cities and widespread student disorders forced the Government to declare a state of siege. In Bolivia, the always weak governmental structure was shaken when the Barrientos junta decided to 4 have a showdown with labor leader Juan Lechin and the workers who support him. Rioting, arrests, the seizure of mines and a state of siege have followed. In Guatemala, the reactionary i military dictatorship is trying to put through ' a "new constitution that is tailor-made 'for the vested interests and the Roman Catholic Church. It w.ould effectively block the agrar- ian reform that has been a crying need in Guatemala for centuries. The Vice Minister of Defense was as- sassinated on Friday. So long as social justice is de- nied to the Guatemalan people, a potentially revolu- tionary situation will continue. These Latin-American difficulties, in their variety 'and profundity, show that no simple catch-all begins - to -define the problem. / Communism, in these situa- tions, is'not.-aTiause; it is a result of so~cial, economic) and ] politicaMnjustice. ' _ ____ THE NEW YORK TIMES Jose Antonio Mora Otero Sunday, 23 May 1965 VT^HE ^Secretary General, of 1 the Organization'of Amer- ican States, selected by that .body. ^Thursday to; work, put a cease-fire in. the Dominican Republic, has a stock phrase1 that.illustrates his philosophy in a crisis. •'.•' , '-'-.".', . "This will have a?.-solution;, this will have a solution,".-he repeats with.-sharp, , " Man nervous: ^gesture's. •. • +(• Jose Antonio Mora in the otero> .a.,6g_year-- N ."; ?w?:-. old 'Uruguayan' . . :: •.'-.' ;., diplomat, 'is••' no strangei; i.to the crises period- ically shaking -Latin Ameri- ca and; the Caribbean. Nor is he a>stranger-to"the-'Domini- can'Republic. . -- ". . Quick-witted ' 'and ' pragT malic, lie-has been .a'-key fig- . ure. in•;; mediating -disputes- and bringing.,':an , end: to.. border fighting .'that- has- threatened to flare tin'to war.. It'vvas for his. skill and energy, on' behalf ' of hemispheric harmony, that 1 he? \yas appointed chairman ; of { the 0.A.S. in 1954 and Secretary General in 1956. He' wasi::reappointed to the .latter, post'in: 1958 for;- a ib-year'i ,;,terrti. .,. _ -• '-.'•-.-. t.to';?; P.M^ppTwell past the , - .Dr. Mora is' of' 'slender.; •'.usual^. Wa'shington cocktail > biiiljl, about 5f'feeV,7 inches hour. •'. " " ~ '"" ;: tall, ,;with dark .hair'and dark Diplomatic Service ;;.bro^n eyes. 'A'modest man,,'' ;he Tiever refers to himself in • -^5fTCrij.tflvwiii|*-A; Mora entered • :'relating events in which he 'the''''diplomatiG; service of his'.'? ;. has'played the star role.-- It country ,in; 1926 and served! •in Eurbp^and; at the United^ iiis'i'sClwa "th' e chairman of the council" '. or. "the' Secre- Nations/^ participating in;* tary General" who' are merir many:,-international confer- tioned, without : identifica- tion, f: -•••:•• '-- ' '• complalhe'd .tHiit |tjie'; jjofhini- can Republic, vthen unler the : No; Taste for Sinaii Talk Trujillo dictatorship, 'was Although he speaks : the plotting to Overthrow; her four languages of the O.A.S. Government, Dr. Mpr?t:: was —Spanish, Portuguese, French named charrman .of. a fact- and English — with equal finding committee; VHisfrec.- speed if not with. equal flu- ommendations., led to an eas-' ency, Dr. Mora has a repu- ing ; of tension betweenr -the first plight -to the, island re- tation among his colleagues two countries, which share 1 public. ''.'?.:••'"'''. • . . for saying little/ and then the island of Hispaniola..: : only to the point. Five years later, when Dr. Sanctions Were Lifted No extrovert, he finds Mora was chairman of the It was in June, 1962, that small talk at big social func- O.A.S. Council-, he guided ne- the - p.A/S. decided to end tions tiresome and prefers gotiations that brought an sanctions imposed in 1960 on . modest informal dinners at r Costa the Dominican Republic to ! which diplomatic protocol IS punish the Trujillo regime for forgotten. His favorite form : . __i .wa^'la'^g'eiy.^re--': its part in an abortive plot to of relaxation is to stay, at murder Venezuela's 'President, f; spoSsiblfe;.forv;helpingv-ta:i.re^'' home in the Spanish-style p;-'£qiy£-;--'ai'-.: .Dispute ^between: Romulo Betancourt. Almost i mansion he and Mrs. Mora : immediately after the decis- Ecuador "and' P'efu-that might - occupy near the White House 1 ion was reached, Dr. M THiis:SfaHonalistic WJorlcT C,V K rf _. •iA cry of alarm about' the weakness of the United Nations has come from Secretary General Thant. The organization threatens to become nothing but a de- bating society, he says; its function as "the primary 'agency for maintaining international peace and se- curity" is being: Undermined. Wo one can question the diagnosis. The General Assembly was unable to function this year because of tlieVquarrel1 between; the United States'on one side, and tKecrSovietVUhion." and France :pn"'the other, over pay- ment fort past peace-keeping operations. The U.N. effort in the Congo petered out; in Vietnam it failed. In-the Dominican conflict the U.N. has played a sur- prising role, but at the expense of the Organization of American States and-under the shadow, of Ameri- can'military power which exerted the real influence. •the weakness of the United Nations is symptomatic ; of the inability of international organizations to work i$th desired effectiveness in the contemporary world. There is not a single exception: United Nations, j , SEATO, CENTO, the O.A.S., the Arab League, JOrganization of African Unity, the Iron Curtain , |econ and its military Rapacki Plan. The once-solid jiet bloc is now broken into Russian and Chinese ions, while satellites shoot off on their own. The Atlantic alliance has been fractured by France. Only a, f ;w restricted economic organizations, like the Com- mc I'Market, manage to function well. the "One World" of Wendell Willkie has, at least tei .porarily, disintegrated. Some of the reasons are/ ob rious. This is a period where nationalism, not inter- ns ji6nalism, is the x strongest of all political emotions. Al |fough the simplified version of a world dominated by jj&e United States and the Soviet Union has passed inttf history, the cold war remains. For Washington, Pefing, Moscow, Paris, th.e United Nations is de- cic lly not "the primary agency for maintaining im ational peace." In any event, it has no perma- &• military force to keep the peace. ,e conclusion is not necessarily despair. The world ,g througteu phase in .which-international or- itions dovnot satisfy desires or solve problems. All-the same1—and this is extremefy important—the United Nations represents ideals' thai:rn«b have cher- ished throughout history. It is even now a success in the fields of culture, health, labor and economics. It is neglected, but it is wanted. For all the ailments-, that Secretary Thant pointed out, it is both alive t and indispensable. MURRAY KEMPTON < IXTY-NINE persons were killed'in.Sant.oDomingo Tuesday, and the Security CouhdlVof the United S Nations turned' yesterday from :the pastoral hatreds-of Cyprus,-to consider again what'.it-might do /about the '^Dominican Republic. -.;. ,;;" Ambassador Extraordinary Adlai Stevenson was away—- it is,the.degree season—and;he'left Ambassador Charles Yost to set forth the United States version .of- Tuesday's melan- choly' events with much less elegance-and no. more-'candor than our government has accustomed Stevenson to 'offer his audienqes. in the past eight weeks. - ; .-'-.,. There had been fighting all the day- before in Santo.- Domingo between the rebel'•";band of Gpl. JFrancisco :Caa- mano and the Inter-American Peace Force. Qi^i government's new: name1 for our troops. Ambassador Yost .explained that the;battle had been begun by the rebels in "a deliberate and premeditated attack . . . an unprincipled provocation ... calculated:and timed to provpke." '"••>,'• •'-' No.'one vcpuld say'f or:sure';.what sort .of .history that was,, but-it was impossible not to define the (Sort of rhetoric it is: Andrei Vishinsky. triumphs from the grave; his old enemies are speaking 'in his .style. It; is ,'a style in which .it is difficult to imagine anyone speaking the truth No other member: q.f the Security Council spoke except Federehko of the: Soviets'.1 The Vishirisky tone grated through the afternoon; Fgdeferikd's attack /was /translatedfrom the'Russian, arid Yost's defense sounded:-as; if it had, been. :. '""••".' , And there lay silent upon the table the', report trans- mitted to they secretary-general toy Jose Mayobre; the U.N.'s representative in Santo Domingo and a. most unwelcome guest of the Inter-American Peace Force. Discreet as always, U Thant distributed Mayobre's report withput7 comment and no one present mentioned it "According to my representative," U Thant wrote, "there is no evidence as to which side started the firing . . . arid jit is quite probable that a minor incident escalated into a general outbreak " There is^of course, no word for "accident" jn Ambassador; : 'Yost's language or% Ambassador Federenko's; in-life,.