DOCSLIB.ORG

Table of Contents

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Table of Contents Table of Contents Chapter 1 1 Country Overview 1 Country Overview 2 Key Data 4 Serbia 5 Southeastern Europe 6 Chapter 2 8 Political Overview 8 History 9 Political Conditions 19 Political Risk Index 72 Political Stability 86 Freedom Rankings 101 Human Rights 113 Government Functions 116 Government Structure 117 Principal Government Officials 122 Leader Biography 124 Leader Biography 124 Foreign Relations 126 National Security 148 Defense Forces 150 Appendix: Kosovo 152 Chapter 3 161 Economic Overview 161 Economic Overview 162 Nominal GDP and Components 169 Population and GDP Per Capita 170 Real GDP and Inflation 171 Government Spending and Taxation 172 Money Supply, Interest Rates and Unemployment 173 Foreign Trade and the Exchange Rate 174 Data in US Dollars 175 Energy Consumption and Production Standard Units 176 Energy Consumption and Production QUADS 178 World Energy Price Summary 179 CO2 Emissions 180 Agriculture Consumption and Production 181 World Agriculture Pricing Summary 184 Metals Consumption and Production 185 World Metals Pricing Summary 188 Economic Performance Index 189 Chapter 4 201 Investment Overview 201 Foreign Investment Climate 202 Foreign Investment Index 204 Corruption Perceptions Index 217 Competitiveness Ranking 229 Taxation 238 Stock Market 238 Partner Links 239 Chapter 5 240 Social Overview 240 People 241 Human Development Index 243 Life Satisfaction Index 247 Happy Planet Index 258 Status of Women 267 Global Gender Gap Index 269 Culture and Arts 279 Etiquette 279 Travel Information 280 Diseases/Health Data 289 Chapter 6 295 Environmental Overview 295 Environmental Issues 296 Environmental Policy 296 Greenhouse Gas Ranking 298 Global Environmental Snapshot 309 Global Environmental Concepts 320 International Environmental Agreements and Associations 334 Appendices 358 Bibliography 359 Serbia Chapter 1 Country Overview Serbia Review 2016 Page 1 of 371 pages Serbia Country Overview SERBIA Serbia is located in Southeastern Europe, between Macedonia and Hungary. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918, with Serbia as the dominant partner in this state, which in 1929 adopted the name Yugoslavia. During World War II, the Axis powers occupied Yugoslavia. The military and political movement headed by Tito took full control of Yugoslavia when the German forces were defeated in 1945, and the Socialist Federation of Yugoslavia was proclaimed, comprising Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegovina, and Macedonia. With the death of Tito in 1980, separatist and nationalist tensions emerged in Yugoslavia. In 1989, Slobodan Milosevic became president of the Serbian Republic and his ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia-Hercegovina in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in April 1992. FRY elections in September 2000 led to the ouster of Milosevic and installed Vojislav Kostunica as president. A broad coalition of democratic reformist parties known as DOS (the Democratic Opposition of Serbia) was subsequently elected to parliament in December 2000 and took control of the government. DOS arrested Milosevic in 2001 and allowed for him to be tried in The Hague for crimes against humanity. (Milosevic died in March 2006 before the completion of his trial.) In 2003, the FRY became Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two republics with a federal level parliament. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right to secede from the federation and - following a successful referendum - it declared itself an independent nation in June 2006. Then, Kosovo -- a semi-autonomous province of Serbia with a predominantly Albanian population -- declared independence in February 2008 after the failure of United Nations-brokered talks on its status. Consequently, Serbia remained as the successor state of the former Yugoslavia. Though left landlocked after its separation from Montenegro, Serbia has great potential for fast economic development. The country is rich in natural and mineral resources, and agricultural land is fertile and arable. The Serbian economy has undergone significant changes since 2000 as a result of macroeconomic stabilization efforts and structural reforms. Serbia Review 2016 Page 2 of 371 pages Serbia Serbia Review 2016 Page 3 of 371 pages Serbia Key Data Key Data Region: Southeastern Europe Population: 7176794 Continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with well Climate: distributed rainfall) Serbian is the main language; a Serbo-Croatian typology, Albanian and Languages: