Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09785-8 — the Handbook of Israel's Political System Itzhak Galnoor , Dana Blander Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09785-8 — The Handbook of Israel's Political System Itzhak Galnoor , Dana Blander Index More Information

921

Index

100 Basic Concepts on Heritage …, 840 Agranat Commission, 171, 234, 247, 524, 542, 544, 1949 Constitution” (unwritten). See constitution: 552, 576, 577, 597, 598, 604 1949 Constitution” (unwritten) and implication for governance, 255– 56 1984 (Orwell), 479 reason for appointing, 249, 603 recommendations, 248 “a state of all its citizens,” 627, 642, 679 report, 601 Abargil, Meir, 721 Agricultural Settlement (Restriction on Use Abdulla (Emir Transjordan), 22 of Agricultural Land and of Water) Law Abnaa al- Balad (movement), 661 (1967), 629 Abortion Law, 784 Agriculture Union, 357 abortions, 767 Agudat Yisrael, 306, 358, 382, 405, 415, 466, Abraham Fund Initiatives, 662 467, 499, 769, 771– 72, 776. See also Torah Abu Rabia, Hamad, 380 Judaism, United Academy of the Arabic Language in Israel, 670 Center for Independent Education, 782 accessibility, access and chief rabbinate, 747 to centers of governance and decision- making, in coalitions, 331, 397, 418, 780 267, 273 and core curriculum, 841 to courts, 208, 209, 220, 290 Council of Torah Sages of, 771 to information, 312, 348 and Declaration of Independence, 736 and political participation, 274, 302, 853 independent education stream, 755 to public oficials, 289 opposition to constitution, 40, 41 accountability, 144, 168, 171, 177, 180, 216, 235, 243, and religious status quo, 743 317, 478 in Shamir government, 784 Accountant General, 453 Ahdut Ha’avoda (party), 22, 169, 320, 386, 589 Adalah (org.), 460, 465, 661, 662 in coalition, 415, 416 petitioning High Court, 290, 462, 630, 675 faction in Mapam, 22 and ruling on Arabic on signs, 674– 75 split from Mapai (1944), 16 Adelson, Sheldon, 499 AKIM (org.), 450 administered territories. See occupied territories Akzin, Benjamin, 39, 52, 62 Administrative Courts Law (2000), 206 al- Anbaa, 511 administrative detention, 36, 71, 539, 546, 600, al- Aqsa Mosque, 250, 253 601, 616 al- Ard (movement), 70, 444, 660, 673 administrative matters, tribunals for, 205, al- Ard (Palestinian national publication), 511 208– 09 al- Fajr (literary monthly), 511 Administrative Tribunals Law (1992), 209 al- Hamishmar (newsp.), 496, 498, 499 Adva Center, 461 Alignment (party), 146, 147, 178, 193, 386, 419, 420, advertising, 483, 504, 523 569, 816. See also Labor Party; Mapai afirmative action, 107, 693, 698, 837 and 1977 election, 418 for Arab citizens, 113, 678 electing party leader, 343 in civil service, 471, 670 in Knesset elections, 89 for women, 462 Labor Alignment, 397 Agranat, Shimon, 52, 68, 69, 673. See also Agranat Law of Return and, 752 Commission “Little” (1965), 326

921

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09785-8 — The Handbook of Israel's Political System Itzhak Galnoor , Dana Blander Index More Information

922

922 Index

al- Ittihad (newsp.), 496, 499, 511, 512 exclusion, 50, 626, 669, 676, 684, 833 al- Jazeera (TV network), 512 exemption from army service, 629, 669 Allon, Yigal, 16, 17, 18, 162, 553, 582 government policy toward, 664– 66 “Allon Plan,” 553 identiication with Palestinian struggle, 625 al- Mersad (newsp.), 511 identity, 621, 677, 685 Almond, Gabriel, 315 income, 635, 706 Aloni, Shulamit, 337, 421, 459, 471, 784, 785 intellectuals, 621 al- Sinara (newsp.), 512 Internet use by, 301 Altalena, Altalena incident, 13– 14, 19, 23, 48, 577 and Jewish- Arab relations, 621 Ben- Gurion and, 8, 14, 17 and Knesset, 664 Alterman, Natan, 494, 680n59 and Knesset elections, 380– 81 al- Yom (newsp.), 511 Knesset representation, 106, 107 AMAN, 542 land and town planning, 628– 29, 658 America- Israel Cultural Foundation, 451 laws ignoring existence of, 630– 31 Amir, Jacques, 193 legal rulings regarding, 673– 76 Amir, Yigal, 116, 253, 616, 847, 851 legal underpinnings, 626– 31 Amit, Meir, 590 and local authorities, 194 Amital, Yehuda, 770 and local elections, 27, 29, 304, 648, 653, 654 Amnesty, 91 and local lists in Arab local elections, 654 Amnesty International, 440 local governance, 653, 654 “a nation in uniform,” 581 and monitoring mechanisms, 671 “an army of the people,” 548 national awakening, 464 Anatomy and Pathology Law (1953), 418, 767 opposing poles on issue of, 622 “Another Israel” (party), 337 “Palestinization” of, 512, 668 anti- politics, 313– 14, 315, 813, 819, 848, 854 patronage toward, 664 Antiquities Law (1978), 460 perceived as “ifth column,” 621, 622, 669 Appeals committee on Income Tax place in Israeli society and state, 640 Assessments, 208 policies toward, 663– 73 Appel, David, 826 political participation, 302– 03, 637– 52, 655 Arab Center for Alternative Planning, 661 politicization among, 303 Arab citizens of Israel, 9, 11, 22, 33, 49, 50, 65, 108, poverty among, 635, 672, 715 212, 258, 389, 421, 564, 839. See also land, privatization of services, 657 expropriation of; Land Day; local authorities, protest vote, 373– 74 Arab; military rule; October 2000 events; Or and referendums, 277 Commission; unemployment: Arab residing in local councils, 184 and afirmative action, 670, 678 resource allocation to, 629, 668, 671 autonomous organizing, 304 right to vote, 20– 21 boycotting selections, 180, 304 rights and status, 465, 625 challenge to political system, 620 sense of ineficacy among, 305 changes among, 676– 77 and special election for prime minister, 180, 380 Christian, 636, 641 standard of living, 634– 36 and citizenship, 626 status of, 36, 671, 853 civil and symbolic status, 626, 627– 28 unrecognized villages of, 184, 652, 661 and civil service positions, 670 “Vision Documents,” 621, 631 civil society, 659– 63, 676 voting in Knesset elections, 304, 381, and coalition negotiations, 650 644– 48, 677 collective national rights of, 333 women, 633, 635, 710 and Constituent Assembly election, 20, 24 Arab Democratic Party (Mada), 320, 333, 358, 421, and constitution, 47, 75 638– 39, 642, 644, 651, 833 and core curriculum, 840 in elections, 380, 644 in Declaration of Independence, 20 Arab League, 623 and delegitimization of vote of, 649–51 Beirut Declaration (2002), 618 “demographic threat,” 621 Arab Legion, 157 demography, 632– 33 Arab Movement for Renewal (Ta’al), 639, 642. discrimination against, 625, 655, 656, 662, 675 See also Ra’am- Ta’al economies, 695 Arab Organization for Civil Rights, 465 education, 633, 670, 754 Arab refugees, 512, 624, 652, 666. See also “present and election for prime minister (2001), absentees” 287, 288 internal, 623 employment, 670, 672 Arab Social List (party), 673 equality/ inequality, 626, 683 “Arab Spring,” 280, 348, 529, 621

923

Index 923

Arab Students Association, 464 Bader, Yohanan, 125 Arab Unity for Progress and Renewal Party, 639 Bader- Ofer method of election results calculation, Arabic language, 70, 486, 840 364, 365, 388 “sponsored” media in, 511 Bahloul, Zouheir, 643 status of, 628, 675 Bakehila (weekly), 515 Arab- Islamic Bloc, 639 Baker, James, 433 Arafat, Yasser, 175, 424, 433 Bakri, Mohammed, 491 Arens, Moshe, 164, 170, 560, 572, 574, 576 Balad – the National Democratic Assembly, 333, Argentina, 696 342, 365, 381, 389, 512, 639, 642, 644 Aridor, Yoram, 162, 171, 257, 700 Balfour Declaration (1917), 9, 730 Arlosoroff, Chaim, 250, 252 . See also Bechor bank shares, manipulation of and collapse, Commission to examine Arlosoroff 236, 240, 250, 257, 700. See also Beisky assassination (1981) Commission Armistice Agreements (Rhodes Agreements), Barak, Aharon, 53, 73, 92, 224, 483, 675 414, 549, 566, 595 advocate of absolute separation of powers, 216 Army Radio (Galei Zahal), 486, 487, 494, and judicial review of administrative 505, 608 authorities, 222 Arrangements Law (“Arrangement Law in the Barak, Ehud, 116, 158, 163, 258, 261, 401, 412, 423–24, State economy”; 1985), 115, 127, 132, 142, 463, 427, 519, 555, 556, 561, 579, 588, 590, 594, 780 630. See also Budget Law, State and 1999 Knesset election, 287 Arrow, Kenneth, 353. See also “impossibility and Arab voters, 380 theorem” and Arafat, 424, 433 Ashkenazi, Gabi, 594 Camp David summit, 175 Ashkenazi, Motti, 602 defense minister, 154, 571, 576 Ashkenazim, 75, 682, 704 direct election for prime minister, 148, 177, 178, 320 education, 705 and events of October 2000, 625 Knesset representation, 106 on military- civilian relations, 580 ultra- Orthodox, 306, 466, 745 and Russian voters, 384 voting patterns, 376 and “soldiers’ votes,” 377 Assembly of Representatives (in the Yishuv), 9, and withdrawal from Lebanon, 578 742, 769 Barak, Oren, 588 elections to irst (1920), 275, 357 Barak government, 126, 153, 175, 402, 555, 569, Association for Civil Rights in Israel, 451, 554 590, 668, 670, 780 consulted by Ministry of Justice, 460 ministers resigning from, 178 and iling petitions with High Court, 462 Baranes, Amos, 94 monitoring of military activities, 612 Bar Association Law (1961), 204 use of High Court by, 221, 230, 290, 462, 674 Barenboim, Daniel, 122– 23 Association for Protecting and Defending Barlev, Haim, 162 Bedouin Rights in Israel, 465 Barnea, Shlomit, 156 Association of Americans and Canadians in Bar- On, Roni, 234n3, 826 Israel, 469 Bar- On Hebron affair, 234, 826– 27, 831 Association of Central European Bar- Yehuda, Yisrael, 432, 750 Immigrants, 468 Barzilai, Gad, 75– 76 Association of North African Immigrants, Basic Guidelines of Government Policy, 399 308, 468 Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation (1992), 52, 53, Association of the Forty, 464, 465, 652, 661 59, 116, 117, 226, 759, 782, 789 asylum seekers, 703– 04 Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty (1992), 53, Atomic Energy Commission, 599 59, 117, 226, 227, 229, 729, 789, 849 attorney general, 139, 219, 231, 234, 542, 603, 606 Basic Law: “Israel as the Nation State of the austerity program and rationing, 11, 26, 27, 34, 695. Jewish People,” proposal for, 66 See also black market Basic Law: Israel Lands (1966), 628 protest against, 297 Basic Law: Jerusalem, 431, 547 Australia, 254, 275 Basic Law: Legislation (proposed), 61, 65– 66, 75, Austria, 355 128, 142, 226, 229 Authority for Economic Development in the Basic Law: Referendum (2014), 122, 277, 547 Arab, Druze, and Circassian Sector, 665 Basic Law: State Comptroller (1988), 235 Authorization Law. See Municipalities Ordinance Basic Law: State Economy, 114 (No. 40) Basic Law: The Government (1968), 50, 54, 88, 149, autopsies, 767, 790 156, 160, 168, 411, 544, 598 Avineri, Shlomo, 794 amendments to, 61, 116, 156 Avnery, Uri, 337, 497, 641 redrafting of, 58