-acci- dents are frequent, but m4he ihetonc of Aridrei. Vishinsky everything is "premeditated." Mayobre reported that Caamano headquarters were com- plaining that, after the "battle ceased, "54 mortar shells had been fired on its zone," probably from the forces of Col. Tmbert's junta behind the IAPF lines, Mayobre could not, of course, say that this charge was true, a commendable cau- tion in dealing with assertions from one side in a civil war. Mayobre had carned-Caamano's complaint to-the chief of staff of "the Inter-American Defense Force, "who promised that he was going- to investigate the matter, personally." t Ambassador Yost did not favor the Security Council yes-. teFday^X^tHjjtbte^results of this investigation nor did he take noticeil piffhlvo ,o,ther matters which the -U.N. representative seemsjto 'hay^reported^ on no less evidence than his own cars and ""eyes! ' . •;;.;;,?" "~^, "My representative also pointed out that the situation .inv Santo Ddmiingo had., been, recently, extreme tense because^ troops, under Gen. Antonio Imbert were known; to bavis!;' 1 massed in large numbers in, the general: area north" of then corridor,-" IT Thant reported. ^ _, ; "Radio Santo Domingo, .which is controlled by the Imbert. side, broadcast-throughout OTt^sday) inflammatory .speeches;. stating that these were the last days of the -rebels' arid ask-- ing the civilian population of the Caamano area to cooperate -with the Dominican army 'which wiU enter the city at any Ambassador Yost'did not, include these matters ambni£ provocations to be denounced. Ouj government, to pur, shame,; can no longer be called a fair fitness. There .is:one consola-;. tion. The American reporters are there;-/and, we can- trust- them to tell us as they ha^e.aU along just what did happen.; The, Honor of being an Americanos .that, ..whatever their,, government, there will always be Americans-upon whose- hbnor mencanjrelY TBE NEW YORK IflMES, Friday, 18 June 1965 - President Johnson's press conference how' raany of yoli are 'anxious • -i -- am'jiqt. passing on'the merits of to stand up and be shot at by 4. Dominican Policy 0-^.| the. acfs that take place many :; tommy guns, and you ask a lot Q: .Mr." President, . with'v the | times in many places, where (of these boys to do that. That situation in Vietnam and ;the they change Governments—and [is the first-thing. Dominican Republic, what . is your personal assessment of the we believe in change^ of condi- Talk to All Elements chances of improving interna- tions, and we are trying to ob- . The second was to have a tional relations right now? A. tain them through the Alliance government broadly based to be What. is: the .first part of" your for. Progress—but in this par- acceptable to the people of the •question ? • ticular instance, ,a: fact that has Dominican Republic. We are not !'4-QijWith the situation in Viet- pointing, we are not matching nalriijand the Dominican Repub- been emphasized all.too little, I a computer and saying here is lic-;.-, what is your, assessment ? think, .some 1,5.00 innocent peo- what the government will be. Iv. A;-;I would.say it "is. very diffi-> ;p.le,,.:were murdered and shot, We asked Mr. Bundy, Mr. cult.j,They are strange. We aii^e; heads cut, off, and six Vance, Mr. Martin, Mr. Vaughn | going to" do everything we carii Iiatm-American embassies were and everyone we knew to talk tp.avdid provoking ,any conti'OT; Violated' and fired upon over to the extreme elements—some yersies'or straining any "reja-? ^od of four, days before we talked to the other side, some tions and there has been |noj to the loyalists, the rebels—- in. .' ' ( Statement of ours- toward any. 1 hoping we could have a cease- of: ;the .leaders of other govern- "v. Ambassador's Report fire until we could have a broad- ments, nd propaganda of burs As we talked to our ambas- ly ..based government, and until toward other peoples; and ; in sador to confirm the horror and the O.A.S. could give help, coun- btjr'!; judgment, no act of'ours tragedy and the unbelievable! sel and mediation. :s. :tMa.t' would justify irritating fact:1 that they wore firing. on /They have appointed a very anyone who really loved pe&ee Americans and the American; fine, committee. They appointed ahd • hated war. f . - : • , ->?!:".'-r.'Jv'r'.'^^"' W-f,^ rebels were the additional,)area ' to .protect Insisting- .'t.h'ati;.thei:.'":inter-Amer- itself from intensive.rebelVfire. ican-peace force pull-,back to . The . Council adjourned after the .military positions held-last : a 10-minute meeting . to ' allow Tuesday... /." ; ' - . _ ('.-•'•' •• Dr. de Beus to continue con- :-'This .would mean . evacuating sultations with members, on a thevjarea.' occupied ; by';;•United statement acceptable to all 'States'. units when- the cease- parties. Weekend talks failed fiiceV.'jv-as' broken by renewed to resolve the: issue of the troop fig-Ming: •'•'.' . . ''• withdrawal but the president told members he remaihefl ••'•? jiif^'. Thant :told. the Security ;Gouncjl. that- a formal, .request hopeful. • ,;•..-..;• •fpri'the troop . withdrawal had Mr. Thant, in his. latest re- cjpme't from .Colonel Caainano, port to the li-member CoiinV •btit-v/that there had been 'no oil, said 'that the cease-fire yv'a.s. effective according to laj:est- ';:.;^i'e pullback. has become 'the" word received from his repre^- key tissue in the latest, phase sentative, Dr. Jose Antonio !pjEA-the, Dpmiriican debate.; On Mayobre. • ,.,- .•••. Pr^day Jordan insisted that- the In his latest account, Dr;. Gouncil'.ask .for the. .withdraw- Mayobre blamed the rebelsKfor al irt. a final, statement by .'its initiating firing on two occ'ar president; Dr.:/ j. G. de.Beus 'of sions last Wednesday and also tho Netherlands. . ..,,'.,. :. ' -. remarked thnt IL was difficult) This view was', shared by the to control some of the "irre- '^hant Reports Rebel Demand SDonsible elements' on the reb- representatives' of France, .the 1 Special. t -' rlc. Tlmes,:.r -• Ivory Coast and Uruguay,;.but el' side.'"™":- ;^;^ :,•"-.• "• ftiVY., opposed b ythe United States, June 'era!, :"U /JThaht^ reporte'd *bcidiy: Atiieric'4'n''.'f.qfpe'?Had\ occupied CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MOHfOR, Friday, 25 June 1965 "~- •-—~ Dominican strike failed ' ,-f \t . \, '13 WASHINGTON POST, Friday, 25 June 1965 Rowland Evans and Robert Novak * • • New Deal ""BEHIND THE tense nego- last ditch military resistance tiations in Santo Domingo ^nd die on the barricades. is this new but unspoken 'The nightmare in the State ,11.53. policy: Totally divorce Department is a "little Bu- •"the leaders of both armed dapest"—where U.S. troops "Tpanups, "the rebels and the would clean out rebel 'regualr army, from Domini- strongholds by force with 'ban political-life. toullets >and bayonets. ' The U.S. is now secretly ' To prevent a Budapest, looking toward the virtual the U.S. has a packet of ; 'exile of the major figures in non-violent alternatives. If rthese two camps, who have the extremists try to hold ^shown no inclination Novak Evans their ground, the screws can whatever to bend toward be applied by cutting off 'each other. that the Bundy mission paychecks, water and elec- .. TJie regular military could 'succeed. President tric power. "would be reduced radically Johnson rightly Insisted the The other side of the coin and its old-line leaders —in - effort had to be made' any- is ruthless pruning of ^ the ' -eluding Gen. Elias , Wessin Y way. When, Bundy failed (af- regular army, slashing its Wessin, the army strongman ter coming very close to budget and exiling its politi- i-rrsent. into exile. By the success) the policymaking cal generals. Even Antonio .same token, the rebel high initiative passed to the Imbert Barrera, junta pres- tcpmmand also is earmarked State Department's Mann. ident and 'assassin of Trujil- .;fQE exile. This • even includes An integral part of lo in 1961, will join them in exile unless the U.S. heeds dtGpl.; Francisco' C a a m a n o Mann's hard-line is that the Jbeno,::-the nominal rebel rebels are not fit for any his agonized protest that as ' major government role. As an exile he would be a sit- we have reported over the ting duck'for assassination i; Based ; on their frustra- past two months, U.S. offi- by the Trujillo family. tions of the past two cials have been unable to The rest of the peace plan ••Months, top U.S. policymak- come to a firm conclusion is explicit in proposals ap- ers have little confidence about Col. Caamano. Cur- proved by the Organization rin either the army or the rently, they do not regard of American States: Tem- rebels making a sound base him as wholly independent porary rule by an inter- : for 'future Dominican stabil- of far left elements in the American board of techni- ity. By cleaning out the two rebel command. cians followed by free elec- ^combating camps, they are Indeed, Latin - American tions. As the one man who staying to shape a new deal experts outside the State lias held himself aloof (in for the Dominican Republic Department suspect that New York exile) from the -xfleshed out by a new gener- Communist and pro-Commu- current crisis, former Pres- .ation of technicians and ju- nist elements are at their ident Joaquin Balaguer nior military officers. peak) of influence among would be a favorite to win. "I THIS PLAN IS diametri- the ^rebels. Following the IT GOES WITHOUT say- "cally opposed to the mission old historical rule, that the ing that nothing planned in 'President . Johnson ordered radical elements ,tend to the Dominican Republic iTVEcGeorge' Bundy, his, White drive out the moderates in ever quite happens. Nor .House foreign affairs assist- a revolutionary situation, does sweeping away the ;jant, . to .. perform a month the Marxist 14th of June movement has, grown more dreary, dangerous lot of pol- ~ ago: Negotiate a coalition iticians promise stability. ^.government between the dominant in the rebel com- mand. Yet, there is hope to be ^rebels and the military found in the new U.S. poli- "junta. THIS LEADS TO the pos- cy. By running out the bit- ,- .State Department officials sibility that the radicals ulti- ter antagonists, an honest jr— Under Secretary George (mately not only will prevent •attemipt is made to avoid [Ball, Under Secretary Thom- Caamano froin agreeing to both Castro-style and Trujil- jgs Manjvand Assistant Sec- a solution that would dis- Io:style dictatorship. '•';• >r.e'tary -JacS' Hood Vaugban mantle the rebel movement © 1965, Publishers Newspaper Syndicate ?;•— n eye r had high hopes but might also wage a vain, Translated from French From Le Monde, Tuesday, k May 1965 WAVE OF DISAPPROVAL IN LATIN AMERICA THE UNITED STATES INTERVENTION HAS SAVED THE COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARY FORCES IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Chile calls for the withdrawal of American troops The United Nations Security Council, convened at the request of the Soviet Union to consider "the United States intervention in the Dominican Republic", is scheduled to meet on Monday at 3-30 p.m. (French time) in New York. As a party to the conflict, the United States will not be able to use its right of veto and hence will find itself in a somewhat difficult position. Two hours later, a new meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Organization of American States is scheduled to be held at Washington to consider developments in the Caribbean crisis. However, the refusal of the large majority of the Latin American na- tions which are members of the CAS to send their Ministers of Foreign Affairs to this meeting shows that the wave of disapproval generated by the uni- lateral action of the United States in deciding to send new troop rein- forcements to the Dominican Republic is steadily growing in Latin America. Once again, OAS action which has always been controlled by Washington in the past seems to have "been by-passed. The Composition of the Organiza- tion's emergency commission which arrived at the San Isidro case in Santo Domingo on Saturday is significant. Only the Latin American countries which are least hostile to the United States are members. It is extremely doubtful that that commission will be able to remain neutral between the forces of General Wessin,which have since Monday morning been supported by 1^.500 North American marines and parachutists,and the insurgents who are calling for the return of Juan Bosch, whose forces have been estimated at 18,000 men. In fact, it already seems that the efforts of the commission whose chairman is Dr. Jose" Mora are directed, in concert with the North American military and civilian authorities in Santo Domingo, at "bringing about a meeting at - 2 - the San Isidro "base, headquarters of General Wessin and the American parachutists,, of former members of the junta which had been led before the revolt by Mr. Reid Cabral. The Presidentof the Supremem Court was to have been elected Provisional President of the Republic. The counter-revolutionary forces of General Wessin would thus have had the legal basis which they have sadly lacked for a week. However, Mr. Reid Cabral handed in his resignation a week ago and the Speaker of the Cham- ber of Deputies, Mr. Molina Urena, was immediately elected Provisional President by the Congress. President Johnson decided on Sunday night to send new troop rein- forcements to the Dominican Republic. Sixteen American warships are now steaming off the coasts of the island. The helicopter-carrier Okinawa with 1,600/fymarines on board and five other naval units carrying 900 marines left Horth Carolina on Monday for an "unknown destination". These forces are probably en route to Santo Domingo. For the third time in four days, President Johnson has addressed the American people to explain to them the significance of the intervention in the Dominican Republic. After having first of alll stated that it was "a humanitarian operation to save the lives of American citizens", the President of the United States openly proclaimed that its purpose was "to stop a Communist attempt to seize power in Santo Domingo". However, official circles in Washington now admit that the "revolt agains the Reid Cabral junta had been democratic at the oubet", but that "the movement, which had gotten out of control of the supporters of Juan Bosch, is controlled by the Communists and the followers of Castro". Bhis argumentation after the fact is not convincing. On Monday morning the experts of the Department of State thought "that it was not yet clear whether the Communists had assumed leadership of the revolt". And these same experts are today showing a "list of 52 persons who are members of Communist or Castroite organizations implicated in the revolt". In fact, all the evidence of foreign obsdrvers in Santo Domingo, including many American newspapermen, agreed on Monday in the view that "the majority of the people want ex-President Juan Bosch to return to power". It seems, and Juan Bosch made mention of this on Sunday evening, that his followers were on the point of winning at the time the demoralized forces of General - 5 - Wessin appealed, through the United States Ambassador and their repre- sentative in Washington, for military assistance from the United States. Cease-fire and encirclement On Monday the situation in Santo Domingo was still confused. A cease-fire had been concluded on Friday night thanks to the efforts of the Papal Nuncio, and Paul VI was congratulated in Rome on "better news from the West". However, this fragile truce was broken several times since Saturday. The American marines and parachutists, who had joined forces near the Duarte Bridge, are systematically encircling the centre of the cap- ital, which is still controlled by the forces rebelling agains the junta. The American soldiers have established a perimeter of 25 square kilometres around the foreign embassies and the National Palace. During this operation, 5 marines were said to have been killed and some 20 others wounded. In the 2 camps, the camp ofGenl. Wessin and that of the rebels, one week of combat has caused the same fAtigue, and it is doubtful whether the followers of ex-Pres. Juan Bosch will be able long to resist the "military and psychological pressure" of the marines. The capital is deserted. Water and food are scarce. There is no electricity. The hospitals are over-crowded. Losses have been estimated at more than 1,000 killed, and the ssjck only vehicles moving are military vehicles. Everything shows that the relative pause is very unstable. In Latin American protests are increasing and one may wonder whether, for the first time, Latin American delegates will dare to oppose the United States in the Security Council on Monday afternoon. Ecuador stated that it was "concerned" at the American intervention, and the Peruvian Parlia- ment and the Venezuelan Congress have formally condemned it. Evenjiin Brazil, the United States most faithful ally, voices have been raised in the press and among the public to "denounce this violation of the charter of the CAS". This anxiety is sharpened by the possibility, suggested Monday's Times, that "the United States could now reserve the right to intervene anywhere in Latin America where a Communist seizure of power seems possible". In an attempt to reverse this unfavourable trend only a few weeks from the Inter-American Meeting at Rio, Pres. Johnson has just sent