various other spoken languages have also been recorded Currency: Dinar and Euro used Holiday: St. Vitus Day is June 28, Republic Day is November 29 Area Total: 88361 Area Land: 88361 Coast Line: 0 Serbia Review 2016 Page 4 of 371 pages Serbia Serbia Country Map Serbia Review 2016 Page 5 of 371 pages Serbia Southeastern Europe Regional Map Serbia Review 2016 Page 6 of 371 pages Serbia Serbia Review 2016 Page 7 of 371 pages Serbia Chapter 2 Political Overview Serbia Review 2016 Page 8 of 371 pages Serbia History Editor's Note: In March 2002, an agreement on governance between Serbia and Montenegro was signed, officially changing the name of the country from the Republic of Yugoslavia to Serbia and Montenegro and changing the federation into a new "Union of States" (also referred to as a "community of states"). The move essentially ended the country once known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). A new structure for constitutional government was also promulgated and ratified at that time. In May 2006, Montenegro voted in favor of independence from Serbia. Thus ended the country known only for a few years as Serbia and Montenegro. Serbia became the successor state of what had once been the Yugoslav Federation. Montenegro became the world's newest independent state, followed in 2008 by Kosovo's declaration of independence. The histories of Serbia, Montenegro and Kosovo follow. Serbia Byzantine sources report that some Serbs migrated southward in the 7th century of the common era (C.E.) and eventually settled in the lands that now make up southern Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Rival chiefs, or "zupani," vied to control the Serbs for 5 centuries after the migration. Zupan Vlastimir formed a Serbian principality under the Byzantines around 850, and the Serbs soon converted to Eastern Christianity. The Serbs had two political centers in the 11th century: Zeta, in the mountains of present-day Montenegro, and Raska, located in modern southwestern Serbia. The zupan of Raska, Stefan I Nemanja (1159-96), threw off Byzantine domination and laid the foundation for medieval Serbia by conquering Zeta and part of southern Dalmatia. In this way, the first Serbian autonomous state was formed. The zupan's son and successor, Stefan II Nemanja (1196-1228), transformed Serbia into a stable state, friendly with Rome but with religious loyalty to Constantinople. In 1218, Pope Honorius III recognized Serbian political independence and crowned Stefan II king. The writings of Stefan II and his brother (canonized as St. Sava) were the first works of Serbian literature. Serbia Review 2016 Page 9 of 371 pages Serbia Later kings in the Nemanja line overcame internal rivalries and pressure from Bulgaria and Constantinople. They also rejected papal invitations to link the Serbian Orthodox Church with Rome, and they ruled their country through a golden age. Serbia expanded its economy, and Dalmatian merchants sold Serbian goods throughout Europe and the Levant. The Nemanje dynasty left to Serbia masterpieces of religious art combining Western, Byzantine and local styles. Serbia dominated the Balkans under Stefan Dusan (1331-55), who conquered lands extending from Belgrade to present-day southern Greece. He proclaimed himself emperor, elevated the archbishop of Pec to the level of patriarch, and wrote a new legal code combining Byzantine law with Serbian customs. Dusan had ambitions toward a weakened Byzantine Empire, but the Byzantine emperor suspected his intentions and summoned the Turks to restrain him. Dusan repelled assaults in 1345 and 1349, but was defeated in 1352. He then offered to lead an alliance against the Turks and recognize the pope, but those gambits also were rejected. Rival nobles divided Serbia after the death of Dusan in 1355, and many switched loyalty to the sultan after the last Nemanja died in 1371. The most powerful Serbian prince, Lazar Hrebeljanovic, raised a multinational force to engage the Turks in the Battle of Kosovo Polje on St. Vitus Day in 1389. The Turks barely defeated Lazar, and both he and the sultan were killed. The defeat did not bring immediate Turkish occupation of Serbia, but during the centuries of Turkish domination that followed, the Serbs endowed the battle with myths of honor and heroism that helped them preserve their dignity and sense of nationhood. Serbs still recite epic poems and sing songs about the nobles who fell at Kosovo Polje. The anniversary of the battle is the Serbian national holiday, Vidovdan (St. Vitus's Day), June 28. Civil war in the Turkish Empire saved Serbia in the early 15th century, but the Turks soon reunited their