924

924 Index

Basic Law: The Government (1992), 59, 88, 117, resignation of, 559 120, 149, 160, 161, 163, 173, 398, 424 and Sadat, 154 Basic Law: The Government (2001), 88, 103, 120, and Sabra and Shatila events, 613 149, 150– 51, 160, 181, 411, 412, 436, 492, 546 and Sharon, 164, 491 deining power of Knesset vis- à- vis the TV debate with Peres (1981), 519 government, 103 in unity governments, 152, 417 Basic Law: The Judiciary, 54, 65, 203, 205, 213, 748 Begin governments Basic Law: The Knesset (1958), 50, 51, 65, 116, 135, irst (1977– 1981), 147, 153, 169, 390, 418, 434, 553 275, 359, 434, 546, 630 second (1981– 1983), 147, 153, 162, 405, 409, amendments to, 103, 135, 321, 363, 627, 674 434, 575 Article 7A, 363 Beisky Commission (1985), investigating deining the institution, 54, 103 manipulation of bank shares, 236, 240, 246, and MKs immunity, 137 250, 251, 252, 257– 58, 260 and parliamentary commission of inquiry, 103 contribution of, 258 parties banned from participating in elections, Beitar (sports club), 104 103, 794, 838, 849 Beitar (youth movement), 449 principle of equality in, 72 Belgium, 74, 342, 355 supermajority to amend, 59 Ben- Aharon, Yitzhak, 32, 316 term “equal elections” in, 72 Ben- Ami, Shlomo, 258, 672 Basic Law: The Meat and Meat Products Law Ben- Dor, Gabriel, 581 (1994), 759 Ben- Eliezer, Binyamin, 555, 576, 588 Basic Law: The Military, 541, 543, 544, 576, Bene Israel (from India), 753 595, 604 Ben- Gurion, David, 6, 29, 150, 157, 158, 410, 417, Basic Law: The President (1964), 50, 59, 82– 83, 92 568, 573, 578, 582 Basic Laws, 37, 42, 51, 65, 110, 203, 746. and Altalena affair, 14, 18 See also constitution; individual laws appointments in IDF and other security amendments to, 39, 60 forces, 593 constitutional status of, 53, 226 and Arab citizens, 20– 21 enacted, 54– 59 and Arab right to vote, 21 entrenchment of, 59, 110 and Bernadotte assassination, 15, 18 irst nine, 814 and borders of state, 11, 21, 546 function as constitution, 60 and “Club of Four,” 415 human and civil rights ensured in, 64 coalition negotiations by, 415 and interrelations among the three government composition of government, 155 branches, 65, 66 and constitution, 35, 45, 46– 49 and “Jewish and democratic” Israel, 731 creating overlap between defense ministry and Knesset and, 58, 226 army, 571 the political system and, 59 and Declaration of Independence, 731 protection against invalidation by Emergency defense minister, 154, 571 Regulations, 59 and disbanding of the Palmach, 16, 17 and rules of governance, 60 “Harari Resolution” and, 46 signiicance of, 54– 61 IDF, view of, 548, 593, 691 status of, 226 on immigrant integration, 690 subjects missing from, 61 and intellectuals and artists, 6, 32, 34 supra- legal status of, 54, 58, 59 and Israel Television, 503 Bechor Commission (1981) to examine Arlosoroff Knesset candidates list and, 341 assassination, 250, 252 and Lavon Affair, 816 Bedouins, 464, 632, 635, 636, 648, 652, 661, 667 and local authority elections, 27 Beersheba, 394 and Mapai, 19, 326, 343, 389 Begin, Menachem, 116, 146, 154, 158, 171, 492, 496, and Mapam, 23, 25, 334 559, 572, 574, 576, 598, 699, 786 and martial law, 624 coalition 1981– 83, 101– 02 on meaning of coalition, 396 and constitution, 35, 46 military, view of, 570 defense minister, 571 and Ministerial Committee for Security Affairs, 597 demonstration against German reparations, 297 and press, 496 and destruction of Iraq’s nuclear reactor, 573 Rai, 337 and Editors’ Committee, 494 and religious parties, 771 election of, 155 and religious status quo, 743 forming coalition, 418 resignation 1953, 146, 413 and Kahan Commission, 172 resignation over education, 783 and peace treaty with Egypt, 195, 390, 431, 561 resignation 1957, 498

925

Index 925

resignation 1963, 146, 416 Brit Hakanaim (Covenant of the and security matters, 6, 14, 17 Zealots), 450 security policy ethos, 580 Broadcasting Authority Law (1965), 628 and Sinai Campaign, 154, 816 Brodet Committee to examine defense budget, “statist” policy, 18, 32, 47, 833 538, 556 and transition period, 31 Brother Daniel: and Weizmann, 81 and Law of Return, 751 “Who is a Jew,” 750 B’Tselem (movement), 305, 554, 612, 617 wish to change electoral system, 388, 389 budget, 127 and yeshiva students release from military Budget Bill, 132, 134 service, 761 Budget Law, State, 111, 114, 127, 142. See also youth movements and, 33 Arrangements Law Ben- Meir, Yehuda, 579, 594 Budget Principles Law (1985), 114– 15, 188, 446, Bennett, Naftali, 401, 737, 770, 777, 841 537, 782 Ben- Porat, Miriam, 92, 238, 242, 243 amendments to, 188, 447, 782 Bension, Joshua, 822 Budget Principles Law (2011), 630 Benziman, Uzi, 491 bureaucracy, 145, 288, 451, 478, 821 Ben- Zvi, Yitzhak, 86, 785 local authority and central government, bereavement, 537, 583 190, 193 Berenson, Zvi, 92 public, 459– 60, 718 Bergman case (campaign inancing), 226 of rationing regime, 27 Berman, Yitzhak, 164 state, 376, 819 Bernadotte, Folke: assassination of, 11, 13, 14– 16, Burg, Yosef, 771 17, 19, 23, 48, 577 burial, 62, 768 Bernstein, Peretz 497 burial societies (hevra kadisha), 768 Beta Israel (from Ethiopia), 753 Bus 300 affair, 92, 223, 251, 490, 525, 539, 602, 606. Bezek Law. See Communication See also Landau Commission; Tunik- Zamir binational state, 622, 627, 631, 679 Committee on the GSS (1987) Bishara, Azmi, 135, 258, 639, 642, 643, 678n57 pardon for GSS men involved in, 92, 602 and MK’s immunity, 138 business sector, 443, 444, 728, 823, 845 Biton, Charlie, 640, 721 businesses: involved in third- sector activity, 452 black market, 34, 695. See also austerity program bylaws and rationing local, 186, 204, 209, 759 Black Panthers (protest movement), 297, 309, 337, municipal, 204, 210, 757, 788 383, 451, 459, 468, 640, 698, 720–21 oversight of, 204 Bnei Akiva (youth movement), 449 borders of Israel, 10, 11– 12, 536, 546– 47, 619 Camp David Accords (1979), 553, 794 after 1967, 271 Knesset vote approving, 596 partition (1949), 549 Camp David summit meeting (2000), 424, 555, 569 Brain- Respiratory Death Law (2008), 768 “Canaanites,” Cana’anism, 622, 739 Brazil, 81 Canada, 74, 155, 226, 254, 355, 402 Breaking the Silence (NGO), 612 capital- government- media connection, 517 Britain, 289, 342 car licensing fees, 9, 487 BBC model in broadcasting, 508 Caspi, Dan, 504 commissions of inquiry, 124, 254 Cave of the Patriarchs (Hebron), 250 constitution (unwritten), 38– 39, 44, 59 censor, censorship, 494 declaration of early elections, 144n4 “Censorship Agreement,” 489, 494 disengagement from law of, 202, 203 civilian, 490 See also Council for Review of electoral system, 355, 402 Films and Plays government policy papers, 132 and Committee of Three, 489 junior ministers, 163 military, 489– 90, 524, 600 Labour Party, 316 and online channel effect, 490 law, 200, 201, 208 self- , 497n23 and nulliication of acts of Parliament, 226 census, irst (1948), 20 opposition, 433 Center Party, 337, 359, 397, 423 parliamentary questions, 119, 130 Central Elections Committee, 218, 363– 64 parliamentary system in, 59, 143, 181, 325 and disqualiication of party lists, 117, 363– 64, prime minister, 144 673, 674 separation of powers, 141 supervisory role of, 366 tribunals of inquiry, 244, 250, 261 “changing the system of governance” “Westminister democracy,” 74 (slogan), 389

926

926 Index

Channel 7 (“Arutz Sheva”; pirate radio), 505, 525 civilian- military relations, 570– 80 checkpoints, 539 cleavages and rifts in Israeli society, 696, 704, 710 Cheshin, Mishael, 53, 675 new in the 2000s, 727 chief of staff, IDF, 493, 541, 544, 572, 577, 592, 594 social, 842– 43 inancial adviser to chief of staff, 538 socioeconomic, 334 Chief Rabbinate, 3, 742, 747 coalition, coalitions, 9, 46, 75, 100, 101, 126, 144, and High Court, 747 151– 52, 181, 325, 396, 817, 844 and recognition of “remote” Jewish in irst Knesset, 24 communities, 753 in second Knesset, 30 Chief Rabbinate Council, 747 of 2001, 153 recognition of brain death, 768 after 2009 elections, 405 ruling on civil marriage conducted abroad, 766 after 2012 elections, 405 Chief Rabbinate of Israel Law (1980), 628, 747 2015, 405, 746, 780 child allowances, 306, 425, 629, 699, 718, 736, 782 and Arab bloc (1992), 650 Christians, Christianity, 63, 207, 731 and Arab parties, 651 religious communities, 750 Ben- Gurion’s view of, 396 Ciechanover Committee (1997), 251n18, 255 centrality in politics, 436 Circassians, 656 “closed,” 403, 404, 405, 417, 436 citizen: deinition, 267– 314 collective responsibility, 156 citizens of Israel, 50 and consensual policymaking, 430 and loyalty, 333 crises, 432– 33, 783– 84 non- Jewish, 12, 33. See also Arab citizens data on Israeli, 405– 09 of Israel discipline, 157, 400– 01 Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law (Temporary and direct election of prime minister, 176 Provision) (2003), 626 economic and social considerations, 429 Citizenship Law (1952), 12, 51, 626, 691 and faction responsibility, 169 civic culture, shared, 834 formation of, 48, 149, 157 “Civil Administration,” 552. See also military rule formation theories, 403 civil liberties, 851 important decisions made by, 431 civil marriage, 62, 732, 738, 742, 765 majority, 402 in secular party platforms, 766 mechanism for creating consensus, 409 civil obligations, 64 minimum winning, 154, 402, 405, 409, 418, “civil religion,” 33, 733 421, 429 civil servants, 216, 268 minority, 402, 409 civil service, 3, 145, 318, 726 and MK cooperating with opposition, 435 Civil Service Commission, 223 narrow, 147, 154, 416, 418, 421 Civil Service Disciplinary Court, 218 “narrow cabinet,” 166 civil society, 32, 33, 438– 76, 702. See also third non- partisan decisions by, 431– 32 sector; volunteerism, volunteer organizations “open,” 403 Arab organizations, 659– 63 and parliamentary majority, 396 changes in, 443– 44 pivotal party, pivot position in, 144, 152, 326, and courts, 201 415, 418, 436 deinition, 438 religious parties in, 778, 780, 786 developments in, 273 representatives of religious Jews in, 744 foreign policy and security advocacy, 611 and security and foreign affairs, 414, 415, global, 440 418, 423, 436 independence, 439, 451, 452, 460, 474–76 Shas and, 774, 814 in modern state, 439– 41 source of instability, 845 organizations, 194, 270, 278, 285, 439, 440, and stability of, 134, 151 474, 475 as steering mechanisms, 169, 396– 97 participation in, 293– 94 surplus/ oversized, 151, 402, 404, 405, 409, 417, participation in organizations, 270 424, 425 political activism of organizations, 311 two- bloc, 89, 147 and oversight of the defense system, 611 “without Herut and Maki,” 30, 410, 434 and political participation, 268, 272– 73, 285 in Yishuv and early state years, 404 and political system, 819 coalition agreements, 46, 51, 58, 221, 388, 389, and religious matters, 797 397– 99, 782. See also coalition negotiations the state and, 272– 73 1977, 418, 764 voluntarism in organizations of, 273, 293 content, 157 Civil Union Party, 9 deinition, 397 civilian authority, the military and the, 579– 80 legal status and judicial review of, 398

927

Index 927

obligation to make public, 398 shaping policy, 263 politics of, 401 stature of, 249 with Religious Front, 781 task of, 244– 45 on religious issues, 781. See also status quo, Commissions of Inquiry Law (1968), 245– 47, religious 262, 603 “special funds” in, 781 Commissions of Inquiry Ordinance (1921), 245 and status quo arrangements, 743, 781 Committee for Socioeconomic Change (the transfer of special funds, 781 “Trajtenberg Committee”), 727 types of, 397 Committee for the Protection of Arab Land, 465 violation of, 401 committee to run municipal affairs, appointment unity governments, 166 of, 393 and yeshiva students’ military exemption, 761 communication, channels of political, 844 coalition negotiations, 176, 410– 12 Communication (Telecommunications 1952, 413 and Broadcasting) Law (1982), 485–86, 1967, 416– 17 490, 506 1984, 419– 20 Communist Party, Communists, 9, 21, 22, 26, 27, 50, 1990, 420– 21 499, 688. See also Maki; Rakah 1992, 421– 22 Community Advocacy (org.), 463 1996, 422– 23 Companies Law (1999), 445 1999, 423 Compulsory Education Law (1949), 692, 696, 2001– 2005, 425 717, 754 2006, 426 Compulsory National Service for Women 2009, 2013, 2015, 164, 427–29 Law, 783 beneits from, 411, 413, 424 “conception,” the: security policy and, 509, “Club of Four,” 415– 16 559, 577 duration, 410– 11 conlict between Jews and Palestinians. See Israel- ideological topics, 411 Arab/ Israeli- Palestinian conlict Coalition of Women for Peace, 612 conscientious objection, 584, 613, 615 code of ethics, journalists’ (“Nakdi Document”), Conscription Law (2014), 433 495, 495n20 consensus, 181, 271, 620, 676, 726, 817, 839, 844 Coexistence Network in Israel, 662 during statism period, 833 Cohen, Asher, 745 Jewish- Zionist, 622, 677 Cohen, Hillel, 623n7 model of government, 444 Cohen, Ran, 463 Conservative Judaism, 62, 731, 751, 752, 753, 786 Cohen, Shalom, 497 American, 752 Cohen, Stuart A., 584 conversion conducted by, 732, 752 Cohn, Haim, 673 in Israel, 752 Cold War, 334, 537, 566, 853 marriages, 732, 751, 765 commissions of inquiry, governmental, status of the movement, 751, 753 246, 253– 54 Constituent Assembly, 10, 46, 49 and powers of an SCI, 254 and constitution, 39, 43 commissions of inquiry, parliamentary, 123, elections (Jan. 1949), 8, 21– 26, 40, 103, 468, 850 124– 25, 171, 231, 245 as irst Knesset, 40, 103 concerning the black market (1950), 245 vote for president, 82 High Court of Justice and, 254 Constitution Committee (irst Knesset). See to investigate police conduct in the Jalami camp Warhaftig Committee (1951), 124– 25, 245 Constitution Committee (of Provisional State commissions of inquiry, state (SCIs), 72, 129, 233, Council): debate on president’s powers, 82 244– 62, 559, 603. See also individual names “Constitution for Israel”: proposed by appointment of members and composition of, movement, 71 234, 245, 246 constitution, 12, 22, 103, 793. See also basic laws caution in frequent use of, 261 Akzin draft, 62 conclusions and recommendations’ broad constitutional consensus, 74 status, 248– 49 “constitution by consensus,” 63 and court verdicts, 253 Constitution, Law and Justice Committee’s impact of, 259– 62 draft, 63 and judicial review, 252– 53 debate around, 42– 45, 75 Mandatory law, 244 deinition, structure, characteristics, and reasons for appointing, 249– 51 components, 37– 39 reforms needed, 261– 62 and democratic and constitutional reports to the government, 233, 244 stability, 37– 38

