Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Copyright © 2013 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA All rights reserved First printing: September 2013 Manufactured in the United States of America Cover illustration: Rachel Roth The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated organizations, or to members of its board of executive directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ...............................................................................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................v Background ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Methodology ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................6 Main Findings ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................7 Implications for Project Teams and Practitioners .................................................................................................................................................... 24 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 28 References ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 29 Annexes 1 Summary of Budget Transparency and Monitoring Case Studies .........................................................................................................................................A–3 2 Additional Budget Transparency and Monitoring Initiatives under Implementation Utilizing Social Accountability Mechanisms ....................................................................................................................................................................................................A–117 3 Budget Transparency in World Bank Development Policy Lending Operations ....................................................................................................... A–129 Boxes 1 Why Is Budget Transparency and Monitoring Important? ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 2 Budget Transparency and Monitoring in World Bank-Supported Development Policy Lending Operations ......................................................9 3 Alternate Budgeting for Vulnerable Groups ........................................................................................................................................................................................12 4 BT&M in Fragile and Postconflict Situations ........................................................................................................................................................................................13 5 The Role of CSO Umbrella Networks in Budget Transparency and Monitoring ................................................................................................................18 Figures 1 Distribution of 95 BT&M Initiatives Across Regions.......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 2 Budget Cycle ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 3 Budget Transparency Feedback Loop ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 4 Stakeholders in the Budget Process ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 5 Breakdown of BT&M Activities Across Key Sectors ........................................................................................................................................................................13 6 Types of Mechanisms Used by BT&M Initiatives ...............................................................................................................................................................................14 7 Duration of BT&M Initiatives .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................19 Tables 1 Illustrative Budget Transparency and Monitoring Activities ........................................................................................................................................................15 2 Mapping BT&M Outcomes Across the Budget Cycle ....................................................................................................................................................................20 iii Acronyms and Abbreviations AFR Africa Region LAC Latin America and the Caribbean Region BT&M budget transparency and monitoring MNA Middle East and North Africa Region CSO civil society organization NGO nongovernmental organization DPL Development Policy Lending PFM Public Financial Management EAP East Asia and Pacific Region SAR South Asia Region ECA Europe and Central Asia Region SDV Social Development Department (World Bank) iv Acknowledgements This stock-taking report is a product of the Social Addison, Katherine Bain, John Ivor Beazley, Lisa Bhansali, Development Department (SDV) at the World Bank. The Robert Chase, Yoseph Abdissa Deressa, Cheikh Ahmed Diop, study was led by Sanjay Agarwal under the guidance of Anupama Dokeniya, Peter D. Ellis, Adrian Fozzard, Andrea Helene Grandvoinnet (SDV). The report was written by Gallina, Soraya Goga, Endashaw Tadesse Gossa, Errol G. Harika Masud (lead author), Sanjay Agarwal, Martin Luis Graham, Sheila Grandio, Asli Gurkan, Craig Hammer, Zahid Alton, Shruti Majumdar and Darshana Patel. The core team Hasnain, Leif Jensen, Kimberly D. Johns, Sarah Keener, Thomas benefited from valuable inputs, comments and guidance Kenyon, Gregory Kisunko, Jana Kunicova, Joseph Mansilla, from a group of experts including Albert Van Zyl from the Rosa Maria Martinez, Yasuhiko Matsuda, Zachary Mills, International Budget Partnership and David Nummy, Nicola Edgardo Mosqueira, Suleiman Namara, Luiza Nora, David Smithers, and Carolina Vaira from the World Bank. Michael Nummy, Mitchell O’Brien, Roberto O. Panzardi, This report would not have been possible without contri- Stefano Paternostro, Tiago Peixoto, Nicolas Peltier-Thiberge, butions from colleagues who provided inputs in identifying Andrianjaka Razafimandimby, Djalal Dini Sari, Fabian Seiderer, over 200 initiatives for the stock-taking exercise. Vivek Srivastava, John Titsworth, and Diane Zovighian. The authors would also like to thank Laura Johnson for her invalu- In particular, the authors would like to thank Noor Zada able editorial support. (Partners Jordan), Jeremy Coon (Inter-American Foundation), George Cheriyan (CUTS International), Phil Oliff (Center on Finally, the authors are grateful to the Governance Budget and Policy Priorities), Michelle Soeller (GIZ) and Naimur Partnership Facility (GPF) for supporting the activities under Rahman (Affiliated Network for Social Accountability-South this initiative. Asia), for providing their invaluable insights for the case stud- The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed ies documented in this exercise. in this report are entirely those of the authors and should The authors would like to express their gratitude to all not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to the World Bank task teams who provided input to ensure