forces to conquer the last Serbian stronghold at Smederjevo in 1459 and subjugate the whole country. Serbs fled to Hungary, Montenegro, Croatia, Dalmatia and Bosnia, and some formed outlaw bands. In response to the activities of the latter, the Turks disinterred and burned the remains of St. Sava. By the 16th century, southern Hungary had a sizable Serbian population that remained after the Turks conquered the region in 1526. Montenegro, which emerged as an independent principality after the death of Dusan, waged continual guerrilla war on the Turks, and was never conquered. The Turkish threat, however, did force Prince Ivan of Montenegro to move his capital high into the mountains. There, he founded a monastery and set up a printing press. In 1516 Montenegro became a theocratic state. Social and economic life in Serbia changed radically under the absolute rule of the Turkish sultan.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Opština Prokuplje Profil Zajednice
    Opština Prokuplje Profil zajednice Lista tabela .........................................................................................................................................3 1 Uvod ...........................................................................................................................................5 2 Osnovne karakteristike..................................................................................................................5 2.1 Geografski položaj (lokacija)......................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Opšti podaci .................................................................................................................................. 7 2.3 Klima ............................................................................................................................................. 8 2.4 Lokalna samouprava (administracija) ......................................................................................... 10 2.5 Istorija, tradicija i kulturno nasleđe.............................................................................................. 15 3 Prirodni resursi ..........................................................................................................................16 4 Ljudski resursi ...........................................................................................................................20 4.1 Stanovništvo (broj stanovnika i stopa rasta) ..............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Who Is Malvina Hofman? By: Vladimir Čeh
    Vladimir Čeh (1946) Владимир Чех (1946) Институт за историју оглашавања је основан 2012. године ради The lnstitute of Advertising History was founded in 2012 to research истраживања и афирмације историје и развоја оглашавања и and raise awareness of the history and development of advertising интегрисаних маркетинг комуникација, њиховог утицаја на културу and integrated marketing communications, of their impact оn the way живљења и њихове промоције. of life and of their promotion. Philologist. After 25 years at Radio Belgrade, Реализацијом пројеката и програма који обухватају проучавање Ву implementing projects and programmes that include the study Филолог. После 25 година рада у Радио he was partner, owner and/or creative director историјских процеса, догађаја, личности и појава, Институт of historical processes, events, personalities and concepts, the Београду био партнер, власник и/или in several advertising agencies. Long-term прикупља, чува, стручно обрађује и приказује јавности lnstitute collects, preserves, expertly treats and presents to the креативни директор у неколико огласних president of the Belgrade branch of the IAA комуникацијске алате и историјску грађу од значаја за развијања public communication tools and historical material important for агенција. Дугогодишњи председник (International Advertising Association), member свести о улози и месту интегрисаних маркетинг комуникација у developing awareness of the role and place of integrated marketing Београдског огранка IAA (International of the IAA world board, president of the Serbian култури живљења. communications in society and culture. Advertising Association), члан светског борда Propaganda Association (UEPS), president of IAA, председник Удружења пропагандиста the UEPS Court of honour. Остваривањем својих циљева Институт реализује, афирмише ln pursuit of its goals, the lnstitute realizes and promotes cooperation Србије (УЕПС), председник Суда части и промовише сарадњу са музејима, архивима, библиотекама, with museums, archives, libraries, professional associations, WHO IS УЕПС-а.
