RACES OF MAIZE IN PERU Alexander Grobman Wilfredo Salhuana Ricardo Sevilla in collaboration with Paul C. Mangelsdorf NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES- NATIONAL Research Council Publication 9 1 5 COMMITEE ON PRESERVATION OF INDIGENOUS Strains OF MAlZE OR TIE Agricultural Board Division OF Biology AND NATIONALAcademy OF SCIENCES-NATIONAL Research Council RalphE. Cleland, Chairman J. allen Clark, Executive Secretary EdgarAndearon Claud L. Horn Paul C. Mangelsdorf William L. Brown Merle T. Jenkins G. H. Stringfield C. O. Erlanson George F. Sprague Funds were provided for this publication by a contract between the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council and The Institute of Inter-American Affairs of the International cooperation Administration. The grant was made for the work of the committee on Preservation of Indigenous Strains of Maize, under the Agricul- tural Board. The AGRICULTURAL BOARD, a art of the Division of Biology and Agriculture of the National Academy of Sciences-National Re- search C-4 studies and re on scientific problems of agri- culture in relation to the nationaleconomy. Financial support for the meetings and publications of the Board is derived primary from the Agricultural research Institute, which is an organization com- posed of representatives of industry, trade organizations academic institutions, and governmental agencies concerned with Agriculture Members of the A 'cultural Board and of its committees serve with- autcompensation beyondtheir actual Funds for the work the Agricultural Board are receivedand administered by the Academyof RACES OF MAIZE IN PERU THEIR ORIGINS, EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION Alexander Grobman, Wilfredo Salhuana and Ricardo Sevilla in collaboration with Paul C. Mangelsdorf Publication 91 5 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES- NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Washington, D. C. 1961 Other publications in this series RACESOF MAIZEIN CUBA William H. Hatheway NAS-NRC publication 453 1957 Price $1.50 RACESOF MAIZE IN COLOMBIA L. M. Roberts, U. J. Grant, Ricardo Ramírez E., W. H. Hatheway, and D. L. Smith in collaboration with Paul C. Mangelsdorf NAS-NRC publication 510 1957 Price $1.50 RACESOF MAIZEIN CENTRALAMERICA E. J. Wellhausen, Alejandro Fuentes O., and Antonio Hernandez Corzo in collaboration with Paul C. Mangelsdorf NAS-NRC publication 511 1957 Price $1.50 RACESOF MAIZEIN BRAZILAND OTHER EASTERNSOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES F. G. Brieger, J. T.A. Gurgel, E. Paterniani, A. Blumenschein, and M. R. Alleoni NAS-NRC publication 593 1958 Price $2.00 RACESOF MAIZEIN BOLIVIA Ricardo Ramirez E., D. H. Timothy, Efráin Díaz B., and U. Grant in collaboration with G. Edward Nicholson Calle, J. Edgar Anderson, and William L. Brown NAS-NRC publication 747 1960 Price $1.50 RACESOF MAIZEIN THE WESTINDIES William L. Brown NAS-NRC Publication 792 1960 Price $1.50 RACESOF MAIZEIN CHILE David H. Timothy, Bertulfo Peña V., Ricardo Ramirez E. in collaboration with William L. Brown and Edgar Anderson NAS-NRC Publication 847 1961 Price $1.50 Previously published by the Bussey Institute, Harvard University, in 1952 RACESOF MAIZEIN MEXICO E. J. Wellhausen, L. M. Roberts, and E. Hernandez X. in collaboration with Paul C. Mangelsdorf Free with purchase of above publications Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 61-60080 Price $2.50 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................... vii INTRODUCTION......................................... 1 GEOGRAPHY.CLIMATE AND ECONOMICREGIONS .............. 5 THECULTURE AND USESOF MAIZE........................ 14 Pre-Columbian Agriculture ........................... 14 Modern Agriculture ................................. 26 Modern Maize Culture ............................... 28 Uses of Maize ...................................... 33 THEEVOLUTION OF MAIZEIN THE CENTRALANDEAN REGION . 35 Role of the Indian in the Evolution of Maize ............ 37 Geographical Origin ................................. 39 Domestication of Maize .............................. 41 The Diversity of Maize in Peru ....................... 47 Factors Involved in the Evolution of Maize in Peru ...... 51 Isolation .......................................... 51 Mutation ......................................... 54 Selection ......................................... 56 Selection for Adaptation .......................... 57 Selection for Yield ............................... 60 Selection for Other Purposes ...................... 64 Hybridization ..................................... 65 THEPREHISTORIC MAIZE OF PERU......................... 71 Prehistoric Maize a Key to Classification ................ 71 Literature References on Prehistoric Maize in Peru ...... 72 Characters Used in the Description of Prehistoric Maize in Peru ........................................... 