928

928 Index

constitution (cont.) Courts Law (1957), 204, 748 developments upon the founding of 2004 amendment, 219 Israel, 39– 42 Crick, Bernard, 859 formal, supreme, and rigid, 38 Criminal Register and Rehabilitation of Knesset’s role in enacting, 52 Offenders Law (1981), 90 Kohn’s proposal (1947), 40, 41, 62, 66 “culture of security,” 539, 583, 835 “1949 constitution” (unwritten), 37, 45– 51, 54, Custodian of Absentee Property, 749 76, 620, 814, 844 Cyprus, 275 material constitution 47, 54, 60, 75 Czechoslovakia, 414 nominal, 38, 39, 60 non- democratic, 38 Danziger, Yitzhak, 34 opposition to, 41 Darawshe, Abdulwahab, 639, 642 parties’ proposals, 41 Darwish, Abdullah Nimar, 643 and preventing the risks to the democratic Dash (Democratic Movement for Change; party), regime, 35 153, 169, 291, 337, 359, 375, 418, 419, 590 realistic and stable, 38 Davar (newsp.), 496, 498, 499 and religious parties, 40 Dayan, Eli, 193 and religious status quo, 796 Dayan, Moshe, 155n11, 162, 168, 171, 297, 498, 552, stability of, 60 572, 590, 592 “constitutional revolution,” 53, 226– 29, and Agranat Commission, 256 746, 789– 90 minister of defense, 152, 417, 418, 551, 573, 574 conversion, 732, 751, 752– 53. See also Ne’eman and occupied territories, 553, 574– 75 Committee: on conversion and peace treaty with Egypt, 561 cooperatives, 662, 688 resignation as minister of defense, 164 transportation, 357, 449, 461 Telem, 337 Cooperative Societies Ordinance, 71 Dayanim [Religious Court Judges] Law 1955, 203 co- optation, 310 daylight savings time, 790, 792 corruption, 27, 29, 238, 391, 510, 813, de Tocqueville, Alexis, 273, 439–40 822– 32, 854, 858. See also ethical conduct dead, dignity of the, 768 exposure of, 522 decision- making, 249, 844, 854 in government, 274, 820 Arab citizens and, 277 levels, 823– 26 citizen involvement in, 280, 353 perception of, 823, 824– 25 and coalition governments, 430 political and administrative, 36, 231 the executive branch and, 195 public attitudes to, 829 judicial, 198– 99, 221 public igures, 167, 272 laws obligating citizen involvement in, 280 spheres liable to, 829– 31 on security matters, 256, 607 Council for Abolishing the Military Declaration of Independence (1948), 5, 9– 10, 12, Government, 624 48, 50, 68, 103, 203, 730 Council for Administrative Tribunals, 209 and Arab citizens of Israel, 20 Council for Cable and Satellite Broadcasting, broadcast of, 502 485, 493 citing of UN in, 9 Council for Review of Films and Plays and constitution, 35, 39, 43 (1979), 490 and democracy, 731, 849 Council for the Control of Films and Plays, 32 and equality, 10, 620 Council of Arab Mayors, 304 Jewishness of the state in, 730, 731 courts, 3, 201, 207, 832. See also District Courts; principles of, 37 Mandatory courts; Municipal Courts; status of, 52 Supreme Court Defense Army of Israel Ordinance (1948), 543 budget for, 217 Defense (Emergency) Regulations (1945), 539, caseload, number of cases, 199–200, 206, 210, 219 545– 46, 599, 623 civil, 206 defense industries, 540– 41 civil society organizations turning to the, 201 defense minister, 576 Courts Administration, 210, 216 and policy, 571, 574– 76 general structure, 206 Defense Ministry Publishing House, 608 and local matters, 209 Defense Service (Consolidated Version) Law public trust in the, 198, 215 (1986), 761, 764 religious for each community, 206 Defense Service Law (Amendment 19) (2014), 763 structural reform recommendations, 206 defense system, 552. See also security system system, 205 under control and supervision of elected and trust in rule of law, 212, 215 representatives, 595

929

Index 929

external oversight of, 595– 606 and fragmentation, 109, 326 Knesset oversight of, 101 lack of dominant party in period of, 326 public oversight of, 607– 16 and media, 519 setting policies for, 571 objectives of, 175– 77 spending on, 537– 38, 606 rescinded, 173 transparency of, 606 and “soldiers’ votes,” 377 Defensive Shield (military operation), (2002), 491 special election for (2001), 148, 175, 354, 370, Degel Hatorah (party), 320, 382, 499, 515, 373, 386, 425, 555 769, 771 and split vote, 155, 179, 373, 374, 723 Dehamshe, Abdulmalik, 258 “dirty trick, the”: to bring down government, 120, Deir Yassin, 512 134, 147n5, 421 democracy, democratic system of governance, 3, Discharged Soldiers Law 10, 566. 1949, 629 “by an alternative method,” 319 1984, 629 consensus, 76 disengagement from Gaza Strip, 148, 153, 154, consociational, 49, 679 164, 336, 339, 433, 556, 557, 561, 567, 574, 580, deliberative, 268 625, 794 direct, 180, 181, 182, 276–78, 483, 517 and national- religious camp, 737, 746 faith in primacy of, 812 protest against, 297, 299 majoritarian, 74, 76 refusal to serve in, 614 media’s contribution to, 480– 81 Displaced Persons camp, 5 multiparty parliamentary, 396 District Courts, 204, 220 and national minority in Israeli, 676– 80 Don- Yehiya, Eliezer 33, 733 parliamentary, 99, 182. See also parliamentary Dorner, Dalia, 72, 675 systems Dovrat Committee on education (2005), 711– 12, participatory, 267 839, 840 pluralistic, 843 Dror (youth movement), 5 political culture, 353 Dror, Yehezkel, 538 religion as a threat to, 792– 95 Druze, 333, 464, 629, 632, 656, 665, 670, 749 representational, 267, 315, 348 Druze courts, 204, 207, 749 and security policy, 616, 853 Druze Courts Law 1962, 204, 749 self- defending, 36 Duma (Pal. village), Jewish terrorist attack in, 746 threats to Israeli, 853, 854– 60 demography, 632– 33, 702, 833 Early Release from Prison Law, amendment and immigration, 681 to, 116 population at time of Partition Plan, 623 east- west orientation, Israel’s, 18, 22, 334, 566 “demonstration of the four hundred thousand.” Eban, Abba, 155n11, 597 See protest: “demonstration of the four economy. See also defense system hundred thousand” crisis (2008), 844 Denmark, 104, 271, 342, 355 and Likud, 700 Deri, Aryeh, 116, 383, 421, 723, 774, 775 mixed, 30 dismissal by Rabin, 223 planned, 25 and state comptroller’s report (1991), 238 security- related exports, 587 trial and conviction of, 307, 723, 746, 784, 826 Eda Haredit (Ha- edah Haharedit), 306, 733, deterrence, 534, 551, 617 736, 771 Deutsch, Karl, 143, 478 Editors’ Committee, 489, 490, 494– 95, 497, 509 Development Authority, 628 and Begin, 494 development towns, 669, 691, 694 and self- censorship, 501 Development Towns and Regions Law education, 303, 683, 698, 753–55. See also Frumkin (1988), 630 Commission of Inquiry on immigrant Diamond, Larry, 847– 50 education (1950) Diaspora Jewry, 34, 47, 61, 307, 448, 698 in Arab society, 633, 683 Dinur, Ben- Zion, 693 autonomy of religious in the Yishuv, 742 Dirasat (research institute), 660 canceling streams in, 413 Direct Election Law, 168, 435 citizenship, 839– 42 direct election of prime minister, 88, 102, 118, 126, core curriculum, 25, 680, 839, 841 155, 158– 60, 173– 83, 278, 357, 373– 74, 710, 859. free, 71, 467, 721, 727 See also prime minister gender gaps in, 709 Arab voters and, 304, 647 in immigration camps, 783 decision to have, 60, 389 inequality in, 704 failure of, 173, 181 integration in, 682, 698, 722

930

930 Index

education (cont.) equality in, 353 level of adult, 696 free, 286, 353, 812 Mizrahi/ Ashkenazi gaps, 704, 706 majoritarian (“irst past the post”), 181, 276, Mizrahi representation in, 693 322, 355, 356, 389 and pluralism, 711, 841 and party inancing, 345 as predictor of voting behavior, 379 party platforms (1949), 22 privatization in, 711 principles of democratic, 352– 54 policy, 711– 12 proportional, 104, 355, 814, 835 and religiosity, 740 social and economic issues in, 28 religious, 29, 449 test of democratic, 352– 53 right to, 72 elections, Israeli, 354. See also election campaigns separate school systems, 25 direct, 360 in statist period, 692– 93 countrywide, 360 streams in, 754 foundation for tradition of, 358 and third sector, 441 proportional, 359 in transit camps, 432 regional, 389 ultra- Orthodox, 466 results, 370– 72 workers’ stream in, 449 voter turnout, 370 Yishuv political streams in, 692 electoral system, Israel’s, Effective Number of Parties, Index, 109, 157, 179, 325 attitude toward, 390 Egypt, 18, 21, 556 multiparty, 358– 59 arms deal with Czechoslovakia, 414 national, 388 - Israel negotiations after 1973 war, 595 “philosophy” of, 358– 59 peace agreements with. See peace agreements: principle of inclusiveness, 358, 360 with Egypt proportional, 357, 388, 397 Ehrlich, Simcha, 116 shortcomings of, 388 Eisenstadt, Shmuel N., 835 electoral systems, 354– 57, 402 Eitam, Efi, 164, 590, 770 and steering capacity, 356 Eitan, Rafael, 261, 422, 574, 590, 592, 594, 602 electoral threshold, 104, 108, 323– 24, 337, and Sabra and Shatila, 257, 559 346n19, 360 and Tzomet, 337, 343 raising of, 388– 89, 431, 639, 648 Elbit Systems Ltd., 587 setting of, 361 Eldad (Sheib), Israel, 599 Elezar, David, 571, 578, 604 Elected Assembly. See Assembly of Elisra Electronic Systems Ltd., 587 Representatives Elon, Benyamin, 433 Election (Campaign Methods) Law (1959), 359, Elon, Menachem, 147n5 363, 366, 367, 517 emblem of the state, 12. See also Flag, Emblem, amendment, 370, 520 and Anthem Law (1949) election campaigns, 319– 20, 350, 366– 70, 517. emergency legislation, 10 See also Central Election Committee; Emergency Powers (Detention) Law (1979), 546 elections; radio; television emergency regulations, 11, 16– 19, 31, 110, 128, broadcasts on Channel 1, 519 544, 546 changes in, 367– 70 British Mandate (1945), 489 changes in laws regarding, 664 Emergency Regulations (1945), 212 elements of the 2015, 518 Emergency Regulations to Prevent Terrorism inancing, 345 (1948), 11, 15 local authority, 392 emergency, legal state of, 103 mass communication use in, 367 employment media use in, 349, 367 of Arab women, 710, 715 and political participation, 268, 269, 295– 96 of “contract workers,” 719 PR experts designing, 295, 320, 516 ofices, 28 propaganda, 366 statist policy of full, 695 slogans, 366 ultra- Orthodox rate of, 736 television debates, 519 women’s, 710 viewing of campaign commercials, 295 Encouragement of Capital Investments Law, The voluntary activity in, 295 (1959), 629 Election Law (1959), 239 Entebbe operation (1976), 154, 597 elections, 315 environment classifying systems of, 355 protection, 145 and common contents, 356– 57, 358 quality of the, 294, 349, 394, 813 electoral systems in democracy, 354 Ephraim Returns to the Army (play), 491

931

Index 931

Equal Rights for People with Disabilities Law Family Court, 204, 205, 206 (1998), 460, 461 Farmers’ Association, 357, 461, 687 Equal Rights for Women Law (1951), 51, 790 Fasl al- Maqal (newsp.), 512 equality, principle of equality, 10, 620, 630, 678, Feirberg, Miriam, 393 679, 683, 782, 812 feminist movement, 469, 471 and Arabs, 333 Fidel Association for Education and Social before the law, 851 Integration of Ethiopian Jews in Israel, 460 civil, 674 Fighters’ List, 15, 82. See also Lehi Equality Index, 636, 662 Finer, Samuel E., 37 Eretz- Israel, 10 Finland, 81, 342, 355 Erev-Erev in Eilat (lealet), 499 Flag, Emblem, and Anthem Law (1949), 13, 627 Eshkol, Levi, 150, 158, 494, 503, 572, 573, 598, lag of Israel, 6, 12 816, 821 Flatto Sharon (party), 337, 371 and coalition formation, 415, 416 force, use of, 299 and martial law, 624 monopoly on, 19, 31 minister of defense, 154, 571 foreign policy, foreign affairs, 25, 145, 334, 337, 367, prime minister, 146, 574, 576, 667 422. See also security, security policy relations with General Staff, 571 and identiication, 375 ethical conduct, 820– 32. See also corruption party positions on, 329 and lack of culture of ethics, 826– 29 foreign workers, 123, 712, 713 Ethiopian immigrants, 470, 685, 702– 03, 708, 711, Forum of Immigrant Cultural Organizations, 469 717, 725, 753 Foundations of Law Act (1980), 10, 203, demonstrations and protests by, 310, 725 627, 631 laws in absorption of, 708 Four Mothers Movement, 471, 612. Operation Moses (1984), 753 France, 200, 342, 356 Operation Solomon (1991), 753 Constitutional Council, 226 political participation, 310 Free Center Party, 417 ethnicity (adati- ut), 22, 468 free market, 329, 682, 831 and voting decisions, 376 capitalism, 379 Etzel (Irgun(, 9, 11, 13– 14, 449, 502 economy, 329 Etzioni Commission (1971) to investigate freedom of assembly and demonstration, 64 corruption in the football league, 251 freedom of expression, 64, 68, 212, 488, 490, 491, European Charter of Local 526, 548, 616. See also freedom of the press; Self- Government, 194 press, the European Union, 226, 276 in journalism, 480, 490, 496, 499 executive branch, 36, 99, 143– 96, 389. See also legal defense of, 524 government of Israel protection of, 211 centralization in, 31 freedom, principle of, 812 declining power of, 118 Freedom of Information Law (1998), 61, 113, 280, expenditures, 145 289, 474, 492– 93, 523 “in- house opposition,” 435 freedom of movement, 64, 539, 616 judicial review of, 222 freedom of occupation, 64, 525. See also Basic in parliamentary systems and Israel, 143 Law: Freedom of Occupation (1992) power, 143 freedom of organization and association, 64 public expenditures, 145 freedom of religion, faith, and conscience, 52, 64 and separation of powers, 143 freedom of science, 64 shaping legislation, 195 freedom of the press, 68, 480, 495, 496, 498, 524. steering capacity, 373 See also journalism steering problems of, 145 freedom of worship, 749 strengthening, 175 Frej, Esawi, 643 types of responsibility in, 167– 73 Friedman, Daniel, 142, 401 exit permit: to leave Israel, 31 Frumkin Commission of Inquiry on immigrant education (1950), 692, 754 factions, Knesset, 100, 134– 35, 142, 322, 324 FSU and Russia (“Russians”) immigrants, 106, 308, discipline, 134, 137, 141 332, 469, 682, 685, 702, 712, 713, 717, 721, 734, 815 fragmentation, 109– 10, 141 absorption of, 710 key, 134 burial of, 768 and media, 105 and change in party map (2006), 376 resigning from a faction, 134– 35 and civil marriage, 766 Faithful of the Temple Mount, 612 and journalism, 514 Falash Mura (from Ethiopia), 753 marriage patterns, 697