    [Show full text]
  • Peace for Whom: Agency and Intersectionality in Post-War Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Peace for Whom: Agency and Intersectionality in Post-War Bosnia and Herzegovina By Elena B. Stavrevska Submitted to Central European University Doctoral School of Political Science, Public Policy and International Relations In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisor: Professor Michael Merlingen CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary January 2017 Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis contains no materials accepted for any other degrees, in any other situation. Thesis contains no materials written and/or published by any other person, except when appropriate acknowledgement is made in the form of bibliographical reference. Elena B. Stavrevska Budapest, 09.01.2017 CEU eTD Collection i ABSTRACT Both peacebuilding practice and mainstream literature have predominantly approached the examination of post-war societies is a static and unidimensional manner, portraying events, practices, and actors as fixed in space, time, and identity. In line with that approach, peace and reconciliation have often been understood as a mirror image of the preceding war. Consequently, when the conflict is regarded as a clash between different ethnicities, peace is viewed as a state of those ethnicities coming together, which is then reflected in the decision- and policy-making processes. This understanding, using the prism of groupism whereby (ethnic) groups are analysed as the primary societal actors, ascribed with particular characteristics and agency, presupposes homogeneity of the groups in question. In so doing, it disregards the various intra-group struggles and the multiplicity of social identities beyond ethnicity. Furthermore, it also cements ethnicity as the most important, if not the only important political cleavage in the new, post-war reality.
    [Show full text]
  • A Multicriteria Analysis of Possible Tourist Offers in Toplica District
    QUAESTUS MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH JOURNAL A MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS OF POSSIBLE TOURIST OFFERS IN TOPLICA DISTRICT Dragan TURANJANIN, Mališa ŢIŢOVIĆ, Marija MARČETIĆ, Miodrag ŢIŢOVIĆ Abstract: Some possibilities of making a new offer of the tourism services of the District of Toplica are indicated in the paper. The obtained order of alternative unexploited possibilities prioritizes the recovery of Kuršumlijska Banja spa in relation to all the other alternatives. Yet, it must be said that the other alternatives are also significant, and that they should also be exploited in the future so that this region might be present in the tourist offer of the Republic of Serbia to a greater extent. Keywords: multicriteria analisys, tourism, Toplica district INTRODUCTION Toplica District is an administrative district in Serbia, whose center is in Prokuplje. It is located eastwards from the Southern Morava River, i.e. it encompasses the basin of the Toplica River, a tributary of the Southern Morava, and a small part of the basin of the Rasina River, a tributary of the Western Morava. It surrounds the city of Prokuplje and the municipalities of Kuršumlija, Blace, and ŢitoraŤa. The Toplica River‘s spring is in the mountain of Kopaonik, and it was named after the numerous warm springs in its valley. This river is characteristic for the epigenia, which is found in as many as two places near the city of Prokuplje (it runs in one direction, then in the same line, but in the opposite direction). Therefore, Toplica District consists of the Toplica River Valley and is surrounded by the mountains of Jastrebac, Kopaonik, Radan, Vidojevnica and Pasjaţa.
