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1 the Winter Ecology and Response to Environmental Change of A The Winter Ecology and Response to Environmental Change of a Neotropical Migratory Songbird: the Swainson’s Warbler Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alicia Rae Brunner, B.S. Graduate Program in Environment and Natural Resources The Ohio State University 2018 Thesis Committee: Christopher M. Tonra, Advisor Mažeika Sullivan William Peterman Colin Studds 1 Copyright by Alicia Rae Brunner 2018 2 Abstract The ecological impacts of anthropogenic climate change are widespread, and rapid responses, such as shifting distributions, are being observed in many animal populations worldwide. The ability of a species to respond to these climate shifts is critical, and determining the adaptive capacity of vulnerable populations is important as weather patterns become increasingly variable. Migratory birds might provide a unique opportunity to study these responses since they experience climate change in different ways as they travel thousands of miles throughout their annual cycle. Thus far, many studies have focused on large-scale species-level responses, but since individual abilities to respond to changing conditions drive species-level adaptations, identifying behavioral plasticity at a finer-scale is important. If individuals can modify their space use and habitat utilization during changing environmental conditions, they might avoid consequences, such as declining food during periods of drought. Understanding if and how individuals can respond to seasonal changes in precipitation will help us make predictions about how long-term environmental change might impact populations. My goal was to better understand if and how overwintering migratory birds respond to seasonal changes in precipitation and resources by modifying their home ranges and habitat utilization. In the winter of 2016 and 2017, I sought to determine how a ground foraging Neotropical migrant of conservation concern, the Swainson’s Warbler ii Limnothlypis swainsonii, adjusted within-season movements during dry and wet periods at Font Hill Nature Preserve in Jamaica, West Indies. I observed individuals occupying smaller home ranges in more dense habitats and modifying their home range as precipitation changed. Habitat openness had a strong effect on arthropod dry mass and denser habitats supported more arthropods on average throughout the season, although dry period prey abundance was relatively even in both mesic and xeric habitats. Swainson’s Warblers that utilized more mesic habitats shifted their home ranges farther and into denser, more xeric habitats when rainfall increased. Individuals also altered the size of their home ranges throughout the season, demonstrating plasticity in home range size with changing conditions. These results provide valuable evidence of the variable space use strategies that overwintering migratory birds can exhibit in response to fluctuating resources. My findings support the idea that some migratory birds possess the behavioral plasticity in habitat use to adjust space use strategies as seasonal environmental conditions change. Further, I found that individuals can track spatiotemporal changes in food availability while altering the structure of, but maintaining, their home ranges. By examining the behavioral plasticity of wintering migrants to track seasonal environmental change, we can better predict the implications of long-term environmental change for future populations. iii Dedication Dedicated to my parents, Peter and Star Brunner, who have instilled in me a passion for adventure, a never-ending drive to pursue what I love, and the motivation to always stand up for what I believe in. Thank you. iv Acknowledgments As this thesis is dedicated to my family, I would first like to begin by acknowledging my Ohio State family, first and foremost, Dr. Chris Tonra. Chris, I feel lucky to have had the opportunity to be one of your first graduate students and from the moment we first chatted about science back in 2014, I knew we would make a great team. Catching Swainson’s Warblers in Jamaica during my first field season was one of the highlights of my time as your advisee, and as it is obvious we bear similarities in our intensity in the field (yes, I pride myself in this), it makes me even more proud to have you as my mentor. Thank you for all you have taught me over the past few years, thank you for your patience, support and dedication to my success, and I look forward to crushing more ornithology with you in the future. To my committee, Colin Studds, Mažeika Sullivan, and Bill Peterman, thank you for your inspiring suggestions for how I can better myself as a young scientist. Bill, your initiative to help me as I struggled with models was incredibly appreciated and shows how passionate you are about science, and seeing your students succeed. And Colin, I really enjoyed our days in the field in Jamaica, thank you for the expertise about this study system and pushing me to think harder about my questions. And of course, this journey would not have been the same if I wasn’t able to share it with my lab mates Liz Ames, Jay Wright, Kristie Stein, Elena Daggett and Jo Kingsbury. Not only are you great lab mates, but also wonderful friends. There are also v too many current and former SENR graduate students to thank, who have positively influenced my time at Ohio State, thank you all for making my time here so incredibly fun and you are all inspirational scientists. Specifically, if it was not for Jennifer Malpass hiring me for my first field job back in 2013 I would not have come to realize what a fantastic research institution Ohio State is, and I also may never have gotten an ornithology job! Thank you, Jenn, for believing in me. Also another shout out to Kate Donlon who spent hours in the lab trying to get my PCR to work…thank you so much for your guidance and patience. I would like to give a huge thank you to Peter Marra of the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center for your constant support. Thank you for taking the time to chat with me about research and guide me through tough problems. Your direction and advice was incredibly helpful, thank you. Thank you to those at Ohio State and Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center who provided logistical help and advice, specifically: Trisha Taylor, Taylor White, Jayna Marques, and Dennis Hull. Also a special thanks to Bob Reitsma, you are saint for dealing with the ins and outs of international research, preparation, equipment, permits, you name it. Thank you for all of that patience, Bob. I want to thank my amazing field assistants Cody Lane and Natasha Barlow. Without you both, this research would have never been accomplished. I will probably never be able to repay you for the hours of leaf litter samples we sorted (at least 216 total hours in either year. Yes, really.), in addition to all of that patience you needed to track down the SWWAnksters. Thank you, thank you, thank you. Also I cannot forget Justin vi Saunders who helped in all aspects of my project in both field seasons, and Lizzie and John Diener who willingly sorted leaf litter with me! Thank you all for making my field seasons unforgettable. Thank you to my parents, Peter and Star, for always supporting my curiosity and love for all things nature. And lastly, a massive thank you to Bryant Dossman who has been through this journey with me from my first field job, through my masters defense (although remotely from Jamaica, of course). You truly are a shining light in my life and I would not have gotten through this craziness without your constant support in all aspects. I am incredibly proud of you, and thank you always being the first to remind me I am powerful through those tough times, and for inspiring me to be my best self every day. My research was supported by the School of Environment and Natural Resources and the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center. Thank you to National Environment and Planning Agency of Kingston, Jamaica for providing permits to collect samples and the Petroleum Corporation of Jamaica for allowing access into Font Hill Nature Preserve. Funding was also provided by the Paul A. Stewart grant from the Wilson Ornithological Society. vii Vita Education: May 2008 ……………………………….. Diploma, Hartford Union High School Hartford, Wisconsin May 2012 ……………………………….. B.S. University of Wisconsin – Green Bay Green Bay, Wisconsin Professional Experience: January 2015 to present ………………….. Graduate Research Associate The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio September – November 2014 ……………… Research Assistant Kalamazoo Valley Bird Observatory Kalamazoo, Michigan February – May 2014 ……………………… Research Assistant USGS Forest Bird Demography Project Hakalau Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii September – November 2013 ……………… Research Assistant University of Southern Mississippi Fort Morgan, Alabama viii April – August 2013 ………………………………. Research Assistant The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Fields of Study Major Field: Environment and Natural Resources ix Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... v Vita ..................................................................................................................................
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