75 Description of Prehistoric Maize ...................... 75 South Coast ....................................... 75 North Coast ....................................... 86 Central Coast ..................................... 89 iii iv CONTENTS Maize in Pre-Columbian Ceramics and Other Art ........ 92 Molded Maize Ceramics ............................ 92 Races of Maize in the Mochica Period .............. 95 Races of Maize in the Chimu Period ................107 Stone and Ceramic Ear Replicas .................... 111 Maize in Artistic Metal Work ........................ 114 The Chronology of Prehistoric Maize Evalution in Peru . 115 CHARACTERSUSED IN THE CLASSIFICATIONOF EXISTING RACES . 118 Vegeative Plant Characters ............................ 120 Characters of the Tassel .............................. 124 Ear Characters ...................................... 127 CYTOLOGICALCHARACTERS .............................. 132 DESCRIPTIONOF EXISTINGRACES OF MAIZEIN PERU.......... 138 Primitive Races ...................................... 141 Confite Morocho .................................. 142 Confite Puntiagudo ................................ 149 Kculli ............................................ 154 Confite Puneño ................................... 159 Enano ........................................... 162 Anciently Derived Races ............................. 164 Huayleño ......................................... 165 Chullpi ........................................... 170 Granada .......................................... 175 Paro ............................................. 180 Morocho .......................................... 185 Huancavelicano ................................... 189 Mochero .......................................... 196 Pagaladroga ...................................... 201 Chaparreño ....................................... 205 Rabo de Zorro ......................................... 210 Piricinco .......................................... 215 Ancashino ........................................ 221 Shajatu ........................................... 229 Alazan ........................................... 232 Sabanero ......................................... 237 Uchuquilla ....................................... 241 Cuzco Christalino Amarillo ......................... 244 Cuzco ............................................ 250 Pisccorunto ....................................... 253 CONTENTS V Lately Derived Races ................................ 256 Arequipeño ....................................... 256 Huachano ........................................ 260 Chancayano ....................................... 265 San Geronimo-Huancavelicano ...................... 271 Perla ............................................. 274 Rienda ........................................... 279 Marañon ......................................... 286 Chimlos .......................................... 290 Cuzco Gigante .................................... 295 Introduced Races .................................... 302 Pardo ............................................ 302 Aleman ........................................... 306 Chuncho ......................................... 309 Arizona .......................................... 313 Cuban Yellow Dent ................................ 317 Incipient Races ...................................... 318 Jora .............................................. 318 Coruca ........................................... 322 Morocho Cajabambino .............................. 325 Morado Canteño .................................. 326 Sarco ............................................. 327 Imperfectly Defined Races ............................ 327 A jaleado .......................................... 327 San Geronimo ..................................... 329 Perlilla ........................................... 330 Tumbesino ........................................ 334 Colorado ......................................... 334 Chancayano Amarillo .............................. 334 CONCLUSIONS.......................................... 337 SUMMARY............................................. 343 REFERENCES........................................... 345 APPENDIX............................................. 353 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The investigations on which the present monograph is based, because of their wide scope and nature, could not have been carried on without the active participation of many individuals. Whatever merits it may have are due in great part to their enthusiasm and coordinated efforts. The authors alone, how- ever, wish to assume responsibility for any shortcomings. We are much indebted to our colleagues, the staff members of the Cooperative Program for Maize Research and of the Universidad Agraria, La Molina,