    [Show full text]
  • RESOLVING DISPUTES and BUILDING RELATIONS Challenges of Normalization Between Kosovo and Serbia
    Council CIG for Inclusive Governance RESOLVING DISPUTES AND BUILDING RELATIONS Challenges of Normalization between Kosovo and Serbia Contents 2 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 SUPPORTING THE BRUSSELS DIALOGUE 16 ESTABLISHING THE ASSOCIATION / COMMUNITY OF SERB-MAJORITY MUNICIPALITIES 24 KOSOVO’S NORTH INTEGRATION AND SERB POLITICAL PARTICIPATION 32 PARLIAMENTARY COOPERATION 39 COOPERATION ON EU INTEGRATION 41 PARTICIPANTS Albanian and Serbian translations of this publication are available on CIG’s website at cigonline.net. CIG Resolving Disputes anD BuilDing Relations Challenges of normalization between Kosovo and serbia Council for Inclusive Governance New York, 2015 PrefaCe anD AcknowleDgments Relations between Kosovo and Serbia are difficult. Since Kosovo’s declaration of independence in February 2008, all contacts between officials of Kosovo and Serbia ceased. Belgrade rejected any direct interaction with Pristina preferring to deal through the EU Rule of Law Mission and the UN Mission in Kosovo. However, encouraged by the EU and the US, senior officials of both governments met in March 2011 for direct talks in Brussels. These talks were followed in Brussels in October 2012 by a meeting between the prime ministers of Kosovo and Serbia. These EU-mediated dialogues resulted in a number of agreements between Serbia and Kosovo including the April 2013 Brussels Agreement. The Agreement’s main goal is to conclude the integration of the Serb-majority municipalities in Kosovo’s north into Kosovo’s system of laws and governance, including the establishment of the Association/Community of the Serb-Majority Municipalities in Kosovo. The sides also pledged not to block each other’s accession processes into the EU.
    [Show full text]
  • Marx's Confrontation with Utopia Darren Webb Department of Politics
    In Search of the Spirit of Revolution: Marx's Confrontation with Utopia Darren Webb Department of Politics Thesis presented to the University of Sheffield for the degree of PhD, June 1998 Summary This thesis offers a sympathetic interpretation of Marx' s confrontation with Utopia. It begins by suggesting that Marx condemned utopianism as a political process because it undermined the principles of popular self-emancipation and self-determination, principles deemed by Marx to be fundamental to the constitution of any truly working­ class movement. As a means of invoking the spirit of revolution, it was therefore silly, stale and reactionary. With regards to Marx's own 'utopia', the thesis argues that the categories which define it were nothing more than theoretical by-products of the models employed by Marx in order to supersede the need for utopianism. As such, Marx was an 'Accidental Utopian'. Two conclusions follow from this. The first is that Marx's entire project was driven by the anti-utopian imperative to invoke the spirit of revolution in a manner consistent with the principles of popular self-emancipation and self-determination. The second is that, in spite of his varied attempts to do so, Marx was unable to capture the spirit of revolution without descending into utopianism himself Such conclusions do not, however, justify the claim that utopianism has a necessary role to play in radical politics. For Marx's original critique of utopianism was accurate and his failure to develop a convincing alternative takes nothing away from this. The accuracy of Marx's original critique is discussed in relation to the arguments put forward by contemporary pro-utopians as well as those developed by William Morris, Ernst Bloch and Herbert Marcuse.
    [Show full text]
  • UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order Online
    UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order online Table of Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Glossary 1. Executive Summary The 1999 Offensive The Chain of Command The War Crimes Tribunal Abuses by the KLA Role of the International Community 2. Background Introduction Brief History of the Kosovo Conflict Kosovo in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Kosovo in the 1990s The 1998 Armed Conflict Conclusion 3. Forces of the Conflict Forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Army Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs Paramilitaries Chain of Command and Superior Responsibility Stucture and Strategy of the KLA Appendix: Post-War Promotions of Serbian Police and Yugoslav Army Members 4. march–june 1999: An Overview The Geography of Abuses The Killings Death Toll,the Missing and Body Removal Targeted Killings Rape and Sexual Assault Forced Expulsions Arbitrary Arrests and Detentions Destruction of Civilian Property and Mosques Contamination of Water Wells Robbery and Extortion Detentions and Compulsory Labor 1 Human Shields Landmines 5. Drenica Region Izbica Rezala Poklek Staro Cikatovo The April 30 Offensive Vrbovac Stutica Baks The Cirez Mosque The Shavarina Mine Detention and Interrogation in Glogovac Detention and Compusory Labor Glogovac Town Killing of Civilians Detention and Abuse Forced Expulsion 6. Djakovica Municipality Djakovica City Phase One—March 24 to April 2 Phase Two—March 7 to March 13 The Withdrawal Meja Motives: Five Policeman Killed Perpetrators Korenica 7. Istok Municipality Dubrava Prison The Prison The NATO Bombing The Massacre The Exhumations Perpetrators 8. Lipljan Municipality Slovinje Perpetrators 9. Orahovac Municipality Pusto Selo 10. Pec Municipality Pec City The “Cleansing” Looting and Burning A Final Killing Rape Cuska Background The Killings The Attacks in Pavljan and Zahac The Perpetrators Ljubenic 11.