932

932 Index

FSU and Russia (“Russians”) immigrants (cont.) authority to nullify legislation, 226 and non- kosher meat, 759, 760 constitution, nulliication of legislation, 226, 316 political participation, 309– 10 election threshold, 104 sectoral parties of, 724. See also Yisrael electoral system, 356 B’Aliyah; Yisrael Beitenu presidency, 81 secularism and, 745 Social Democrats party, 316 the socioeconomic scale and, 708 Gesher (party), 176, 433 in urban communities, 702 Geva, Eli, 614 and voluntary organizations, 310 Gil Pensioners’ Party, 328, 337, 359 voting patterns, 383– 84 Ginossar case, 223, 229, 473 Fukuyama, Francis, 8 Glatt- Berkowitz, Liora, 492– 93 Future Vision of the Palestinian Arabs in Israel, globalization, 272, 477, 701, 712, 726, 831, 850, 853 The, 655 “glocalization,” 726 Golan Heights, 536, 551 Gahal (political party), 152, 155, 416, 417, 433, 816 Druze, 632 and National Unity Government (1967), 146, 434 Golan Heights Law (1981), 547, 583 withdrawal from National Unity Government, Goldberg, Eliezer, 238, 242– 43 152, 431 Goldstein, Baruch, 615 Galili, Israel, 16, 17 Goldstone Report, 558, 610 Galnoor Committee, 454n16 “good fence” policy (Lebanon), 559 Galon, Zehava, 283, 379 Gotthelf, Yehuda, 494 gaps, 633, 671, 672, 704, 813, 846 governability, 143, 175, 177, 847, 848. See also economic, 682 steering capacity education, 704 governance, 19, 143, 386, 389, 430, 816, 822, ethnic, 693, 695 824, 826 ideological, 838 commissions of inquiry with implications income, 704, 706 for, 255– 59 gender, 709 and “consociational” agreements, 787 poverty, 704 High Court demand for sound, 790 between pupils, 693 legality of, 225 between “Sephardim” and “Ashkenazim,” 684, with steering capacity, 390, 832 696, 706 Governance Law (2014), 110, 161, 163 socioeconomic, 853 Government Law (2001), 149, 253, 398, 542, 544 in standard of living, 634 Government and Law Arrangements Law, 547 Gaza Strip, 73, 553, 618. See also Operation Cast government of Israel, 36, 143, 571. See also Lead; Operation Pillar of Defense; Operation coalition, coalitions; ministers, government; Protective Edge ministries, government; prime minister campaigns against, 567 appointing entities that administer media, 526 and Hamas, 556 Arab policy of, 664– 66 hostilities with, 549 authority of, 143, 145 military rule in, 552 basic guidelines of, 399– 400 rockets ired from, 558 and cabinet, 143 unilateral withdrawal from, 547 change of dominant party, 146 gender, 283, 379– 80 checks on its power, 212 equality, 284 civil society and business roundtables, 454 General Security Service. See GSS and civil society organizations, 454– 55 General Security Service Law (2002), 542, 543, conidence/ no- conidence in, 400 596, 605 control over coalition, 144 General Zionists (party), 14, 22, 33, 414, 496, and deputy ministers, 163 568, 687 fall in Feb. 1951, 692 campaign slogans, 366 fall in 1990, 164 in coalitions, 413 falling, 150 in Constituent Assembly election (1949), 24 irst, 24, 28, 780 constitution proposal, 41 functions, 143 in local authority election (1950), 27, 28, 29 identiication with dominant party, 145– 46 and Mapai, 29, 388, 413 instruments to end term of, 150 and second Knesset elections, 25, 30 and Knesset, 118, 126, 132, 144, 156 Geneva Conventions (1949), 547 minority, 152, 153 Germany, 121, 181, 200, 343, 498. See also narrow, 153, 421 reparation from Germany overview of, 145 arms deal with Israel (1959), 169 power of, 144

933

Index 933

principle of legality of, 212 Hamas, 555, 570, 585, 586 relations with local government, 183, 190 members’ deportation (1992), 230 relations with MoD and IDF, 572– 79 taking control of Gaza Strip, 551, 552, 556, 558 residual power, 151 Hamevaser (newsp.), 516 and size and unity of the coalition, 157 Hamizrahi (party), 496. See also National stability of, 113, 144, 404 Religious Party and status quo agreements, 743 Hammer, Zevulun, 771 steering capacity of, 134, 437 Hamodia (newsp.), 497, 499, 515 transitional, 150 Haolam Hazeh (newsp.), 497, 511 Zionist religious parties in irst, 780 Haolam Hazeh (party), 337 Grapes of Wrath operation (1996), 560 HaOved HaTzioni (party), 14. See also Great Knesset, 100 Progressive Party Greater Land of Israel, 334, 505, 566, 569, 611, 737, Hapoel (sports club), 104, 449 741, 770, 771, 776 Hapoel Ha-Mizrachi (party), 14, 26, 30, 46, 316, and national- religious identity, 737, 746 381, 413, 449, 496, 687, 769 Greece, 81, 402 and split with Mizrachi, 769 Green Leaf (party), 337, 377, 378, 459 Happeless (newsp.), 516 Green Line, 512 “Harari Resolution,” 41, 45, 46, 49, 50, 110, 431 Greenpeace (org.), 440 legacy of, 51 Grossman, David, 620 Haredim. See ultra- Orthodox Grunzweig, Emil, 298, 615 Har- Shei, Margalit, 86 GSS (General Security Service; “Shabak”, “Shin Hashomer Hatzair, 16, 785 Bet”), 501, 542, 543, 588, 599, 605. See also Hatikva (anthem), 12, 66 General Security Service Law (2002); Landau Hatnuah (party), 148, 328, 343, 365, 379, 402, Commission: scrutinizing GSS interrogation 405, 427– 28 methods (1987) Havatzelet (newsp.), 496 oversight of, 602 Hayom (newsp.), 499 Shamgar Commission examining Personal Hazan, Reuven, 174 Security Unit, 605 Hazofeh (newsp.), 496, 499, 515 and shaping of security policy, 571, 572 health, health services, 32, 303, 316, 449 Gulf War (1991), 509, 522, 609, 665 and third sector, 441 non- response to missile attacks in, 579 health funds, 319 Gur, Mordechai, 576 Hebrew (language), 32, 628, 675, 739 Gush Emunim (movement), 293, 297, 350, 452, 459, in media, 481 611, 612, 615, 744, 793–94 teaching immigrants, 497, 502, 698 Gush Shalom (movement), 612 Hebron, 122, 169, 555 Hegel, Friedrich, 439 Ha’ir (newspaper), 490 Herrmann, Tamar, 737 Haaretz (newsp.), 24, 482, 494, 495, 496, 499, 522 Herut (newsp.), 496, 497, 498, 499 and IDF version of events, 610 Herut (party), 22, 29, 415, 434, 496, 568, 720 /International Herald Tribune, 514 central committee, 340, 341 online edition, 500 constitution proposal, 41 Habibi, Emil, 625, 637, 641, 670n51 campaign slogans, 366 Haboker (newsp.), 496, 498 demonstrations in the 1950s, 297 Hadash (party), 320, 333, 342, 389, 410, 435, 469, hawkish view, 569 639, 640, 641, 643, 644, 651, 659 Liberals bloc, 499 in Knesset elections, 380, 644 in National Unity Government, 417 Hadashot (newsp.), 489– 90, 525 secular stance, 739 Hadassah (org.), 357, 449 system of “sevens,” 341 HaDor (newsp), 496 and Weizmann’s election, 82 Haganah (org.), 502, 541 Herzl, Theodor, 6, 730 and General Staff, 17 Herzog, Chaim, 86, 89, 94, 434 National Command, 16 pardon of GSS members (“Bus 300 affair”), 92 Hague Convention (1907), 547 Herzog, Isaac, 592 Haider, Ali, 639 Hezbollah, 560, 567, 570, 578, 586 Haifa, 28, 394, 395 High Commissioner for Palestine, 245 Haifa Declaration, 679 High Court of Justice, 205– 06, 209, 219– 22. Hakibbutz Hameuchad (movement), 16 See also Supreme Court HaLevanon (newsp.), 496 accessibility to, 220 Halkin, Hillel, 847 Alice Miller case (women and pilots training Halutz, Dan, 172, 563, 578, 594, 605 course), 201, 225, 462

934

934 Index

High Court of Justice (cont.) and religious issues, 471 appealing to, 290 right of Arab nonproits to organize, 659 and authorities of rabbinical courts, 791 right of Palestinian territory residents to Beit El settlement case, 73, 224 petition, 73 caseload, 220 right of standing, 221, 290, 462 and Central Elections Committee, 363 and right to vote and be elected, 364 and Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law role of, 220 (Temporary Provision) (2003), 626 ruling on political agreements, 845 and civil society organizations, 462 safeguarding the state, 617 and coalition agreements, 398 and scope of justiciability, 221– 22, 230 and constitutional authority, 65 security is subordinate to the law, 602 and constitutional review, 225– 29 and settlements, 201 convicting religious politicians in corruption and selective refusal to serve, 614– 15 cases, 791 and separation fence, 74, 224, 601 and core curriculum, 790, 841 Shalit ruling, 69, 751 and criteria to test for lawfulness, 222– 23 and social rights, 71– 72 and Defense Ministry, 225 and State Comptroller, 242 disqualiication of al- Ard, 70, 660, 661 and state security, 74, 539, 599 Elon Moreh case, 73, 583, 602, 793 and status quo, 789 and emergency regulations, 546 texts on military cemeteries’ gravestones, entitlement to seek relief from, 220 225, 585 equal rights for Arabs, 70, 790 transparency demands, 790 and governance, 72– 73 and “unreasonable” decisions, 223 and IDF service for yeshiva students, 224, 433 use by public organizations, 221 and import of non- kosher meat, 116 and women on religious councils, 69, 224, intervention in “security considerations,” 601 748, 788 invalidation and nulliication of Knesset yeshiva students non- conscription, 761– 63 legislation, 225, 226 Higher Monitoring Committee of Arab Israel Televison broadcasting on Sabbath, 757 Citizens of Israel, 304, 464, 625n8, 630, 639, and judicial activism, 229 662, 675– 76 judicial review, 221, 222– 30 backing Association of Forty, 661 Ka’adan ruling, 674 and government authorities, 655 Kach Party’s appeal on ban, 117 mayors of Arab local authorities, 655 kashrut certiicates, 224 Hilu, Nadia, 638 =Kol Ha’am ruling (1953), 68, 488, 524 Hirschson, Avraham, 829 judicial review by, 208, 228 Histadrut Labor Federation (General Federation “laws to circumvent the High Court,” 791 of Workers in the Land of Israel), 3, 21, 29, lifting of MK’s immunity, 138, 140 318, 441, 450, 496, 644, 659, 714 Marbek Case over kashrut inspectors, 760 decline of, 443, 451 Meatrael case on importation of non- kosher and disbanding of the Palmach, 16, 18, 23 meat, 759– 60, 784 election (1949), 20, 26, 48 and military decisions, 600 elections, 287, 357 misuse by interest groups, 220 Executive Committee, 17 MKs’ petitions submitted to, 131, 133, 142, 220 and immigrant absorption, 690 Neiman ruling, 674 and local authority elections (1950), 27, 28 nullifying law or provision of a law and political participation, 292 contravening Basic Law, 226 in pre- state period, 449, 687 and occupied territories, 601 Hofnung, Menachem, 583 Orthodox leaders attitude toward, 788 Holland, 81, 104, 181, 348, 355 overturning improper political Holocaust, 733 appointments, 791 fear of, 582 overturning Tal Law, 763, 789 survivors, 12, 125, 250 petitions to prevent discrimination against Holyland Affair, 827 Arabs, 70 holy places, liberation/ conquest of, 624. See also and political agreements, 397 Temple Mount and private prison, 831 Horowitz, Yigael, 257 proceedings, 220– 21 Horwitz, Dan, 581 and proper administration, 220 Hoter- Ishai, Dror, 826 and proportionality, 224 Hours of Work and Rest Law (1951), 756 and “public petitioners,” 221 House Committee, Knesset, 83, 139 and rabbinic courts, 748 Huldai, Ron, 393