Mr. Averill Harriman to the capitals of South America. M.K. AdOO JkdOOf j J-dOOi OU3X OU3X I . loasxl A Close View of Santo Domingo SELDEN RODMAN SANTO DOMINGO U.S. Army came in before it was too way, U.S. enlisted men in fatigues s I FLEW over Puerto Rico on my late this time!" one man told me. were fraternizing with Dominican A way from San Juan to Santo "We can't afford to have another women and children; on the walls Domingo I looked down on the land- Castro in the Caribbean." But for behind them, anti-Yankee, pro-Bosch, scape below me, unique in Latin many liberals in the United States and outright Communist slogans America, with its straight arterial and Puerto Rico, the issue of con- had been sprayed in black paint. roads, its hundreds of feeder high- stitutionality was a higher principle When I checked in at the U.S. em- ways among green and terraced fields and the supporters of Juan Bosch bassy, I found our Foreign Service under cultivation, each leading to were its defenders. As I approached officers distressed by press inter- a town surrounded by industrial ' the island where I had so many pretations of their role in the inter- plants, belts of new housing, power friends of all political persuasions, vention. They insisted that their stations, irrigation canals, and tur- I was only sure that unless and until original estimate of the imminence quoise swimming pools. Then, cross- the Dominicans could find a selfless of a Communist takeover was given ing the Mona Passage, I saw onde and patriotic leader, their progress rationally and in good faith. They again the desolation of the far richer toward democracy and peace would also asserted that the subsequent Dominican lands, unfenced, unculti- be slow indeed. "neutrality" of our armed forces at vated, comparatively roadless, with the time when General Imbert was few and miserable towns and vil- SAW the outward marks of the driving the rebels southward into lages. I had known the' Dominican I battle lines dividing Dominicans their present pocket was genuine Republic under Trujillo, who had within a few minutes of landing at and was unfairly reported. What expelled me in 1949, and I had re- Punta Cauceda Airport. As my taxi they particularly regretted was that turned for the election of President passed through the numerous Ameri- the unverified "atrocity stories" at- Juan Bosch to observe the first can-manned checkpoints and ap- tributed by the press to Ambassador months of his ill-fated regime. Even proached the Duarte Bridge, I noted William Tapley Bennett, Jr.—reports then, the blood feuds,, the rivalries in sandbagged artillery and anti-air- of mass executions by the rebels, of politics and the army, the corrup- craft weapons emplaced on both heads on pikes at the Duarte Bridge, tion, and the deep divisions within banks of the Ozama River. The. and of the execution of Colonel the population seemed a formidable buildings were pocked with bullet Juan Calder6n, aide to the over- barrier to stable government. Now holes, and the square stack of a big thrown President Donald Reid Ca- these divisions had brought the cement factory on the bluff had a bral—were alleged to have been country to the brink of a bloodbath rocket hole clean through its middle. issued as known facts rather than as that, according to some Dominicans, On the other side of the strategic "rumors" or "reports received," as was narrowly averted by United bridge, over which General Elias the ambassador had been careful to States intervention, and a stalemate Wessin y Wessin's tanks and troop describe them to reporters. had developed that made the coun- carriers had rolled toward the city try's future seem as dismal a prospect early. in the revolt, every intersec- Disputed Evidence as its past. In San Juan, the average tion was blocked by tangles of When I went to see Lieutenant Gen- Puerto 'Ric'an had expressed relief barbed wire. In the cantinas along eral Bruce Palmer, in command of the at the intervention: "Thank God the the neutral zone that was our high- U.S. forces, he gave me his explana- 20 THE REPORTER tion of the films on the CBS News phere of bureaucracy, of business as cept for this pocket of Communists Special program of May 31: "Santo usual, Dominican style, hung over downtown that your troops won't Domingo—Why Are We There?" the corridors and offices of the mar- let me take care of." The film clips were said to show ble showplace in the fairgrounds "Then you regard Francisco Ca- junta reinforcements moving through built by Trujillo. The smartly amano as a-Communist?" , U.S. roadblocks, and they were fol- dressed secretaries, the petty officials "Caamano isn't a Communist. At lowed on the program by interviews with hairline mustaches, pointed least he wasn't when 1 knew him. with Deputy Secretary of Defense shoes, and evasive manners, were Maybe he's had—what do you call Cyrus R. Vance and General Palmer, polite enough, but they appeared to it?—a brainstorm • since they've who both stated that to the best of be bored with their jobs. Finally, on worked over him down there." As their knowledge there had been no my fourth visit, I was told that Gen- for Caamano's chief political ad- deliberate U.S. violations of neutral- eral Imbert wished to greet me but visers, Hector Aristy and Jose Fran- ity. Then CBS correspondent Charles that he would be too occupied with cisco Pefia G6mez, "Aristy is an op- Kuralt came on to say: "The very an OAS conference to talk. I walked portunist. This is his opportunity— next day we watched dozens of trucks into Imbert's office and found him he "thinks. His opportunity to pull loaded with armed junta troops and surrounded by a dozen officers and the strings and make international policemen, both of them in battle a dozen civilian officials. He came headlines. I don't know what Pena against the rebels, roll ' through over, shook hands, and apoldgized G6mez is. He could be a Commu- American checkpoints without even that the conference was about to nist. What do you think? slowing down." begin. Despite his hardboiled appear- "We want free elections," Imbert General Palmer told me that a ance and rough way of talking, Im- went on. "People think I want to full-scale investigation, based on evi- bert has a sense of humor. I said to be a dictator. Would I have killed dence in a letter from a mother in him, "Look, General, you know per- Trujillo if 1 wanted that? It's the the United States who had recognized last thing I want. 1 want to see my her soldier son on TV, testimony country safe to live in and free to • from others in this soldier's platoon, vote in—for whoever the people and measurement of the height of want, so long as he's a. Dominican the sandbags shown, had established who believes in his country first. that the incident in the first film clip When you come back, you'll see how dated from May 5, when the Imbert we'll have things cleaned up. We're junta was not in power, rather than starting already. At the top. That's from May 15 as charged. The last the place to start, I think. No more shots. General Palmer . continued, corrupt politicians—" were not of Dominican Army troops "And generals?" at all, but of police who, according "Right. There'll be no more cor- to the OAS'S cease-fire agreement, ruption and disloyalty in the army have the right to move freely in and as long as I'm running it." out of the security zone.* "To this "Where's Wessin these days?" I date," he said, checking the figure asked. with an aide who was taking notes, He got up, stroking his almost "there have been 809 violations of hairless bullet head, gave me a last the cease-fire agreement, and all of look from those usually expression- the violations have been by Colonel less but now twinkling pale blue Caamano's partisans." There had eyes, and put his hand reassuringly been no law and order at all, he on my arm: "Wessin is under my added, when the Americans landed. fectly well that I'm at least as impor- command. Doing his duty. That's "People were changing uniforms, tant as any two of these characters the way it's going to be from hiding, rushing in and out of asylum, who are going to take hours of your now on." switching sides madly. You couldn't valuable time. 1 want five minutes, tell who was on which side. Now,_ of it and 1 want it now." He laughed, ~ Behind the'Barricades at least, the lines are drawn." pulled me over to a sofa, and gave The contrast between General Im- me ten/ ' bert's administrative headquarters SOUGHT OUT General Imbert, the I asked Imbert just how far he and Colonel Caamano's improvised I man the United States is alleged to would be willing to go in co-oper- rebel command post in the Copello have installed as an alternative to ating with a "neutral" provisional Building on the" Calle Condd is so the rebels and to have favored