    [Show full text]
  • Iii Acts Adopted Under Title V of the Eu Treaty
    19.6.2007EN Official Journal of the European Union L 157/23 III (Acts adopted under the EU Treaty) ACTS ADOPTED UNDER TITLE V OF THE EU TREATY COUNCIL DECISION 2007/423/CFSP of 18 June 2007 implementing Common Position 2004/293/CFSP renewing measures in support of the effective implementation of the mandate of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, crimes for which they have been indicted by the ICTY, or who are otherwise acting in a manner which could obstruct the ICTY's effective implementation of its mandate, should be listed. Having regard to Council Common Position 2004/293/CFSP (1), and in particular Article 2 thereof in conjunction with Article 23(2) of the Treaty on European Union, (4) The list contained in the Annex to Common Position 2004/293/CFSP should be amended accordingly, Whereas: HAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS: Article 1 (1) By Common Position 2004/293/CFSP the Council The list of persons set out in the Annex to Common Position adopted measures to prevent the entry into, or transit 2004/293/CFSP shall be replaced by the list set out in the through, the territories of Member States of individuals Annex to this Decision. who are engaged in activities which help persons at large continue to evade justice for crimes for which they have Article 2 been indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), or who are otherwise This Decision shall take effect on the date of its adoption. acting in a manner which could obstruct the ICTY's effective implementation of its mandate.
    [Show full text]
  • I. Diplomacy's Winding Course 2012
    2012 - A Make or Break Year for Serbia and Kosovo? By Dr. Matthew Rhodes and Dr. Valbona Zeneli nstead of the hoped for turn to normalization, 2011 NATO and EU member states except Cyprus, Greece, Isaw escalated tensions over Kosovo. Agreement Romania, Slovakia, and Spain. on Kosovo’s participation in regional fora and Serbia’s formal advance to Serbia’s challenge before EU candidacy in early 2012 the International Court of have revived a cautious “The very active first three Justice (ICJ) marked the centerpiece of its strategy sense of optimism, but months of 2012 have restored unresolved underlying issues against Kosovo’s move. and approaching political a sense of calm regarding Winning support within the United Nations General contests leave the prospects Serbia and Kosovo. Intensified for further progress uncertain. Assembly in October 2008 Warnings of precipices and European and American for consideration of the case powder kegs are overdone represented a significant in the Balkans, but 2012 is diplomacy together with success for Serbian diplomacy. shaping up as a potentially leaders’ attention to larger However, the Court’s July decisive year for international 2010 decision that Kosovo’s policy in the region. goals prevented 2011’s act had not violated international law effectively skirmishes over border Despite the Euro-Atlantic closed off this challenge. community’s current internal posts and barricades from Potentially positively for both challenges, integration into sides, however, the case’s that community’s formal escalating into something conclusion opened the way structures remains the best worse. As welcome as that for direct talks on technical path for Balkan security issues between Belgrade and and development.