935

Index 935

human and civil rights, 36, 46, 47, 76, 539, 617, 790, and government policy, 714– 17 848. See also United Nations: Universal and unemployment, 716 Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and yeshiva students’ military exemption, 760 declaration of, 63– 65 inlation, 147, 700, 855 protecting Arabs’, 465, 661 “ingathering of the exiles,” 10, 664, 682, 731, 833. rulings on, 67– 68 See also “merging the exiles” human dignity, 495, 546, 782, 851. See also Basic information, leaking of, 492, 498 Law: Human Dignity and Liberty (1992) Inglehart, Ronald, 284 Human Rights in Judea and Samaria, 612 instability, 285, 436 human rights, 36 Institute of Applied Social Research: immigrant human shields, 600, 610n77 categories (1949), 684 Hura, 643 institutions. See also national institutions Hussein (King of Jordan), 553 democratic character of pre- state, 3 and London Agreement (1987), 553 provisional, 201. See also People’s Administration; People’s Council Ibn Khaldun (research institute), 660 transitional, 8– 13 Ibnaa al- Balad (Sons of the Village; movement), integration, 687, 711 464, 654, 679 separative, 702 ICT (information and communication integration of the exiles, 682, 690, 693, 833 technologies), 279, 280 intelligence services, 542 “identity,” Israel’s, 673, 730, 735 interest groups, 74, 100, 162, 273, 279, 319, 349, “identity politics,” 726 478, 834 ILAN (org.), 450 Knesset, 289 “illegal”/ “unauthorized” outposts and settlements media and, 523 (West Bank), 594, 827, 846 smaller parties and, 108 Im Tirtzu (movement), 612 and “state- corporatism,” 450 immigrant communities, 28, 29 and ultra- Orthodox parties, 306 immigrants: absorption of veteran, 696 Inter- ministerial Committee for Approval of the immigration to Palestine (Eretz- Israel), 686 Importation of Foreign Artists, 490 immigration to the State of Israel, 10, 22, 34, 287. International Court of Justice (Hague), 557, 601 See also new immigrants Internet, 301, 478, 481. See also journalism: online absorption of immigration, 25, 682, 683, 689, advertising on, 483, 500, 523 691– 92, 710 Arabic- language sites, 513 absorption policy, 690– 95, 710– 11, 724 campaigning on, 296, 368, 518 canceling Mandates’ restrictions on, 6 regulation of content, 490 immunity, MKs, 137– 40 Intifada, 625 procedural (limited or parliamentary), irst, 553– 54, 566, 575, 586, 665 137, 139– 40 second, 153, 555, 566, 586, 609, 624, 665, 712 lifting, 139 Iqrit and Bir’im, 70, 213 substantial (essential), 137, 138– 39 Iran, 594, 618 “impossibility theorem” (the Arrow paradox), 353 threat from nuclear weapons of, 567, 579 inclusiveness, principle of inclusiveness, 181, 308, Iraq 310, 402, 404, 405, 726 destruction of nuclear facility of, 567, 573, 618 Income Support Law, 700 missiles attacks from, 552 Income Tax Ordinance: exemption for public Ireland, 81 institution, 446 Iron Dome defense system, the media and, 501 Income Tax Regulations (1985), 629 “iron law of oligarchy,” 338 income, 683, 704, 706– 09 Islamic Jihad, 555 of Ethiopian immigrants, 708 Islamic Movement, 304, 305, 465, 639, 643, 655, of FSU immigrants, 708 659, 662 gaps, 706, 714– 15 northern wing, 380 inequality in, 704 Israel Academia Monitor, 612 and religiosity, 740 Israel Aerospace Industries, 540, 541, 587 women’s, 710 Israel Bar Association, 204, 213 India, 81, 326 judicial evaluations by, 217 individual rights, 49, 631 Israel Broadcasting Association, 239 individuals, individualism, 272, 726, 815 Israel Broadcasting Authority, 221, 482, 503, 525. inequality, 683, 693, 699, 701, 704, 710, 712, See also radio; code of ethics, journalists’ 713– 17, 849 (“Nakdi Document”); television before the law in occupied territories, 548 plenum, 104, 354, 508 Gini index of income, 713 “screen bribery,” 508

936

936 Index

Israel Broadcasting Authority Law (1965), 486, Israel’s heritage, 203 487, 628 Israel’s Media Watch, 612 Israel Cancer Association, 450 Israel- Arab/ Israeli- Palestinian conlict, 4, 535, 618, Israel Communist Party. See Maki 621, 640 Israel Corporations Authority, 445 ongoing, 337, 676 Israel Defense Forces (IDF), 13, 18, 537, 541. pre- 1948 Palestine, 3 See also Basic Law: The Military Israeliness, 692, 702, 736, 839, 842–43 and Ben- Gurion, 571 “Israelization,” 711 and bereaved parents, 585 Israel– Syria Disengagement Agreement civilian authority over, 595 (1974), 547 civilian oversight of, 577, 603 Italy, 271, 279, 326, 356 civilian relations with, 579 nulliication of legislation, 226 compulsory draft, 584, 586, 616 presidency of, 81 conscription of women to IDF, 415, 418 Itijah (org.), 465 and “conception,” 577 criticism of parents, 585 Jabotinsky, Ze’ev, 8, 785– 86 decline in motivation to serve in, 583. See also Jamal, Amal, 660 refusal to serve in the IDF Japan, 326, 356 discrimination against women, 225 JDC (Joint Distribution Committee), 688 draft dodgers, 584 Jeljulia, 643 early state period appointments to, 593 Jenin, Jenin (ilm), 491 exemption from service for religious women, Jerusalem, 13, 28, 394, 547, 592, 769 545, 764 Bar- Ilan Street, 307, 758 and irst Intifada, 554 East, 547, 569, 601 General Staff, 541, 571, 624 Jerusalem Foundation, 451 IDF spokesperson, 594, 609 Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, 461 and immigrant absorption, 691 Jewish Agency, 3, 8, 9, 49, 318, 345, 354, 449, 450, kashrut observed in, 758 470, 814 Military Jurisdiction Law, 205 Board of Governors, 104 and national tasks, 543, 548 Executive, 39 norms of conduct, 600 and immigrant absorption, 690, 694, 710 ombudsman, 289 “Jewish and democratic” state, Israel as a, 63, 75, Palmach Command in, 17 142, 626, 627, 673, 674, 675, 679, 729, 730, 731, politicization of, 592 838, 840, 848, 849 public trust in, 215 and Arab citizens, 620, 631 refusal to serve, 613– 15 Jewish Home, 328, 342, 365, 402, 737, 769 relations with the government and and Yesh Atid, 780 MoD, 572– 79 Jewish Home- National Religious Party, 320 reserve duty, 537, 615 Jewish Home – The New NRP, 770 return of missing/ abducted soldiers, 585 Jewish law, 203 role in government policymaking, 577 Jewish Leadership (org.), 300– 01 and route of separation barrier, 556 Jewish majority, 277, 621 “selective refusal” to serve, 613, 614 Jewish National Council. See Va’ad Leumi “shirkers,” 584, 600 Jewish National Fund (JNF), 449, 658, 688, 830 Spokesperson Unit, 608 Jewish National Fund Law (1953), 627, 628 statist pioneering and, 32 Jewish National Home, 9, 730 trust in, 274, 565– 66 Jewish religion: status in Israel, 61– 63 and ultra- Orthodox yeshiva students, 142, 584 Jewish Religious Services (2008), 748 Israel Democracy Institute, 63, 180, 461 Jewish Religious Services (Consolidated Version) Israel Independence Day, 630 Law (1971), 630, 748 Israel Land Administration, 627, 628, 830 Jewish Religious Services Regulations (Burial Israel Land Administration Law (1960), 628 Societies) (1966), 768 Israel Military Industries Ltd., 540– 41, 587 Jewish state, meanings of term, 730, 731 Israel Press Council, 495 Jewish state in the Land of Israel, 730 Ethics in Times of Conlict Committee, 609 “Jewish Underground,” 555, 615, 794 Israel Soccer Association, Trustees of, 104 “Jewishness”, Israel’s, 12, 631, 729, 731 Israel Television, 511– 12 Jibril, Ahmad, 91 Russian- language channels, 514 Joint List (Arab), 304, 333, 386, 512, 639, 645, 646, Israel Union for Environmental Defense, 221, 648, 651, 664 452, 462 Jordan. See peace treaties: with Jordan Israel Women’s Network, 290, 462, 471 Jordan Valley, 553, 583

937

Index 937

journalism. See also media judiciary, judicial process, 36, 204, 229. See also advertising in print, 483 courts; judges Arabic, 511 arbitration and mediation mechanisms, 210– 11 broadcast, 482, 502– 09, 514 budget allocation to, 200 economic, 500 corrective role of, 231 Internet, 483 impartiality of, 212 and journalistic ethics, 527 independence of, 197, 212, 214, 812 local, 499– 500 labor matters and social laws, 207– 08 and “media- social responsibility” model, 507 legal foundation, 203– 04 mobilized, 496 and litigious society, 199 online, 496, 500, 501 ministerial subordination versus professional “oppositional,” 497 subordination, 216 party- afiliated, 482, 496, 497, 498– 99 oversight of the, 216 pluralistic, 507 and personal status matters, 206 print, 478, 496, 497, 506 and politicization, 211 Russian- language, 514 president’s functions for, 84 ultra- Orthodox, 515 and public trust, 198 journalists, 522, 526– 27 relations with the Knesset, 133, 142 status and identity of, 484 responsibility for, 216 Journalists Association, 495, 608 role of, 197– 201 Jubran, Salim, 828 status of, 211– 15 Judaism, Jewishness, 730. See also religion and structure and function of, 205– 11 state, issue of; state and religion in Israel, juridical rights, 64 relations between state and religion Jurisdiction and Powers Ordinance (1948), 547 self- deinition of 734– 35 “Judaizing the Galilee,” 668, 669 Ka’adan, Adel, 674 Judges Law 1953, 203 Kach party/ movement, 117, 275, 363, 474, 615, judges, 214. See also Supreme Court: justices 674, 794 appointment and promotion of, 212, 213– 14. Kadima (party), 109, 148, 153, 157, 164, 311, 319, See also Judicial Appointments Committee; 359, 365, 376, 379, 389, 426, 570, 725, 838 Zamir Committee to investigate judicial as aggregating party, 108 appointments election slogan, 366 autonomy of, 204, 215 in Knesset elections, 89, 326, 328, 386 independence from executive branch, 215 primaries, 342 independence of, 203, 211– 13 Kafr Qasim, 489, 512, 600, 624, 664 integrity of, 211, 215 Kahalani, Avigdor, 590 number proportionate to population, 200 Kahan Commission to investigate Sabra and Ombudsman for Complaints against Judges, 218 Shatilla events, 164, 171, 172, 249, 256–57, 604 oversight of, 217– 18 Kahane, Meir, 86, 89, 133, 525, 794, 818 professional subordination, 204 Kahlon, Moshe, 728 removal from ofice, 215 Kara, Ayoob, 643 special requirements of, 214– 15 Karaites, 753 Supreme Court justices, 218– 19 Karame (military operation), 551 judicial activism, 75, 133, 229, 746 Karbutli case, 212, 599 Judicial Appointments Committee, 213– 14, Karp Report (1984), 601 218, 219, 434 kashrut (Jewish dietary laws), observance Judicial Disciplinary Court, 218 of, 758– 60 judicial review, 53, 66, 220, 221, 226, 231 and importation of non- kosher meat, 759. Basic Laws and, 58, 60, 227 See also pork, pork meat of executive branch, 222 in public institutions, 758 of legislation, 225 Katsav, Moshe, 85, 86, 94, 95, 96, 97, 829 of media, 524 resigning presidency, 83 the occupied territories and, 600– 03 Katz, Elihu, 838 proposals for changing, 228– 29 Katzir (town), 70, 463, 674 of rulings by National Labor Tribunal, 208 Katzir, Ephraim, 83, 86 over security bodies, 600 Katznelson, Berl, 497 by Supreme Court, 227 Kedma (educational network), 711 judicialization, 234, 263 Kedourie, Yitzhak, 774 legislative, 230 Kenet Commission to investigate prison of politics, 230, 231, 290, 320 conditions (1971), 250 of public sphere, 118, 230– 32 Kenig, Ofer, 156

938

938 Index

Kern, Cyril, 350n23 oversight of declarations of a state of Keshet Mizrahit (Democratic Rainbow, org.), 309, emergency and government emergency 463, 469, 723– 24 regulations, 128– 29 Kfar Yassif, 27 oversight of executive branch. 119– 33 Khamaisi, Rassem, 656, 658 oversight of secondary legislation, 127– 28 Khartoum Resolution (1967), 552, 575 parliamentary questions, 119, 129–30, 158 Khatib, Atif, 639 and peace agreements with Egypt, 119 Khatib, Hashim, 671 petitions on religious issues, 69– 70 Khenin, Dov, 643 plenum, 124, 129 kibbutz movements, kibbutz members, 319, plenary debates, 119 443, 449 policy debates, 158 Kimmerling, Baruch, 835 political discussion and special sessions during a Kishon, Ephraim, 720 Knesset recess, 130 Knafo, Vicki, 294, 525 powers vis- à- vis the executive branch, 179 Knesset, 36, 141, 142. See also factions, Knesset; power vis- à- vis the government, 103, 141 Knesset committees and subcommittees; and prime minister, 158 Knesset elections; Knesset members; and private members’ bills, 101, 102 legislation, Knesset and proposed “Government Policy,” 149 and Arab citizens of Israel, 664 public esteem of, 102 and Basic Laws, 226 relations with the judiciary, 142 changes in status and functioning, 101– 03 representativeness of, 325 and constitutional authority, 65, 66 responsible for government decisions, 167 continuity of, 150 roles and status of, 140, 179 candidates list, 322 as scrutinizer, 131– 32 and coalition agreements, 399 and secondary legislation, 132 and conidence/ no- conidence in government, sectoral, 108 89, 101, 102, 119– 22, 143, 150, 156 and security, 595 and constitution, 47 and sovereignty, 100 “constitutional continuity” of, 52 and state comptroller, 233 constitutional infrastructure of, 103– 04 Knesset Building and its Compound Law “constructive no- conidence” mechanism, 120, (1968), 104 132, 181, 436 Knesset TV Channel, 487, 504 decisions, 122– 23 Knesset committees and subcommittees, 119, declaration of state of emergency by, 103:29, 123– 24, 142 179, 544, 546, 596 Committee for the Advancement of electing president, 85 Women, 123 emergency mobilization of reserve Constitution, Law and Justice Committee, 41, soldiers, 596 51, 71, 76, 164 enacting a constitution, 52 effectiveness of, 125– 26 and executive branch, 118, 119 Ethics Committee, 123 irst Knesset, 52, 787 Finance Committee, 114, 123, 125, 126, 127, 142, fragmentation in, 108, 109, 118, 147, 157, 179, 215, 237, 537, 596, 772 325, 361 Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee, 101, the government and, 54, 118, 126, 131 123, 124, 125, 128, 498, 542, 544, 596, 597, and international and peace agreements, 122 605, 664 legislation. See legislation, Knesset joint subcommittee of the Finance and Foreign as legislature, 118 Affairs and Defense Committees, 537 lifting an MK’s immunity, 133 Knesset Committee, 219 lobbyists, lobbying in, 458, 461, 473 Labor, Welfare and Health Committee, 124 media, 521 permanent, 123 and ministry supervision, 144 Security Budget Subcommittee, joint, 597 moderation of power of, 100 sponsorship of bills, 124 monitoring mechanisms, 129, 195 State Control Committee, 123, 233, 236, 240, motions for the agenda, 119, 129 241, 242, 246, 250 over- representation in, 106 Subcommittee on Security Affairs, 597 overseeing the Knesset, 132– 33 transparency, 123 oversight by monitoring mechanisms, 129 Knesset elections, 100, 816. See also Basic Law: The oversight mechanism to the Knesset as a Knesset (1958); Election (Campaign Methods) body, 122– 29 Law (1959); elections, Israeli; election oversight of decisions, 122– 29 threshold; Knesset Elections Law; Parties oversight of budget, 115, 126– 27 Financing Law (1973); Parties Law (1992)