since. government headed by a nonpolitical • startling that I had only to visit it to I went three times to the junta head- Dominican. He held up a finger of understand in a flash the "bias" quarters with appointments to see his right hand and pinched off the of the reporters that so grieves Wash- the man who took part in Trujillo's end of the nail with two fingers of ington and the U.S. embassy here. assassination, whom 1 had met when his left. "Just that far," he replied. I was profoundly moved by what he was a member of the governing "Why should I compromise on any- I saw in the rebel zone. I had been Council of State, -and each time I body? After all, the junta controls told that I would be risking my waited an hour in vain. An atmos- the entire republic, doesn't it? Ex- life if I passed beyond the check- July 15, 1965 21 \ louaxUdOOtt s points without any prior notice, appointment, or introduction of any kind. My driver was a Dominican boy who said that he would have to leave me at the barricades—auto- mobiles have been seized and their drivers impressed into service. I didn't argue with him, but as we neared the sandbags and barbed wire, he must have felt that his machismo was at stake for he said, "Oh, what the hell! I'll go with you." We drove through after one thor- ough search of the car for weapons, and were submitted to another, just as politely, a block beyond. From there on, the streets were relatively deserted, but the garbage was piled neatly into little heaps in the gut- ters, the improvised police were di- recting traffic on their boxes effi- ciently and with a lot more elan than in the security zone, and every male in sight carried sidearms, a rifle, or a submachine gun. The Calle Conde, the city's shopping thoroughfare, was jammed with peo- ple going about their business, women in curlers, and children play- Ambassador Bennett why this was Aristy, with a note of sadness in his ing soccer with tin cans. so. "Perhaps," remarked the ambas- voice and shaking his head: "I just A dozen heavily armed guards sador, "it is because he remembered cannot understand your government. were lounging on the steps of the that it was I who intervened twice The thing I have always admired Copello Building, several on camp in h^s behalf when President Donald about it the most is that your mili- stools with their automatic weapons Reid wanted to deport him." But tary establishment, unlike ours, has across their knees. They stepped up Pena G6mez was not there, and Colo- been historically subservient to the to the car and asked me what I nel Caamano was laid up with policy of the elected President. Why wanted. I explained that I was a asthma. is this no longer so?" Nothing that journalist and that Juan Bosch had I was taken upstairs and intro- I said could change his mind about suggested I talk to Pena G6mez. duced to Lieutenant Colonel Car- the existence of some Pentagon "con- Pena, whom I knew from my stay melo Lora Fernandez, the rebel chief spiracy" to saddle the Dominicans here in 1962-1963, is an idealistic of staff, who is a graduate of the permanently with Trujillista des- and emotional young Negro. He is U.S. Army Infantry School at Fort pots. And nothing he said could the only important member of Benning, Georgia. Next, Hector Aris- convince me that Ambassador Ben- Bosch's Dominican Revolutionary ty, the spokesman and perhaps the nett had "panicked" on April 28. Party (PRD) in the rebel high com- brains of the rebel movement, came "Have you seen any of those 'fifty- mand. It was he who led the initial in and answered my questions for three Communists' they talk about?" attack on Radio Santo Domingo on half an hour. No one interrupted the Aristy said. April 24. In the short time he con- three of us during this talk, and "Of course not. If they .are here, trolled it, he gave the first call to nothing was said that added to what you'd be foolish to let anyone see arms and organized an effective I knew already. I was told that them." "walkathon" of hundreds of Domini- Colonel Caamano stands firm in his "Your _own reporters admit that cans before. the television cameras claim to be the legitimate heir to • some people on that list were con- —people from the slums vowing the presidency under the terms of servatives and one was a fifteen-year- that they were prepared to die for succession laid down in the consti-. old." their country's freedom. Later/ he tution of 1963; that he remains the "No question that the list was reportedly informed the U.S. em- deputy of Juan Bosch until the time hastily improvised. That's not the bassy that "Communists are infiltrat- comes round for a new election; that point. In a total breakdown of law ing positions of importance and it is there are no Communists in the and order, how many disciplined very difficult to stop them." He was rebel command; that the rebels are operators does it take? Perhaps fewer reported to have been a moderating not anti-American, no matter how than fifty-three. How many did it voice in curbing anti-Yankee senti- much they deplore the intervention take in Russia in 1917 in propor- ment in the first days q£ the inter- that snatched victory from them; tion to the population? Did it take vention, and I had already asked that they wish to be left alone. Said more than Raul Castro and Che July IS, 196S 23 I J-dOOf loaaxi Guevara to guide the Cuban revolu- typing Ambassador Bennett, who the battle, but inflammatory—that tion into the Soviet fold?" snares with Under Secretary of State he has played in the past weeks. He laughed. "And to control these Thomas C. Mann the burden of Imbert was to tell me later that the few you needed 30,QOO troops?" rebel opprobrium, as "a Southern Dominican Air. Force controlled "Could fewer have separated a city aristocrat who can't abide any fac- only the San Isidro base, that Bosch like this, with: house-to-house com- tion that isn't 'his kind of people.'" could have landed at Punta Cauceda munications? There were more than Mann, he added,/ "liked Donald or at a provincial field, as some news- . that number-'-heaVily armed—to be Reid because he saw in him the men in chartered planes did. One of separated. •. '> latest-model American Latin Ameri- Bosch's closest associates said that if • "You think we are Communists?" can, auto-sales-manager version." the exiled leader had landed in the "No. I think the Communists want What really baffled Bosch was that provinces, by plane or by boat, "his us to leave, so that you and Imbert John Bartlow Martin, who he said progress to the capital would have can fight it out. Then they'll step had given him "real support when been like Napoleon's triumphal in—as they might have on April 28." he was ambassador and when the march from Antibes to Paris after U.S. military mission was doing he escaped from Elba." But Juan TjPTHiLE THE REBELS were digging in everything in its power to under- Bosch is not really a leader of men. " for a long siege, the man mine me through the Dominican He prefers to sit in Puerto Rico, whose banner they were carrying Army," now had turned £o Imbert, righteously indignant over those who sat in his Puerto Rican exile fighting who he said had helped to overthrow have "betrayed" him, colorfully witty the war of polemics he knows so in his fury over the United States well. I talked with Juan Bosch in intervention. San Juan the night before I flew to "You created the problem," he Santo Domingo. I had last seen concluded. "There is no solution to him in the Presidential Palace just it. It's your problem, not ours. Im- after his inauguration in 1963. Seven bert is your creation, just as months later he had been ousted in Wessin was before him." His eyes a bloodless coup by Wessin and Im- under the craggy white brows wrin- bert and others, and very few of kled in a smile. "So? What are you the six hundred thousand who had going to do with him? Thomas overwhelmingly elected him in the Mann is a smart man—maybe he'll republic's first completely free elec- find a way to get out of what he got tion seemed to be upset about it. into. The Dominicans have their He had managed to alienate almost own problems, however. Different everyone from the Right to the Left, ones. We can't solve them while including even a substantial number you're solving your problems on our of his own party, because he failed' territory. As far as we're concerned, to delegate authority, stalled in car- you're only making Communists out rying out promised social reforms, him. Martin, he supposed, was the of Dominicans, and the longer you and frightened business and the victim of his ulcers: "His hands stay the more you'll make." armed forces without curbing any shook. He saw Communists hiding Juan Bosch's personality, more of their arbitrary powers. everywhere." than his actions or inaction, led