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LIVELIHOODS of LINDI RURAL DISTRICT a Household Economy Assessment in Southern Tanzania

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LIVELIHOODS of LINDI RURAL DISTRICT a Household Economy Assessment in Southern Tanzania LIVELIHOODS OF LINDI RURAL DISTRICT A Household Economy Assessment in Southern Tanzania Prepared for Save the Children (UK) by Floor Grootenhuis – Livelihood and Food Security Consultant November 2003 Lindi Household Economy Assessment Field Team Team Leaders: Mr. Ivo Manyaku SEMA (Sustainable Environment Management Action), Singida Region Mr. Geoffrey Mlay MoAFS (Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security), Arusha Region Team Members: Mr. Ali Mohammed Omar MoANREC (Ministry of Agriculture & Natural Resources) Zanzibar Mr. John Makasekele MoAFS Mr. Theophile Malebiche MoH (Ministry of Health) Lindi Region Mr. Justine Mdemu Save the Children (UK) Tanzania Programme Mr. Malony Tong Save the Children (UK) Sudan Programme Translation: Mr. S. Kengela Lindi Logistics: Mr. Christopher Sanya Dar es Salam This piece of work was coordinated by Dr. Solomon Mengiste and Dr. José Lopez. The fieldwork was lead by Floor Grootenhuis, Livelihood and Food Security Consultant. Alexandra France, Livelihood and Food Security Consultant assisted in editing the final report. 2 Livelihoods of Lindi Rural District Table of Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 5 1.1 Project context ..................................................................................................................... 5 1.1.1 Objective of the HEA Assessment ......................................................................................... 5 1.1.2 Structure of the report .......................................................................................................... 7 1.1.3 Summary of Results ............................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Methodology: The Household Economy Approach ..................................................... 8 1.3 Livelihoods in Lindi Rural District ................................................................................ 11 1.3.1 Livelihood zones................................................................................................................. 12 1.3.2 Selection of zones ............................................................................................................... 15 1.3.3 The Reference year ............................................................................................................. 15 1.3.4 Seasonal Calendar .............................................................................................................. 16 2 Coastal Fishing Zone – Zone 1 ..................................................................................... 18 2.1 Wealth groups in the reference year ................................................................................... 18 2.2 Food sources in the reference year ................................................................................. 20 2.3 Income in the reference year ........................................................................................... 21 2.4 Expenditure in the reference year .................................................................................. 24 2.5 Vulnerability and coping strategies ............................................................................... 25 2.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 26 3 Agricultural Zone – Zone 4 ............................................................................................ 27 3.1 Wealth groups in the reference year .............................................................................. 27 3.2 Food sources in the reference year ................................................................................. 29 3.3 Income sources in the reference year ............................................................................ 31 3.4 Expenditure in the reference year .................................................................................. 33 3.5 Vulnerability and coping strategies ............................................................................... 35 3.6 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 36 4 Comparison of zones ........................................................................................................ 37 4.1 Basic concepts for comparing livelihood zones ........................................................... 37 4.2 Maximum flexibility parameter for Zone 1 .................................................................. 38 4.3 ‘Maximum flexibility’ parameter for Zone 4 ................................................................ 39 4.4 Overall comparison of fishing and agricultural livelihoods ...................................... 40 5 The Drought Year 2003/2004 ......................................................................................... 42 5.1 Problem Specification Zone 1 ......................................................................................... 42 5.2 Problem Specification Zone 4 ......................................................................................... 46 6 Conclusion............................................................................................................................. 50 7 References .............................................................................................................................. 52 3 Livelihoods of Lindi Rural District List of Figures I List of Figures Figure 1 Map - Lindi Rural District's Livelihood Zones ..................................................................... 12 Figure 2: Population Distribution of Livelihood Zones ...................................................................... 13 Figure 3: Seasonal Calendar for both Agricultural and Fishing Zones ............................................... 17 Figure 4: Population Distribution Zone 1 ........................................................................................... 18 Figure 5: Food Sources Zone 1 ........................................................................................................... 20 Figure 6 : Income Sources Zone 1 ...................................................................................................... 22 Figure 7 : Contribution of each Income Source Zone 1 ...................................................................... 22 Figure 8 : Proportional contribution of income from crops Zone 1 .................................................... 23 Figure 9 : Expenditure Pattern Zone 1 ................................................................................................ 24 Figure 10 : Population Distribution Zone 4 ........................................................................................ 27 Figure 11 : Food Sources Zone 4 ........................................................................................................ 30 Figure 12 : Income Sources Zone 4 .................................................................................................... 31 Figure 13 : Proportional contribution of Income Zone 4 .................................................................... 32 Figure 14 : Proportional contribution of crop sale Zone 4 .................................................................. 33 Figure 15 : Expenditure pattern Zone 4 .............................................................................................. 34 Figure 16 : Maximum Access Zone 1 ................................................................................................. 38 Figure 17 : Maximum Access Zone 4 ................................................................................................. 39 Figure 18 : Comparison of Maximum Access both Zones .................................................................. 41 Figure 19 : Change in Food Sources for the drought year 2003 ........................................................ 43 Figure 20 : Change in Income Sources drought year 2003 ................................................................ 44 Figure 21 : Change in Expenditure drought year 2003 ...................................................................... 45 Figure 22 : % of normal production zone 4 ........................................................................................ 47 Figure 23 : Change in food sources drought year 2003 Zone 4 ......................................................... 47 Figure 24 : Change in Income sources drought year 2003 zone 4 ..................................................... 48 Figure 25 : Change in expenditure drought year 2003 zone 4 ........................................................... 49 4 Livelihoods of Lindi Rural District Introduction 1 Introduction 1.1 Project context The Household Economy Assessment (HEA) in Lindi Rural District is part of the second phase of Save the Children (UK) Tanzania’s study in the area titled Coping with the Cost of Chronic Illness. The overall aim is to provide conclusive information on the situation of health care in the district to support Save the Children (UK)’s work in the area. The specific aim is examine the cost of chronic illness and the implications of the cost of illness for poor households’ ability to pay for health care. The study has been divided into two phases. The first phase took place in June 2003; a combined quantitative
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