    [Show full text]
  • Mad King,The
    EDGAR RICE BURROUGHS THE MAD KING PART I I A RUNAWAY HORSE ALL LUSTADT was in an uproar. The mad king had es- caped. Little knots of excited men stood upon the street corners listening to each latest rumor concerning this most absorbing occurrence. Before the palace a great crowd surged to and fro, awaiting they knew not what. For ten years no man of them had set eyes upon the face of the boy-king who had been hastened to the grim castle of Blentz upon the death of the old king, his father. There had been murmurings then when the lad's uncle, Peter of Blentz, had announced to the people of Lutha the sudden mental affliction which had fallen upon his nephew, and more murmurings for a time after the announcement that Peter of Blentz had been appointed Regent during the lifetime of the young King Leopold, "or until God, in His infinite mercy, shall see fit to restore to us in full mental vigor our beloved monarch." But ten years is a long time. The boy-king had become but a vague memory to the subjects who could recall him at all. There were many, of course, in the capital city, Lustadt, who still retained a mental picture of the handsome boy who had ridden out nearly every morning from the palace gates beside the tall, martial figure of the old king, his father, for a canter across the broad plain which lies at the foot of the mountain town of Lustadt; but even these had long since given up hope that their young king would ever ascend his throne, or even that they should see him alive again.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800S-1900S
    The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800s-1900s February 2003 Katrin Bozeva-Abazi Department of History McGill University, Montreal A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 Contents 1. Abstract/Resume 3 2. Note on Transliteration and Spelling of Names 6 3. Acknowledgments 7 4. Introduction 8 How "popular" nationalism was created 5. Chapter One 33 Peasants and intellectuals, 1830-1914 6. Chapter Two 78 The invention of the modern Balkan state: Serbia and Bulgaria, 1830-1914 7. Chapter Three 126 The Church and national indoctrination 8. Chapter Four 171 The national army 8. Chapter Five 219 Education and national indoctrination 9. Conclusions 264 10. Bibliography 273 Abstract The nation-state is now the dominant form of sovereign statehood, however, a century and a half ago the political map of Europe comprised only a handful of sovereign states, very few of them nations in the modern sense. Balkan historiography often tends to minimize the complexity of nation-building, either by referring to the national community as to a monolithic and homogenous unit, or simply by neglecting different social groups whose consciousness varied depending on region, gender and generation. Further, Bulgarian and Serbian historiography pay far more attention to the problem of "how" and "why" certain events have happened than to the emergence of national consciousness of the Balkan peoples as a complex and durable process of mental evolution. This dissertation on the concept of nationality in which most Bulgarians and Serbs were educated and socialized examines how the modern idea of nationhood was disseminated among the ordinary people and it presents the complicated process of national indoctrination carried out by various state institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • ESS9 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed
    APPENDIX A3 POLITICAL PARTIES, ESS9 - 2018 ed. 3.0 Austria 2 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 10 Czechia 12 Denmark 14 Estonia 15 Finland 17 France 19 Germany 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 23 Ireland 25 Italy 26 Latvia 28 Lithuania 31 Montenegro 34 Netherlands 36 Norway 38 Poland 40 Portugal 44 Serbia 47 Slovakia 52 Slovenia 53 Spain 54 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United Kingdom 61 Version Notes, ESS9 Appendix A3 POLITICAL PARTIES ESS9 edition 3.0 (published 10.12.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Denmark, Iceland. ESS9 edition 2.0 (published 15.06.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden. Austria 1. Political parties Language used in data file: German Year of last election: 2017 Official party names, English 1. Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) - Social Democratic Party of Austria - 26.9 % names/translation, and size in last 2. Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) - Austrian People's Party - 31.5 % election: 3. Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) - Freedom Party of Austria - 26.0 % 4. Liste Peter Pilz (PILZ) - PILZ - 4.4 % 5. Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne) - The Greens – The Green Alternative - 3.8 % 6. Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) - Communist Party of Austria - 0.8 % 7. NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum (NEOS) - NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum - 5.3 % 8. G!LT - Verein zur Förderung der Offenen Demokratie (GILT) - My Vote Counts! - 1.0 % Description of political parties listed 1. The Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, or SPÖ) is a social above democratic/center-left political party that was founded in 1888 as the Social Democratic Worker's Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei, or SDAP), when Victor Adler managed to unite the various opposing factions.
    [Show full text]