to Bosch is an intellectual, a literary I asked him whether it was true his overthrow. Bosch could have man, a political theorist, and an that Martin had offered him help at united Dominicans after the election orator who has spent most of his the time of the September, 1963, had he gone to his rival, Dr. Viriato adult life as an embittered and com- coup. "He offered it," Bosch said, Fiallo, leader of the conservative bative exile. The point was made "but then he came back to the palace National Civic Union (UCN), and em- obliquely by his friend Dr. Jaime and said, 'The fleet is thirty-eight braced him; instead he poured scorn Benitez, chancellor of the University hours away.' By that time I was upon the old man who had stayed of Puerto Rico, who' drove me to done for, so I said, 'Thanks. For- in Santo Domingo and opposed Tru- Bosch's house in Bayam6n. Benitez, get it.' " jillo for years. Nor did he have any- who deplores the intervention but C, thing to lose by complimenting the who worked with the McGeorge The Reluctant Leader Council of State, which included Bundy mission in Santo Domingo, I asked Bosch why he hadn't flown Donald Reid and General Imbert, thinks that "All Latin-American in- to the Dominican Republic when on the magnificent job it had done tellectuals are caught in the vise (you the revolt broke out on April 24, or in governing the country and super- can also spell it vice) of their own two days later, when the rebels were intending free elections that went rhetoric and linguistic image. They carrying everything before them. He against the UCN convictions of most are not makers of policy. They are answered that Wessin controlled the of its seven members. Instead he thinking: 'How will I look to his- air. This was a lame excuse. Perhaps, accused the council of the grossest tory? Will I be called somebody's as a matter of fact, it is a key not crimes, proving none of his charges puppet?' " only to Bosch's failure to take action and alienating all the interests the Bosch has lost none of his charm— when he was president but also to council represented, including the or dogmatism. He began by stereo- the curious role—messianic, above Catholic Church. The combination 24 THE REPORTER \ of all these circumstances, in addi- to ask Herrera's son-in-law, a close that, I am here, at their service. tion to Bosch's ingrained suspicion friend of Donald Reid, whether he From the point of view of my own of U.S. motives, his "principled" re- would put me in touch with the for- interests, I should go abroad. I'm fusal to call upon American aid to mer president. He went to the tele- completely broke. I refused to take save him, and his nai've faith that phone, came back, and, although it a salary. I paid three times in taxes the Trujillista army would leave was going on midnight, told me that what I received for expenses. The him alone if he left it alone, led to Reid would receive me at once. J> mobs totally destroyed my automo- his downfall. drove to the address he gave me and''V bile-sales agency. All cars are sold rang the bell. Reid, the frail, blue- on long-term notes here, and no- The Forgotten Man eyed son of a Scotch father and an body, friend or enemy, will feel obli- The same people who overthrew aristocratic Dominican mother. gated to pay up now that I'm out. I Bosch took advantage of Donald Reid's overthrow nineteen months later, but for different reasons. Whereas Bosch was a moderate of the Left, Reid was a moderate of the Right, and there was remarkably little difference between what each did while he was in office. Both men practiced a kind of austerity that was highly unpopular with business without gaining them an iota of sup- port among the peasants or the urban proletariat. Reid even had the government workers against him; at the time of the revolt, they hadn't been paid in five months. Both were personally honest. Both were unbe- lievably inefficient. Both were under constant attack in El Caribe and Listin Diario, the capital's two most influential newspapers, and on the radio and TV. Both, but Reid espe- cially, spent more time preparing to stay in power beyond their term than in making fundamental social reforms. Finally, both men were overthrown by the military. Since his overthrow on April 25,. Donald Reid has been so much the forgotten man in Santo Domingo that my initial inquiries as to his whereabouts were met with "He must be dead," "He's a prisoner," "He's flown the coop," or just "Who knows?" I located him, as it hap- pened, through one of his sharpest critics, the editor of Listin Diario, Rafael Herrera Cabral, who is a dis- tant relative of Reid's. To the ac- companiment of booming frogs in the garden and machine-gun fire in opened the door himself! He was in owe the company a fortune. I'll have the distance, Herrera was explaining shirtsleeves, looking even more hag- to go abroad, find a job, and try to his view that the only possible way gard and burning-eyed than usual, pay my debts. Meanwhile," he added to peace is a long OAS stewardship and was entirely alone. I asked with a wry smile, "I'm writing a until, as he put it, "Our failure to him whether he didn't feel in dan- memoir, of what happened, and compromise could be gradually ger. He replied that he considered reading a book a day, something eroded away. The more revolutions it a point of honor to remain for the I haven't had time to do for five occur, in a country like ours, the duration of the crisis. years. harder it becomes to achieve any of "If I had it to do over again," he the social progress the revolutions DID NOTHING, after all, but what went on in response to my questions, were mounted to bring about." I considered to be my duty," he "I think I would do exactly what It was at this point that I ventured said. "If they want to kill me for I did. My course was unpopular, but July 15, 1965 25 •Tt- it was the only honest one." He the Dominicans approved the OAS With me on this drive to Santiago paused. "With one exception: I plan, the question would remain, went another old friend, the very think perhaps I should have shut Who could be found to head such a candid socialist and patriot Buena- down Listin Diario.^I allowed abso- government? The White House team ventura Sanchez, who had spent most lute freedom of speech, but I was of Special Presidential Assistant Mc- , of his mature years fighting iTrujillo. needled so mercilessly and so un- George Bundy, Under Secretary Once Bosch's minister of education, ethically that the conspirators in the Mann, Deputy Secretary of Defense he now heads a PRD faction that has armed forces were given every en- Cyrus Vance, and Assistant Secre- split with Bosch. He was outspokenly couragement to stage a coup." tary of State for Inter-American Af- in favor of our i'ntervention: "This I asked Reid if lie wouldn't have fairs Jack Hood Vaughn had also is not 1916, when every Dominican been wise not to seek election—for been wrestling with the problem and was opposed, and rightly so, to the the presumption that he intended to had tried unsuccessfully to get American occupation. Today we are •run in the elections scheduled for Caamafio and Imbert to step aside divided on the question—and I speak September and to use his powers to in favor of a compromise coalition of the average man, not the lutum- stay in office as heir to the illegal government headed by Bosch's for- •potes [Bosch's term for the filthy rfnti-Bosch coup of September, 1963, mer minister of agriculture, Antonio rich] or the tragically disoriented was certainly a prime factor in his Guzman. Another name prominent- students who spearhead the mobs in overthrow. ly mentioned was my old friend the streets. There are many like my- "I had as much right to run as Tomas Pastori/a, a textile manufac- self who recognize that the Ameri- any man," he replied, "but I would turer of Santiago. I decided to. add can intervention this time saved our not have become a candidate unless his views to those I had collected in country—if it can be saved—for a a whole set—and I emphasize the the politics-ridden capital. second chance to become a democ- ' word 'set'—of parties had come to racy. We have come to this conclu- me and asked me to. So far they Building on the Ruins sion because we are painfully aware hadn't." In fact, it would have been There were nineteen junta check- of our own shortcomings. We are a a miracle if even two of the badly points along the hundred-mile drive sanguinary people in times of crisis, splintered small parties of the Right from Santo Domingo to Santiago dc impatient, politically immature, had joined forces to back a los Caballeros, the republic's second ready to shed blood without asking candidate. city and the capital of one of the ourselves first what it is we want. Before I left, I asked if he