939

Index 939

First (Constituent Assembly, 1949), 8, 23, 43, 48, power of individual, 110 145, 149, 275, 354, 517 and private legislation, 118 Second (1951), 20, 22, 25 as representatives, 105 4th (1959), 146 right to be elected, 135– 36 7th (1969), 152 stature as individuals, 134 9th (1977), 418 switching parties, 173 11th (1984), 89 term of ofice, 100 13th (1992), 327, 421 women, 709 14th (1996), 174, 287, 386 work of, 136 15th (1999), 174, 176, 287 Knesset Members Immunity, Rights and Duties 16th (2003), 153, 287, 327, 425, 519 Law (1951), 104, 123, 136, 137, 138 17th (2006), 153, 281, 328, 519 Knesset Research and Information Center, 18th (2009), 153, 276, 288, 328, 342, 427 113, 195 19th (2013), 283, 296, 367, 427 Kohn, Yehuda Pinchas, 39, 62, 66 20th (2015), 276, 295, 328, 365, 429, 518, 771 Kol Ha’am (newsp.), 68, 488, 496, 497, 497n23, 511 Arab voting in, 380– 81 Kol Ha’Ir (newspaper), 602 and calculation of results, 364 Kol Yisrael (national radio), 486, 502– 03, 505 as channel for responsive participation, 286 Arabic broadcasts, 511 and coalition agreements, 397 Reka broadcasts for immigrants, 514 computerized, 365 Kolech: Religious Women’s Forum, 471n28 conduct of, 29 Kollek, Teddy, 451, 502 decision- making of the voters, 390– 91 Kook, Abraham Isaac, 769 decline in voter turnout, 370 Kook, Zvi Yehuda, 771 electoral reforms, proposed, 387– 90 Kremnitzer, Mordechai, 225 honest election procedures, 371 Kremnitzer Committee on citizenship education, and local authority elections, 391, 394 841, 859 media’s role in, 517 Kretzmer, David, 601 party platforms, 648– 49, 650 Kul al- Arab, 512 percentage voting, 286 Kulanu (party), 148, 319, 337, 365, 386, 388, 570, postponed until after Yom Kippur War, 35, 150 651, 728 proportional, 276, 361 as aggregating party, 108 protest vote, 287, 288, 373 right to vote in, 359– 60 labor councils, 449 “Russian vote,” 376 Labor Courts Law 1969, 207 socioeconomic issues in campaigns, 727 labor movement, 16, 285 socioeconomic status and voting behavior irst coalition of, 414 in, 379 and the 1977 upheaval, 146, 418 “soldiers’ votes,” 376– 78 Labor Party, 109, 175, 178, 291, 309, 319, 320, 365, split vote for prime minister and 379, 570, 583, 724 Knesset, 174– 75 Arabs voting for, 637– 38, 646 surplus votes distribution, 360, 364, 388. See also Ashkenazic voters, 333 Bader- Ofer method of in Knesset elections, 152, 287, 386, 422, upheavals, 386, 390. See also upheaval of 1977, 423, 644 election as aggregating party, 108 voting procedure, 361 as cadre party, 317 voter turnout drop, 276, 283, 286, 287 chair, 343 voters’ main considerations, 374– 80 and coalition agreement with Shas, 399 Knesset Elections Law, 359, 838 and “dirty trick,” 120 Knesset Ethics Committee, 136 dovish view, 569 Knesset Law (1994), 103 electing party leader, 343 amendment to impede faction election slogan, 366 splitting. 109– 10 and fall of National Unity Government (1990), resigning from faction, 135 152, 433 and status of opposition leader, 435 founding of, 326 Knesset members (MKs), 135– 37. See also former generals as heads of, 588 immunity, MKs hegemony over foreign affairs, 418 Arab, 304, 646 in Knesset elections, 383 convicted of crime of moral turpitude or and Likud, 148, 152, 153, 784 sentenced to prison, 103 and local representatives in primaries, 194 former senior military oficers as, 589– 90 membership, 278, 341 and media, 130, 137, 521 in pivot position, 421

940

940 Index

Labor Party (cont.) personal,” 116 primaries, 342, 365 “problematic,” 115 in Rabin government, 153 in response to Supreme Court rulings, 116 and repeal of direct election, 180 “superluous,” 117 Russian immigrant voters, 309, 383 lawyers, 200, 204 and Sharon, 328, 402 Lazarsfeld, Paul, 481 and Shas, 399 League for the Prevention of Religious Coercion, Labor Tribunals, 207 739, 785 Lahat, Shlomo, 394 League of Nations, 9, 535, 730. See also Mandate Lahav, Pnina, 608 for Palestine, British Lamerhav (newspaper), 498 Lebanon, 21, 549, 559– 61, 575, 618. See also land, expropriation and coniscation of, 213, 539, Operation Grapes of Wrath (1996); 601, 624, 628, 629, 655, 658, 667, 668, 669, 672, Operation Litani (1978), 559, 578 684. See also Absentee Property Law (1950); Christian Phalange troops in, 172, 257 Land Acquisition (Validation of Acts and Christians in the south, 559 Compensation) Law (1953); Land Day and Palestinian issue, 552 Land Acquisition (Validation of Acts and partial withdrawal from, 147 Compensation) Law (1953), 628 unilateral withdrawal from, 560, 561, 563, Land Day, 297, 624, 655, 664, 665, 668, 684. See also 578– 79, 580, 585– 86 land, expropriation and coniscation of Lebanon War, irst (1982), 147, 285, 297, 434, 494, Land Law (1969), 208 553, 559, 567, 578, 596, 609, 819–20. See also Land of Israel, 739 Sabra and Shatila events Landau, Moshe, 223, 605 policy dictated by defense minister, 162, 575 Landau, Uzi, 425 protest after, 298, 585, 613 Landau Commission: scrutinizing GSS Lebanon War, second (2006), 148, 172, 274, 560, interrogation methods (1987), 250, 251, 260, 567, 577, 579, 580, 606, 846. See also Winograd 605, 606 Commission Lapid Committee for implementation of Or and media, 495, 501, 611 Commission recommendations (2004), 672 protest movement after, 613 Lapid, Yair, 337, 727 and third- sector organizations, 454, 718 Lapid, Yosef (Tommy), 337, 672 and “war of choice,” 585 Lavi (aircraft), project for, 123, 147, 157, 170, 238, legal system, Israeli: and politicization, 211 242, 420, 579, 606 legislation, Knesset, 100, 101, 110– 18. See also Lavon affair, the (1960/ 61), 35, 101, 245– 46, 319, Basic Laws; Budget Law, emergency 386, 418, 482, 489, 498, 576, 580, 844, 850, 853 regulations; private members’ bills Ben- Gurion and, 246, 816 Budget Bill and Economic Arrangements Bill journalistic autonomy and the, 498 presented as a unit, 113 Lavon, Pinchas, 45, 51, 571 devaluation of, 118 Law and Administration Ordinance (1948), 11, 50, inancial, 114– 15 103, 148, 202, 543, 546, 547, 627, 631 hierarchy of, 110 1972 amendment, 202 on matters of state and religion, 797 and establishment of armed forces, 541, 543 ordinary, 110, 129 and Jewish character of the state, 627, 631 process of, 111 Law of Nature (party), 337 security related, 543– 44, 545 Law of Return (1950), 12, 50, 51, 418, 626, 627, 691, regulating military- civilian relations, 544– 45 731, 752, 788 legislative branch, 84, 144. See also Knesset, the and Basic Law, 59 Lehi (org.), 9, 11, 13, 14– 16, 449, 502 and Brother Daniel, 751 Leibowitz, Yeshayahu, 300, 581, 737 and conversion to Judaism, 752 Leshem, Baruch, 504 deinition of a Jew, 750, 783 Levin, Hanoch, 535 and Jewish relatives, 732 Levin, Yithak Meir, 771 and right to vote, 275 Levinson, Yaakov, 822 “Who is a Jew.” 750 Lev- On, Azi, 478 law, Israeli: sources, 201– 02. See also Mandatory Levy, David, 193, 422, 433 law; Ottoman law Levy, Edmund, 790 laws. See also legislation, Knesset Levy, Gideon, 610 bypass, 115 Levy, Yitzhak, 164 to circumvent High Court, 142 Liberal Party, 415, 416, 418 constitution, 52 Lieberman, Avigdor, 309, 337, 343, 376, 384, 401, declarative, 117 433, 724, 725 passed under the wire, 117– 18 Liebman, Charles, 33, 733

941

Index 941

Lijphart, Arend, 174, 397, 786 complaints from the public to, 289 Likud (party), 157, 168, 178, 291, 319, 320, 327, 419, crisis in, 191– 93 553, 570, 724, 737 and decentralization, 189, 190 in 1984 election, 89 deicits of, 187 in 1999 election, 423 dispersion of, 709 2003 election, 148 districts, 184 1997 coalition, 397 division of resources, 193 1977 victory, 417, 418 education, 189– 90 in 2013 coalition, 402 equalization grants to, 189, 191 as aggregating party, 108 expenditures, 188, 189 Arabs and, 645, 655, 668 inancing elections for, 347 as cadre party, 317 functions of, 183 coalitions with religious parties, 752, 780 gaps among, 192 and Druze Knesset member, 646 government support for, 189 and economy, 700 “green” parties in, 284 election of party leader, 343 investigations against, 394 election slogans, 366 and Likud’s rise to power, 193 with Gesher and Tzomet, 176 limitation of power of, 204 in Knesset elections, 287, 328, 365, 377, 378, 384, Mapai in, 413 386, 422 Mizrahi in leadership of, 193, 722 and Labor, 152, 153, 784 municipal property tax (arnona), 188 in local authority elections, 394 number of, 184 and local representatives in primaries, 194 population distribution by type of, 184 membership, 278 and religious matters, 788, 797 and Mizrahim, 333, 722 representative approach to, 183 and national- religious voters, 381, 737 role of, 183 NRP in coalitions with, 744, 780 Sanbar Commission on, 194 peace treaty with Egypt, 569. See also Egypt: stability of municipal government, 392 primaries, 342 revenue, locally generated, 188, 193 rejection of Sharon’s disengagement plan, standing of, 194 156, 311 subordinate to Ministry of the Interior, and religious parties, 770 188, 194 and repeal of direct election, 180 welfare services, 190, 194, 392 Russian immigrant voters, 383 and ultra- Orthodox, 193, 194 in Sharon coalition, 402 local authorities, elections for, 20, 357, system of “sevens,” 341 391– 92 and Wye Agreement, 569 1950, 26– 29 - Yisrael Beitenu bloc, 326, 328 and Arabs, 27, 391 Lindenstrauss, Micha, 238 and Knesset elections, 391, 394 Lipkin- Shahak, Amnon, 259, 590 and Labor, 395 Lissak, Moshe, 835 voter turnout in elections for, 286 List of Sephardim, 9 local councils, 184, 186 Littzman, Yaakov, 165 enacting local bylaws, 186 Livnat, Limor, 839 local government, 193– 95, 209. See also local Livni, Tzipi, 89, 148, 283, 328, 330, 379, 592, 838 authorities; Municipal Courts lobbyists, 100, 136 relations with central government, 183, Local Authorities Election Law (1965), 186 189, 190 Local Authorities (Party Financing) Law (1993), problems of, 187 234n2, 347 representation of women in, 194 Local Authorities (Special Authorization) Law reform, 194 (1956), 759 structure and activities of, 184 Local Authorities, 143, 161, 183, 191, 318, 814. local rabbinate, 748 See also local government; mayors localization, 440 appointed committee to run municipal Loewenstein, Meir, 40, 45 affairs, 393 London Agreement (1987), 553 Arab, 27, 28, 192, 635, 652, 655–58; See also loyalty declaration, 626, 666 National Committee of Arab Local Lupolianski, Uri, 827, 828 Authorities attempts to unify, 194 Ma’ariv (newsp.), 496, 498, 499 budget sources, 188 and IDF version of events, 610 bylaws, 204 online edition, 500

