A Case Study of the Silver Ferns
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Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. COACHES, CAPTAINS AND CONSTRUCTING CULTURE A CASE STUDY OF THE SILVER FERNS A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Sport & Exercise At Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Lana McCarthy 2019 1 DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my parents Colin and Meryl, who have always been my number one supporters. I am truly lucky to have parents who have shown an unwavering belief in my ability to succeed in all aspects of life. This has been my biggest challenge to date and your love and support has meant more than you will ever know. 2 ABSTRACT Organizational culture and leadership can influence the success of both businesses and high performance sports teams. This current research is based on Schein’s (2010) three level theoretical model of organizational culture using artefacts (rites, rituals and symbols), values and beliefs, and core assumptions. Female sport in general, and female high performance sport specifically, is not well served by the media. Receiving even scanter coverage and insights, is scholarly work on women’s elite sport investigated from the perspective of team captains and coaches. Therefore, this study examines New Zealand’s national netball team, the Silver Ferns from 1960-2015, and the ways in which captains and coaches have constructed the culture of the team. Employing a case study methodology, primary data was generated through the use of semi-structured, in-depth interviews with former Silver Fern captains and coaches. This qualitative research approach provided insights into the various experiences and stories of the participants, and described other aspects such as their actions, beliefs and interests (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005). A consistent finding was team member adherence to the values of work ethic, pride, and good behaviour on and off the court. In addition, other constant characteristics included pride in selection, in wearing the black dress and the symbol of the silver fern. By contrast, no single model of coaching emerged as a constant across the eras. There was also a lack of consistent rituals and a range of inconsistencies in the ways various captains and coaches perceived the emphasis placed on winning. An outcome of this unique study is a historical insight into a New Zealand female high performance sport team, the Silver Ferns, and its evolving team culture and leadership. It is hoped that these insights will inform current and future best practice in elite-level female sport teams and help achieve further consistent high quality performances, thereby heightening the prospect of winning. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge and thank the following people for their assistance and encouragement in completing this thesis. In particular I thank my academic supervisors: 1) Professor Andy Martin: For whom I have the utmost respect and admiration. I am extremely thankful to have someone of your calibre helping me shape my academic career. Thank you for your knowledge, expertise and encouragement to take on this challenge, as this thesis is a result of your unwavering confidence and belief in me. 2) Dr Geoff Watson: Thank you for always being so incredibly positive and encouraging throughout this journey. Your extensive knowledge on the history of netball in New Zealand was invaluable. Thank you also for your willingness to assist in reviewing my thesis and for the feedback and advice given. 3) Dr Dennis Slade: Thank you for your on-going guidance, support and friendship. Your humour and enthusiasm was greatly appreciated during the difficult stages of this journey. I am also very grateful for the time and effort you provided towards helping me get to the finish line. 4) Dr Ashleigh Thompson: Your caring and understanding nature was always greatly appreciated. It was a pleasure to have you start this journey with me and I am thankful for our friendship that has come of this. Interviewees: A very sincere thank you to the Silver Fern coaches and captains for participating in this research. It was an honour to speak with you all and an experience I shall never forget. Other Assistance: Transcribing of interviews : Levinia Paku Massey University Human Ethics Committee 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................ 2 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 4 FIGURES AND TABLES ............................................................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................................................... 11 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 THE RESEARCH TOPIC AND CONTEXT ................................................................................... 11 1.1.1 Rationale ....................................................................................................................... 11 1.1.2 Three Silver Ferns eras .................................................................................................. 12 1.1.3 Research aims ............................................................................................................... 14 1.1.4 Research questions ....................................................................................................... 15 1.2 NATURE OF THE RESEARCH: THEORETICAL CONCEPTS ........................................................ 16 1.2.1 Team culture ................................................................................................................. 16 1.2.2 Leadership ..................................................................................................................... 18 1.2.3 The emphasis placed on winning .................................................................................. 19 1.3 THE MACRO ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................. 20 1.3.1 Political .......................................................................................................................... 20 1.3.2 Economic ....................................................................................................................... 21 1.3.3 Social ............................................................................................................................. 21 1.3.4 Technological ................................................................................................................ 22 1.4 MOTIVATION FOR THE RESEARCH ........................................................................................ 23 1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS ................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................................... 28 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 28 CHAPTER OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................... 28 2.1 TEAM CULTURE ..................................................................................................................... 29 2.1.1 Developing team culture ............................................................................................... 30 2.1.2 Team cohesion .............................................................................................................. 36 2.1.3 Rites and rituals ............................................................................................................. 40 2.1.4 Symbols ......................................................................................................................... 43 2.1.5 Values and beliefs ......................................................................................................... 44 2.1.6 Core assumptions .......................................................................................................... 47 2.2 LEADERSHIP ........................................................................................................................... 50 2.2.1 Developing leadership .................................................................................................. 53 2.2.2 The captain’s role .......................................................................................................... 54 2.2.3 The coach’s role ............................................................................................................ 55 2.2.4 Collective leadership ..................................................................................................... 56 2.2.5 Coaching style