could richest agricultural regions on earth. Even the Cubans are less impa- conceive of circumstances in which As. a result, I had plenty of time to tient. When Fidel Castro, who was he might stage a comback. He make my own poll of public opin- never a man to count the cost in smiled. "Wasn't it Lenin who said, ion, en route, and it did not jibe lives, came to power, five hundred 'The only politician who never with Imbert's claim to have the back- men were killed. Two or three times comes back is a dead one?' Things ing of the countryside. The results, that number were killed here in the here go in cycles. Our government very roughly, were: in favor of Im- first few days of this revolt. Had the is a tiger. If you ride it you must be bert, ten per cent; of Caamafio, forty United States not intervened, tens prepared to guide it- by its ears. Yes, per cent; No Comment, fifty per of thousands would have been shot, I can conceive of trying again!" cent. But, as one Imbert man in the whichever side prevailed. And if one town of La Vega said to us, "You faction or the other is permitted to DECIDED to leave Santo Domingo won't get many to admit that they're take power today or tomorrow, it I and view conditions at first hand for Imbert—they're too afraid of will be a matter of a very short time in the countryside, where few cor- being branded reactionaries, Tru- before the same thing happens, re- respondents had gone. The Organi- jillistas, or Yankee lovers." Branded gardless of the present leadership. zation of American States was favor- by whom, he didn't say. The Communists will not play a ing a plebiscite to allow the dominant role in our country until Dominican people to vote 1'or or all the patriots and moderate men against a return to the .Bosch consti- have been killed. When that hap- tution of 1963, to be followed by pens, it will take less than the fifty- formation of a government to serve three on Ambassador Bennett's list out the remainder of Juan Bosch's to build a totalitarian satellite on term. This is the solution favored by the ruins of my country." Luis Mufioz Mann. The former gov- On my visit to Santo Domingo last ernor of Puerto Rico told me, "What February 1, when Donald Reid was is past is past, and our whole effort still in power but his popularity with must be engaged to resuscitate Do- all parties was reaching its nadir, I minican democracy." This can be had wondered whether it was too accomplished, he suggested, by plac- late even then for a nonpolitical re- ing our weight behind the plebiscite gime. Then as now, Sanchez and I and the constitution, which he called had talked to Tomas Pastoriza, both "the charter of the majority that yiff of us thinking that he alone might came to power in a free election." provide the needed disinterested lead- If, as Mufioz expects would happen, ership. Pastoriza had dodged the 26, THE REPORTER j AdOOP loagxj question whether he would be inter- "Why did President Johnson have slogan of constitutionalism, of sav^ ested in the presidency. In summary, to announce that the Marines were ing that poor old charter that they he had said this: landing to save American lives? Why whipped up in such a hurry in 1963. Trujillo, at least, was industrial- didn't he announce that they were Constitutionalism—which everybody izing agriculture. Today the process landing to save Dominican lives— is for, naturally!—is now the Com- has been reversed'and has retro- and Dominican democracy? munists' admitted aim here, isn't it? gressed to where it was in 1930. The industrialists are all'"mercantilists, living in the capital;. abandoning agriculture to the subsistence farm- ers, borrowing to build luxury homes for rental, and banking the profits abroad. Only Haitians—thousands of whom are "bootlegged" into the country—would cut the cane or do anyjiard labor in the provinces. Do- minican labor drifts into the capital looking for jobs in construction or as domestics, and becomes declassed. The end result is bound to be a Communist takeover as fewer and fewer in the capital control more and more of the country's deterior- ating assets. "Donnie Reid," he had said, "is doing nothing to reverse this trend. Diversified agriculture—not for quick "What we have in Ciudad Nueva Listen to Radio Havana. No one or big profits, but for man, is the today," he continued, "is a coalition else had the experience to think of answer. And without mass education of the aggrieved. They began by anything so diabolically cleverl" to get Dominicans fired up about being aggrieved against Reid and his I suggested that former President this we face disaster. The only tiny austerity program. This coalition is Joaquin Balaguer, who succeeded little bit of hope I can hold out is manipulated by opportunists like Trujillo, might turn out to be the that I was applauded recently for Hector Aristy, and no doubt by'the beneficiary of the leaderless Domini- saying in a speech to some business- Communists, who have no reason to can situation. men that our economy and the Hai- show their faces. Caamafio is not a "Precisely," Pastoriza agreed, "and tians' must be integrated. They must Communist. He was the youngest, sadly if one is historical-minded and provide the labor, and we must feed least studious, and most rebellious of contemplates the years when Bala- them. There is no other way out, for the three sons of Trujillo's police guer was Trujillo's puppet. Yet either people." chief, so they took him out of school Balaguer, for what he did to keep and put him in the armed forces— 'the dictator's family from returning ASTORIZA is one of the foremost where else?, and for his largesse to the poor dur- P citizens of the Dominican Repub- "Isn't it a wonderful tragicome- ing that period in 1961-1962, is pop- lic in balance, intelligence, efficiency, dy? The two top men in this country ular with many classes of Dominicans and vision. When I found him in today are sixth-graders! One is this today. If he and Bosch could get Santiago I asked him the same ques- colonel and the other is this general together in Puerto Rico, they could tion that I had asked him in Febru- who isn't a general, who killed Tru- solve the problem. But Bosch is too ary: "Ellsworth Bunker and his OAS jillo because Trujillo executed his hysterical and messianic. And Bala- team will be coming to see you, I'm brother. And now the so-called in- guer is too coldly intellectual. I will sure. Will you take the presidency tellectuals of this country are lining say this for Balaguer. He's the only if it's offered to you?" "I just won- up behind these two big luminaries, politician willing to forget his per- der whether this country can be run arid where is Bosch's PRO with all its sonal ambitions, however much he democratically after this," he replied principles in all this? Except for wants to run for president. He does thoughtfully. "And who wants to be you, Buenaventura, and your fol- call for Dominicans of all parties a dictator? I'd sacrifice myself, cer- lowers, perhaps, gone—" and classes to unite. If he backed tainly, if there were any point. You I asked Pastoriza if he thought another man it might save the show me the point and I'll put my Caamafio could ever agree to a non- country." head in the noose. Look. Who is political government not based on If "another man" could be some- winning today? Neither side. The the PRO constitution of 1963. one with the integrity of a Pastoriza Dominican people are losing." He "It would be hard. Those who in- or a Sanchez, and if the OAS could paused. "You people made one sist on the constitution are those manage to purge the Trujillista mistake." who hold him up and put the words army of its coup-minded command- "One? 1 thought we .made sev- in his mouth. Only the Communists ers, Dominican democracy might in- eral!" • , • ' could have dreamed up this new deed have a second chance. July IS, 1965 27 \ NEW YORK TIMES, Saturday, 4 Sept.1965 (i Hector^Garda-Godoy1 Special to The New Vorlf TJmd AJNTTO DOMINGO," Bc-nlint- S can Republic Sept 3 -i, When Hector Gafcia'Codbr" gatfe up Softball iarid Began <• playing golf lus family was ' cdnfident that another" diplo- matic career was on the Way It was an old routine^ for the Gafcii-Godoys this s'endifig' of a bright young 'me'mber of "" the family int3o di- ' Man ploniacy i It had been going 6n for in the generations^ From •News that early point in hlsT career the" young Garcia Godoy1 rose to an eminence that brought him today Into at role expect ed to challenge all hfis powets of diplomacy—that' bif pro visional President <5f the Dominican Republic charged, ! with restoring democratic 1 processes after mote ttfan four months' of' bitter civil strife or Garcia Godoy i_eaehed the top m the Dominican di ^lit; plomatic field when lie was-se- .A/Waste for politics lected as Foreign Minister by President Juan Bosch But he ' had barely mq^ed his para 6wn ranks' but were barred phernalla Wo his desk when by -,the Contentious political Mr Bdsch Ws tdWledj- by- s tuation from bunging this a military coup detarm Sep f abou Dr t 1 tember 1963 The new Foj> v Garcia Godoy was Dorn eign Minister went-, into ,p:rT <™yll 1921 m Moca a vate business believing he i?wn m fh^ heArt of th? had left public life for-ever ^ Dominican Republi cn s1 most \. fertfle rural area the Cibao Headed,Tobacco EnterpiJse ^a]ley The family^iome is in Santiago in, theWalie^piej received his prim»ry!fls6aaor I ing there, but spehjs tnosifwf.