942

942 Index

Maala: Business for Social Responsibility (org.), 453 and opposition, 434 Maccabi (sports club), 104 “our ministers” forum, 166 Maccabi (youth movement), 449 and Progressives, 30 Machsom Watch (org.), 471, 612 Recruitment Division, 593 Mada al- Carmel (research institute), 660 and religious parties, 769, 770. See also status Madison, James, 316 quo, religious Madrid Conference (1991), 554, 575 and religious public, 789 Magadele, Raleb, 625 representation in provisional institutions, 9 Magistrate’s Courts, 204, 206 secular stance, 739 serving as Municipal Courts, 209 and security and foreign affairs, 22, 27 Magna Carta, 38, 39 split (1944), 16 Mahameed, Hashem, 643 and state- building, 27 Maimon, Yehuda Leib Fishman, 731 and status quo arrangements, 743 majority rule, 53, 74, 312, 355, 356, 358, 663, 812, and surplus coalitions, 404 850, 852 and workers’ camp, 687 Maki (Communist Party), 464, 496, 568, 624, 637, in the Yishuv, 688 640, 659 Mapai/ Alignment: Rai joining, 417 constitution proposal, 41 Mapam (party), 16, 21, 22, 169, 320, 333, 417, 434, Makor Rishon (newspaper), 515 496, 568, 624, 664, 667 Malkhut Yisrael (Kingdom of Israel), 450– 51 in Alignment, 386 Mandate for Palestine, British, 3, 9 and Arab voters, 637, 653 Arab population in, 623 Ar abic publications of, 511 Arabic journalism during, 510 and Ben- Gurion, 18, 25 inquiry commissions, 245 in coalition, 415 Jewish public institutions during, 449 constitution proposal, 41 Press Ordinance (1933), 488, 496 demonstrations in the 1950s, 297 Mandatory courts, 10, 212, 219 and disbanding of the Palmach, 17 Mandatory law and legal system, 201, 202 dovish view, 569 British legal system in, 212 election slogans, 366 revoking link to, 203 in Histadrut elections (1949), 26 Tax Ordinances, 202 and First Knesset elections, 19, 22, 23 Mandatory Palestine, 623 and Second Knesset elections, 29 Mann, Rai, 478 in local authority elections, 27, 29 Mapai (Labor), 144, 317, 496, 566, 568, 593 and Mapai, 334, 413, 414 accommodating opposing groups in local on Provisional Council, 9 elections, 28– 29 secular stance, 739 and Arab citizens and voters, 637, 653 Marciano, Saadia, 721 and austerity program, 27 marriage and divorce, 204, 207, 471, 742, 747–48, and Ben- Gurion, 326, 343, 389 764. See also personal status matters campaign slogans, 366 inter- ethnic, 707 Central Committee, 6, 41, 340 marriage patterns, 697 coalitions, 30, 146 Marriage and Divorce Law. See Rabbinical Courts and constitution, 45, 46 Jurisdiction (Marriage and Divorce) Law (1953) dominant party, 19, 25, 285, 292, 318, 323, martial law. See military rule 325– 26, 385 Mashal, Khaled, 255 in election for irst Knesset, 21– 26, 29 Mashal affair, 251. See also Ciechanover in election for second Knesset, 29– 31 Committee (1997) and General Zionists, 29, 388, 413 Mavoi Satum (organization.), 471n28 hegemony of, 17, 23, 24, 26, 101, 104, 146, 319, Mayors (of cities), 186, 392– 94 414, 416, 833 direct election for, 186, 392 and IDF oficers, 589 former oficers among, 592 in Histadrut elections (1949), 26 independence of, 394 and immigrants’ political participation, 720 McLuhan, Marshall, 348 and immigration, 27 Meat and Meat Products Law (1994), 759 internal rift 1965, 503 media, 145, 267, 278, 481, 580. See also election and Lavon affair, 386 campaigns; Internet in local authority elections, 27– 29 agent of political socialization, 480 and Mapam, 28, 334, 386, 413 in Arabic, 510– 13 Mizrahim voting for, 739 barons, 504, 506 Nominating Committees, 155 and behavior of Knesset factions, 105 and NRP, 780, 783 centralized ownership of, 831

943

Index 943

collaboration with the government, 484 self- restraint, 484 commercial corporations for, 504 self- censorship, 505 commercialization of, 527– 28 social, 272 coverage of military operations in Gaza, 610 social networks, 440 critical, 501 talkbacks, 481, 501, 528 criticism during Lebanon Wars against it, 609 and technology, 272, 480, 481, 483, 500 cross- ownership, 488, 506, 525 trust in, 215, 274 and culture, 525 ultra- Orthodox community and, 514– 16, 782 cybermedia, 528– 29 virtual party, 349n22 decentralization of, 499, 504, 509 websites, party- run, 368 and democratic politics, 525– 29 and Yom Kippur War, 482 dictating political agenda, 517 Meimad (party), 176, 381, 770 dilemmas of, 483– 85 Meir, Golda, 156, 158, 162, 297, 300, 343, 433, 571, and direct election, 276 574, 817 election role, 517 and Agranat Commission, 171, 256 Facebook, 302, 369 and Black Panthers, 721 “fourth estate,” 478 “Golda’s kitchen cabinet,” 166, 492, 598 and freedom of expression, 491 and Yom Kippur War, 551, 613 and government ministries, 521 “melting pot” (ideology and policy), 468, 510, 513, and government political and security 514, 682–690, 696– 701, 711, 833– 34, 839 perceptions, 607– 08 Meir government, 146, 150, 412 inluence of, 819 Memorial Day ceremony for Israel’s fallen interest groups and political protest groups soldiers, 733 and, 523– 24 Men’s Rights Party, 337 the Knesset and, 100, 521 Meretz (party), 153, 320, 333, 342, 365, 378, 383, legal infrastructure, 485– 88 389, 421, 423, 424, 432, 570, 651, 724, 766 mass media, 319. See also newspapers, press, the; Arabs voting for, 646 radio; television Ashkenazic voters, 333 mediating role of, 279, 294 call for civil marriage, 785 and MKs, 105, 130, 137 election slogan, 366 mobilized, 501, 509 and religious issues, 739, 745, 749, 788 monopolies, 480, 483 return of occupied territories, 569 multi- channel, 483 “merging the exiles,” 694. See also “ingathering of multi- directional, 478, 481 the exiles” “narcotizing dysfunction” of, 481 Meridor, Dan, 330, 597 nationalist stance of, 607 Merton, Robert K., 481 new, 137, 276, 348, 349, 351 messianism, 6, 382, 624, 770 online channels, 273, 368, 490, 528. See also Meyom Leyom (weekly), 515 Internet Miari, Mohammed, 138, 140, 639, 641 “open skies” policy, 483 Michels, Robert, 338. See also “iron law of and oversight of the defense system, 607– 16 oligarchy” and personality of candidates, 177 Mikunis, Shmuel, 637 political, 478– 80 Mikve Israel Agricultural School Law (1976), 630 political independence of, 452 militarism, militarization, 580– 95, 835. See also “a and political participation, 484 nation in uniform”; “people’s army” and political parties, 516– 17 deinition, 581 the political system and, 516– 25 of society, 582– 86 politics and, 477 Military Appeals Court, 218 priming, 479 Military Court, 545 print, 496– 502, 527 military- industrial complex, 586– 88. See also and privatization, 484 Elbit Systems Ltd.; Elisra Electronic Systems professional responsibility of, 526 Ltd.; Rafael and public involvement in security Military Jurisdiction Law (1955), 205, 545 matters, 607– 11 military rule, 205, 213, 539, 542, 552, 622, a public service, 483 623– 24, 653, 664, 666, 677. See also “Civil and public’s right to know, 491 Administration,” and ratings, 481 termination, 624, 626, 665, 667, 668, 816 regulation of, 485, 528 Mill, John Stuart, 267 revolution, 504 Miller, case of Alice, 225, 602 role of, 477, 530 minister of agriculture, 166 Russian- language, 514 minister of defense, 166, 493

944

944 Index

minister of inance, 166 Ministry of Education, 31, 167, 189, 411, 774 minister of foreign affairs, 166 state religious education, 692, 781 minister of health, 166 ultra- Orthodox network, 692 minister of immigrant absorption, 166 Ministry of Finance, 31, 126, 161, 165, 166, 239, minister of justice, 217 411, 719 and appointment of judges, 213, 214 Accountant General, 599 and judiciary, 216 and Arab local authorities, 657 and pardons, 90, 93 and Arrangement Laws, 115 Ministerial Committee for GSS Affairs, 543 Budget Division, 599 Ministerial Committee for Legislation, 113 budget preparation, 114 Ministerial Committee for Security Affairs and local authorities debts, 187 (MCSA), 542, 544, 576, 597– 98, 667 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 31, 160, 165, 411, 416 Ministerial Committee for State Control, 237 setting policies, 571 ministers, government, 160. See also ministerial Ministry of Health, 167, 239 committees by name Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure, 411 accountable to prime minister, 156, 161 Ministry of Immigrant Absorption, 190, 710 constraining prime minister’s actions, 157 Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor, 167 deputy ministers, 161, 163–64 Ministry of Internal Security, 165 dismissal and resignation of, 164– 65, 400 Ministry of Justice, 93, 165, 166, 167, 216, 239, 411 eligibility, 163 Amnesties and Pardons Division, 90, 94 enacting regulations, 161 Legislation Department, 113 former senior oficers as, 590 Ministry of Religions (Religious Services), 747, and ministry policy, 162 748, 768, 774 number of, 161, 412 Ministry of Supply and Rationing, 28 power vis- à- vis prime minister, 162 Ministry of the Interior, 488, 646, 749 responsibilities, 161– 62 and computerization of elections, 365 and secondary legislation, 151 and districts, 183, 184 status in prime ministerial government, 178 and failings of local authorities, 187 support for, 162 local authorities subordinate to, 188, 194 ministers’ committees and local bylaws, 204 Ministerial Committee for Security Affairs, 256 and Muslim religious institutions, 749 Ministerial Committee for State Control, 237 power to authorize new local authorities, ministries, government, 143, 166–67, 222. See also 184, 188 responsibility: ministerial/ parliamentary; religious services of non- Jewish citizens, 747 names of ministries Ministry of Trade and Labor, 31, 167 and complaints and appeals from the Ministry of Transportation and Road Safety, 190, public, 289 239, 487 decision- making in, 162 Ministry of Welfare, 167, 190, 695 distribution of, 787 minority rights, 36 and Knesset, 132, 144 Mishpaha (weekly), 515 media and, 521 Mitzna, Amram, 588, 590 and secondary legislation, 54, 110, 127– 28 Mizrachi (movement/ party), 14, 46, 316, 381, 413, “special funds,” 445 687, 769 . See also Jewish Home; National spokespersons for, 521– 22 Religious Party and third sector organizations, 445, 460 and education, 711 Ministry of Agriculture, 31, 167 split in, 769 Ministry of Communications Mizrahim, Mizrahi Jews (of Asian and African and regulation of media, 485, 486 origin), 581, 682, 689, 772. See also Black Ministry of Construction and Housing, 238 Panthers, Shas Ministry of Defense (MoD), 31, 146, 166, 411, absorption of immigrants, 692, 694, 698 540, 556 education, 704, 705 budget, 537, 540 identiied as “traditional” Jews, 733 Budget Division, 538 family income, 696 economic and administration supervision and immigrants, 468 control, 598– 99 Knesset representation, 106, 107 History Branch, 608 and local authority leadership, 193 relations with the army and the Knesset, 598 and Mapai, 720, 739 relations with the government and IDF, 572– 79 marriage patterns, 697 responsibilities of, 571 patronization of, 689 Ministry of Economics (industry and political participation of, 308 commerce), 411 in positions of political power, 722

945

Index 945

protest by, 684 “Nakba law,” 630 status of native- born, second generation, 696 Nasha Strana (newspaper), 514 uniting as political force, 685 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 642, 660 voting patterns, 376, 384 Nathan, Abie, 505 Moda’i, Yitzhak, 399, 433 National Committee of Arab Local Authorities, Mofaz, Shaul, 163, 427, 555, 561, 576, 578, 588–89, 305, 464, 621, 644, 654, 655 590, 594 National Council for the Child, 221, 294, 459 Moledet (party), 333, 383, 650, 666 National Health Insurance Act, 208 money and power, link between, 187, 345, 350, 368, National Health Insurance Law (1994), 250, 394, 831, 846 432, 718 monitoring mechanisms, 231, 233– 63, 606, 671– 73. national identity, Jewish, 7 See also attorney general; commissions of national identity of the state, 329 inquiry, state; state comptroller national institutions, 396, 674. See also Jewish advantages and disadvantages of, 262 Agency; Va’ad Leumi; World Zionist expectations and respect for, 233 Organization judicial authority of, 234 National Insurance Institute, 239, 695, as safety valve, 234 717, 718 of security bodies, 603– 06 National Insurance Tribunal, 208 monopoly, monopolies National Labor Federation, 449, 687 of Broadcast Authority, 221 National Labor Tribunal, 208 Channel 1, 503 “National Priority Areas”, 630, 656, 675–76 Mapai’s, 417 National Religious Party (NRP), 336, 342, 358, 377, political institutions’, 274 378, 381, 389, 401, 424, 499, 569, 737, 769–71, of public broadcasting, 504 776, 777 on public information by government, 280, and Arab voters, 645, 653 502, 503 and Barak government, 569 on secondary legislation, 128 and chief rabbinate, 747 of security system on information, 608 in coalitions, 327, 744 of state media, 272, 482– 83 collaboration with ultra- Orthodox, 467 Montesquieu, 99 and constitution, 40 Morasha (party), 769, 772 control of religious establishment, 778 Mordechai, Yitzhak, 576, 590, 650 decline, 745 Morris, Benny, 623n7 demands on issues of foreign affairs and Moshav movement, 449 security, 783 Mossad (The Institute for Intelligence and Special and education, 770, 776 Operations), 542–43, 599 ideological change, 770 and shaping of security policy, 571, 572, 601 in Likud coalitions, 397, 418, 770 judicial review of, 602 in Mapai coalitions, 30, 414, 415, 416, 744, Mussawa (Advocacy Center for Arab Citizens in 769, 770 Israel), 465, 661, 662, 678 ministers dismissed by Rabin, 169, 400 Movement for a Constitution in Israel, as National Home- New NRP, 382 demonstration by, 298 and National Union, 382 Movement for Civil Rights and Peace, 459, 471. and Oslo process, 433 See also Meretz quitting government (1999) of Sabbath Movement for Quality Government, 462, 472 desecration, 757 Movement for Reform Judaism, 68 “rebellion of the young people,” 744 Mozes family, 506 voting against Wye Agreement, 178 Muadi, Jabr, 380 women’s participation in, 777 Municipal Courts, 204, 205, 206, 209– 10. See also National Security Council (NSC), 541– 42, 556, local government 571, 597, 604, 605 Municipalities Ordinance, 70, 757 National Service Law (1953), 545 (No. 40) (1990; the Authorization Law), 757, national service, 545 784, 788 National Union Party, 327, 365, 378, 381, 384, 389, Muslim Brotherhood, 643 410, 725, 737, 770 Muslims, Islam, 63, 643, 731 National Water Carrier, 669 nationality, Israeli: and state- religion relations, 733 Na’amat (org.), 452, 470, 471 national- religious Jews, 284, 738 Nafsu, Izzat, Nafsu affair, 223, 602. See also and foreign affairs, 746 Landau Commission: scrutinizing GSS and Jewish character of Israel, 729 interrogation methods (1987) and state and religion issue, 736– 38 Nakba, 625 trust in secular public institutions, 738