^ his high schoolfi&eafsnJgiJi HefWai Washington where1' flijif'sa^ the business world ^hen. he ther was in the Dominican was summoned to lead the- Embassy ' country a j He received his law degree '"Why this qiliet/ amiable from. Santo Demingo UniveT'- man Was chosen is something! sity in 1944 i. of a mystery The only possi ^/i. 'Coiner' 6n Diplomacy hie answer is that the, vio- Jeatly oppoSedJDqminLcan.fac- ! Shortly after hi? gradua tion he married Matilde; Pas tions found someone with 1 qualifications they considered tbuza, Who was also the child fundamental ,to some sort' of Ivpafeiit^iare'!resigned. to;' 1116')*; ^f atife^that, Awhile;: -Dr/' •$&xcfa?'$ji r |^Gar^0P|^|y^eSii pp;GO(3^y? • i^V^iiot'fi'.tihfeir^.: .entliusi--. ij I'istTOilu'ggqflsJi!'-"6'^" at leas|V;...... ho;''^vaiks: briskly/fie^speaksi .gidlling-tof^eBf'jtheir-'positiqn '<• a^nay^iiiv^^jii -: i •.•; •; •••.-.•* .'• ••;ia-:%i||iiBc^^apas,••;Snglish,-an; d ^French'l,*«ativ.B ..fluentlyt 4iC^Hey/-jfiel*^e||i§;.! ,'som.ebrie";^^ni4& ^T.xd^^^,^, 'Affi.ey;-.;6a'n;V/JKg^^j);-jSji-;,.until -'a.'..:'.'.••: iiTh'^r GariiHiia.odd'y.si-H.£i:ye/ : ! '?r|al' ^shawScSnji*gefjtes^' ; Like Wrn .,!^K*'1^3i:i>v> 'X ^. •-••iiil'b" ^1 rfa ' FOUNDED by HORACE CKEELEV, AfML 10, 1841 The Herald Tribune makes available a broad cross section of informed and responsible opinion throuoh the views ond observations of our columnists. 'Our own opinions are expressed In these editorials. •iimiiiiiiNimnmiiimiiiiNmiiiimmiHjjHiiuiiuiiiiiiiiimiiimiiimiiiiiiiiimimiimmiii'mimiu 18 , / Friday, March 11, 1966 _v '"• . . ) .. . •••-'. ••--••,;. •/ ^UlllllmmimllJllMnlmmllllllll(m1lmlll111llltlllllll1HlmlJm '•"' • ' . ' F ' . • - "••''••, "•"'.'•- : '"' ' / ' • ' •'•-..•••,' ...-.•.'. • . . _ . .^ ? A Possible Solution in Santo Domingo f The Dominican.Republic is right back, certainly be denounced by the opposition .to where it was just a year ago—on the as fraudulent.' verge of an explosion. Unless something Thus the conclusion is that neither is done soon to relieve the mounting v holds' promise, at the present time, of /pressures, the first anniversary of the providing the Dominican Republic with •Tcivil war, April 24,vmay be: observed the. peace and order which are so essen- -With the outbreak of a new one. tial for its reebyery and its future . The program advanced as a solution \ development. And since these elements. ;by the Organization of American States —peace and order—are more important -T-however good it may have appeared' than an/ election .exercise (especially bn.paper-i-is breaking down. Two points on« which would be divisive and destruc- vessential for its success have not been- tive), patriotic Dominicans might see arms which had been the wisdom of striving to 'achieve, these elements, some of them first, and of putting off the ^election fly Communist, have not been until another year. • t * & ''recovered and remain an ever-present , Perhaps the happiest temporary1 % threat to stability. Entrenched military tion would be the setting up,of'a* officers, on the other hand, refuse to provisional government, headed by both ^surrender their control of the armed Dr. Bosch and Dr. Balaguer. One has 'forces' and have placed themselves above been identified with the Left; the other J the provisional government of President with the Right. But Dr. Bosch, though :: Garcia Godoy. ^associated with" extremists, is still As a result,, the authority of the considered by some knowledgeable provisional President is collapsing (or people to be anti-Communist in his has collapsed), and-,with it the tenuous thinking and feeling. And Dr. Balaguer, cease-fire of. the past months. In this though associated with the late dictator shighly charged climate, Dominicans are Trujillo, is considered a man of many Ibeing asked ten; prepare for national good qualities. /. selections; scheduled ^to\be held June 1. Furthermore, both are intellectuals f Juan Bosc^,,;a-leading candidate for who might have the capacity for mutual ithe Presidency;,;;has good , reason to; ; understanding. The question is whether doubt that his military opponents,.:hqld- ; they are great enough patriots and ;ing .the keys of power, would permit statesmen to submerge their personal .him tp win; -and if;they did', he has . differences and ambitions for the greater •^equally good reason;to doubt that they good of the country. .•would permit him to take power. ..' -. ;. Something of the kind has been.done \ His"; chief ;ppponenti -Dr. Balaguer, in the case of Colombia, and the result |wqultf probably1 be acceptable1 'ixy the 1 has been the salvation; of that republic. /•military officers; .but his election,' with Perhaps . it can be done again, with' " '"" .participation of Dr. 'similar results," in jpjyal candidate, would almost Dominican Republic, MEW YORK TIMES, .Sunday, 5 December 1965 Force Assesses Its Dominican I By PAtJI, HOFMAI The backbone of the inter- contends, the inter-American point —indicate d that Washing- .1 SpecllI to The N«w York Times American force in the Domini- ive" In keeping apart the two ton 'feared a Communist take- y SANTO DOMINGO, Domini- can Republic is the United force, while "extremely effect- over of the rebellion. can Republic, Dec. 4—Staff of- States' 82d Airborne Division. camps in the recent Dominican On May 6 the Organization of ficers of the Inter-American One of its admirers is Maj. Gen. civil war, "took very clearly American States decided to Peace Force here have been Indar Jit Rikhye of India, here the side of one of the two fac- form an inter-American force. ordered to record their experi- as an observer for Secretary tions." The general alleges that The bulk of the force, with its ences in the Dominican Republic General Thant of the United the inter-American force long tanks and other heavy weap- Nations. The general, a veteran backed the rightist military ons, is in encampments around for guidance should a similar of United Nations peace-keep- chiefs who opposed the rebels' the capital, leaving few .trgo'tis" situation arise elsewhere in the ing efforts, calls the 82d Air- demand for an end of junta rule in the city's center. At tnSiSbS Western Hemisphere. borne "a splendid outfit," add- and a return, of constitutional quest of Provisional Presraigi The 19-state ing: "Any soldier associated government. Hector Garcia-Godoy, smail:'aeii= Conference, which closed in Rio with it can call himself happy." United States marines landed tachments of the force have U.S .'Overrepresented' near Santo Domingo last April fanned out into the interior this week, side- 28, four days after the out- lately to discourage plotters. eontroversiai Unit- Nevertheless General Rikhye break of the war. The force's leaders say they retains grave reservations about llttoposal for a lasting U.S. Force Beached 24,000 do not know how long it is go- peace force. But of- the inter-American force. He ing to stay. But it is generally are convinced that|says the United States is "over- The United States interven- believed that the O.A.S, from represented" in it to the point tion was first said to aim at which the force receives its or- at least:'a permanent skeleton of dominance, a flaw that the protecting United States citi- ders, will want inter-American military staff will emerge from United Nations learned to avoid zens and other foreigners, but a soldiers in the Dominican Re- the peace-keeping venture in in its . military undertakingsvast military build-up — to 24,- public at least until after i the the Dominican Republic. . since the war in Korea. 000 United States troops in or general election scheduled for/ The leaders of the six-natiori :'near Domingo at one'June 1. force, now down to 9,4QO;imejffl and due to be cut further^gira declare that a decision- oritalpefs1 manent hemisphere military, body is "up to the politicians" .of the Organization of American .States. : . •'. • Lieut. Gen. Bruce Palmer Jr. of the United States, the deputy commander, remarked. :: this week: "If another crisis - were tti break outiin some other area in the'hemisphere, who should : handle it? The United Nations ? VI believe-t}ie regional organiza- ; yhjuy* jnucK .betteiv^han^ei