946

946 Index

“nation- building,” 31, 34, 693 New Israel Fund (NIF), 452, 470, 661, 662, 663 Nativ (the Liaison Bureau), 599, 601, 602 newspapers, 481. See also individual names Nativ: National Center for Identity and circulation, 481 Conversion, 752, 791 party, 319, 367 Navon, Yitzhak, 86, 87, 94, 434, 502 private independent, 482, 499 Nazareth, 27, 652 online, 484, 500– 01 Ne’eman Committee online editions of daily, 500 on conversion, 752, 791 New Zealand, 74, 104, 254, 356 to investigate the bloodshed at the Temple Nimrodi, Ofer, 506– 07 Mount (1990), 255 Nir, Nahum, 35, 41, 42, 434 negation of the Diaspora, 34, 682, 842 Nissim, Moshe, 94 Negev (party), 337 No to Violence against Women (org.), 471 neoliberalism, 701, 712, 715, 717, 718, 726, 727 Noar Ha’oved (mov.), 449 Neria, Moshe- Zvi, 760 Nonproit Associations Law (1980), 444, Netanya, 393 451– 52, 659 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 116, 160, 377, 386, 519, 524, nonproit associations, 273, 474, 475 579, 592, 616, 648, 650, 770 Arab, 464 and 1996 Knesset election, 178, 287, 422 deinition, 444– 45 2009 coalition, 427 employment in, 456 and Adelson, 499 Norway, 81, 228, 271, 348, 355 and Bar- On, 826 “Norwegian Law,” 125 and call for early elections (1999), 158 Novosti Nedeli (newspaper), 514 coalitions, 102, 402 direct election for prime minister, 148, 177, 320 Obama, Barack, 280, 348, 529 dismissal of Livni and Lapid, 400 obstructionist bloc (in the Knesset), 153, 387 inance minister, 161, 162 occupied territories, administered territories, 36, mini- kitchen cabinet, 166 329, 330, 536, 539, 547, 596, 601, 621, 624, 830 prime minister (2009), 157 administration of, 547 and Russians voters, 309, 383, 724 disposition of, 36, 271 Shach’s support for, 776 future of, 334, 381, 417, 420, 569, 594, struggle with chief of staff and other generals, 594 611, 619, 857 Netanyahu governments, 329, 389, 427– 29, 590 laws applied in, 548, 601 irst government, 161, 422, 780 legislation pertaining to, 547– 48 second government, 89, 148, 164, 168, 175, 412, military regime in, 542, 601 437, 784 return in exchange for peace, 566 third government, 154, 412, 437, 763 status of, 430– 31 Netivei Neft affair, 170, 822 withdrawal from, 390 Neturei Karta (ultra- Orthodox group), 33, 382 October 2000 events, 287, 299, 304, 380, 624–25, Netzer, Shraga, 341 664, 665. See also Or Commission Neuberger, Benyamin, 38, 548 Odeh, Ayman, 639 New Aliyah Party, 468. See also Progressive Party OECD, 665, 668 New Country (party), 337 Ofer, Avraham, 822 New Immigrant Party, 308 Oficial Gazette, 10, 11 new immigrants, 108, 303, 513, 681, 684, 696. See Olmert, Ehud, 148, 150, 158, 160, 328, 330, 401, 592, also Ethiopian immigrants; FSU and Russia 605, 780, 829, 838 (“Russians”) immigrants; immigration to the coalition, 426 State of Israel conviction of bribery, 160 absorption policy in the 1970s, 698 and Holyland Affair, 827, 828 “Anglo- Saxons,” 469 mayor of Jerusalem, 394 from Asia and Africa, 682, 684, 689, 694 resignation, 253, 259 direct absorption of, 190 and Winograd Commission, 172, 253 from Europe and America, 681, 682, 684, 685, 689 Olmert government, 148, 590, 625, 651, 668, 780 exclusion of, 684 negotiations with Palestinian Authority, 563 and Knesset elections, 275, 383– 84 Olshan, Yitzhak, 212 and local elections, 29 Ombudsman for Complaints against from North Africa, 783 Judges, 211, 218 political participation of, 308– 10, 719 One Israel (party; Labor, led by Ehud barak), 423 and politicization, 692 One Nation (party), 378, 423, 432 poverty among, 715 online media, 279. See also Internet; sense of ineficacy among, 310 newspapers: online from Yemen, 684, 783 and political participation, 268

947

Index 947

Operation Accountability (1993), 560 pardon Operation Cast Lead (2008– 2009), 148, 539, 558. in advance, 602 See also Goldstone Report Baranes instance, 94 Operation Grapes of Wrath (1996), 560 Barzilai case, 93 Operation Litani (1978), 559, 578 “Bus 300 affair,” 92, 602 Operation Pillar of Defense (2012), 558, 567 conditional (partial), 91 Operation Protective Edge (operation in Gaza; external review of president’s pardon decision, 93 2014), 148, 539, 558, 567 full, 90– 91 the media and, 501, 610 lack of transparency regarding, 94 opposition, 29, 100, 101, 433– 36 Matana case, 93 and constitution, 46 prior to conviction, 92– 93 head of, 434 of security prisoners, 85 MKs petitioning High Court, 131 shortening/ lightening a sentence, 91 and no- conidence motions, 433 parliament. See Knesset status of leader, 103, 435 parliamentary majority, 397, 402, 432 Or, Theodor, 206, 671 and coalitions, 151, 396, 397, 402, 403 Or Commission (to investigate October 2000 and electoral reform, 387 events; Or ) (“Or Report”), 71, 247, 249, 299, and dominant party, 325 625, 671 and “narrow government,” 153 government’s attitude to the report, 261 prime minister’s need for, 144 Or Committee (1997) re court structure, 206 relative stability and, 405 organ donation, 767, 790 parliamentary systems, parliamentarism, 99, Orthodox Judaism, Orthodox Jews, 108, 731, 732–33 180– 81, 183 American, 752 British, 143 Oslo Accords, 122, 147, 154, 284, 422, 547, 555, 595, executive branch, 143– 48 626, 641, 745, 794, 838 principles, 183 and future of occupied territories, 569 separation of powers in, 122 protests for and against, 297, 298, 615 Parties Financing Law (1973), 72, 234n2, 238, 239, public’s attitude to, 563 296, 320, 346 Oslo process, 433, 614 amendments to, 116, 346 Ottoman Associations Law (1906), 444 supervision of, 346 Ottoman rule in Palestine, 3 Parties Law land laws, 202 1973, 347 law, 201, 660 1992, 320, 321– 22, 324, 359 Palestinian Arab newspaper appearing in, 510 partition: UN Partition Plan (1947), 7, 10, 39, “millet” system, 749 623, 730 Oz, Amos, 686 party inancing, 345– 47. See also Parties Financing Law (1973) Palestine (pre- 1948), 201, 449, 685, 741 committee on reforms in, 347 Palestine Post, 513 “party key”, 104– 05, 291, 318, 720, 814, 844 Palestinian Authority, 554 Party Registrar, 321 negotiations with Olmert government, 563 party system, general, 322– 23 Palestinian Liberation Organization. See also PLO party system, Israeli, 323– 29 and Arafat, Yasser fragmentation, 325, 326 Palestinian state, 390, 564, 566, 570, 640, 641, multiparty, 323– 25 679, 838 polarization in, 328 Palestinians (in the territories) two- party, 326– 27 and autonomy, 553 Passover, prohibition on selling leavened food conlict with, 569 (hametz) on, 62, 759, 787 and Defense Regulations, 546 Payes, Shani, 660 Israel’s ongoing conlict with, 625 peace agreements. See also Camp David Accords losses in Operation Cast Lead, 539 (1979); Oslo Accords; Oslo process losses in Operation Protective Edge, 539 with Egypt, 101, 147, 297, 390, 431, 434, 536, 547, negotiations with, 552, 569, 570 549, 552, 618, 625 problem after 1967, 552– 56 with Jordan, 122, 147, 432, 536, 549, 552, 618, 625 resistance by, 551 London Agreement (1987), 553 right to petition High Court, 72 Wye River Memorandum (on Hebron), and security policy, 539 122, 569 violation of human rights of, 554 Peace Now, 293, 297, 350, 452, 459, 583, 611, 612, 613 Palmach: disbanding of, 13, 16–19, 48, 577 demonstration after Kahan Commission Panorama (newsp.), 512, 513 Report, 298, 819

948

948 Index

peace process, 298, 712 multicultural, 480, 683, 836, 837 1990, 433 and cybermedia, 507 peace treaties, 618. See also Egypt: peace democratic, 444, 843 agreements; Jordan, peace treaty with and education system, 841 Peled, Matti, 639, 641 in media, 483, 484, 504, 507, 509 Penal Code (1977), 545 party, 324 Penal Code (Aborting Pregnancy) Amendment in political system, 621 (1977), 767 religious, 732 People’s Administration, 8, 11. See also Provisional social, in media, 451, 480, 484, 509, 683 Government technological, 504 “people’s army,” 32, 581 transition from statism to, 483 security ethos of, 586 of volunteer section, 475 People’s Council, Provisional, 8, 49 pluralist period, 701– 19 place for Arab representative. See also Poalei Agudat Yisrael (PAY; party), 306, 382, Provisional State Council 416, 466, 467, 769, 772. See also Torah People’s Voice (“Ayalon- Nusseibeh Judaism, United Initiative”) 612 Police Investigation Department, 673 Peres, Shimon, 85, 86, 120, 158, 166, 343, 386, 419, policymaking 553, 572, 646 and Arab parties, 651 attempt to form government (1990), 89 citizen inluence on, 848 “Bus 300 affair,” 92 the executive branch and, 195 defense minister, 571, 576 legitimacy of “the Arab vote” in, 649 and peace treaty with Jordan, 563 process, 454, 571 president, 81– 98 political action, 271, 459, 612, 811, 812, 834, 838, prime minister in unity government by rotation, 844, 847 89, 152, 153, 419, 422, 574 political agreements, 224, 397, 398, 845. See also and Shamir, 164, 433 coalition agreements TV debate with Begin (1981), 519 political appointments, 187, 234, 485, 488 Peres government, 412, 431, 646, 651 political assassination, 299, 380 Peretz, Amir, 193, 571, 572, 576, 577, 592 political behavior, 272. See also electoral system; and Winograd Commission, 172, 605 political culture; political participation; status Peri, Yoram, 575, 580, 594, 611 quo, religious periphery, 193 changes in, 818 disparities between center and, 708 law as foundation of, 272 immigrants sent to, 694 Yishuv patterns of, 3 personal status laws, Jewish, 764– 66 political camps, 375, 688 personal status matters, 204, 206– 07 citizens’, 687 personiication/ personalization of politics, 102, civil, 334 118, 134, 141, 155, 168, 182, 289, 319, 320, educational streams of, 754 394, 818 general, 688 Petach Tikva, 28 religious camp, 687, 688, 776, 780 philanthropic funds, 444, 445, 447, 451, 452, workers’, 688 454, 469 political culture, 225, 230, 232, 270– 72, 353, Physicians without Borders (org.), 440 811– 12. See also political behavior; political PICA (Palestine Jewish Colonization participation Association, 688 changes, 814– 16, 820 pigs, raising of, 62 and coalitions, 151, 398 Pillar of Defense (operation in Gaza, and commissions of inquiry, 261 2012), 148 consensual, 815 “Pillar of Fire” (TV series), 221 contribution of Kahan Commission to, 257 Pinchasi, Rafael, 138 deinition, 270– 71, 811 Pinkas, David- Zvi, 787 democratic, 36, 271–272, 812 pioneering, 28 and ethics, 820 ethos of, 688 and honesty in government, 832 statist, 31, 32 in local authorities, 187 Planning and Construction Law, 204, 209 paradoxes and dilemma, 847 PLO, 554 and parliamentary commissions of and Declaration of Principles (1993), 554 inquiry, 124 redeployment in Lebanon, 559 and parties, 844 pluralism, 452, 496, 726 and political participation, 270– 74, 288 in activity of intelligence groups, 256 and sense of belonging, 837

949

Index 949

shaped by political leadership, 814 Arab- Jewish parties, 333 shared, 835, 836– 38 “arranging” committees, 341 political discourse, 284, 844 blocs, 327 Internet for, 369 as coordinating agents, 319 online media for, 302 cadre, 316– 17, 319 status of civil society in, 452 catch- all, 311, 317, 776 political participation, 267, 269, 270, 516– 17, 728, changes in voting patterns for, 385 819. See also Arab citizens of Israel: political choosing candidates for Knesset, 292, 340– 43 participation; political behavior, political composition of, 234 culture decline, 279, 285, 311, 315, 317–18, 409, 429 access to political system and, 302 deining party as “Arab” or “Jewish,” 332– 33 addressing the media, 294 deinition and roles, 315– 16, 322 age and, 283 discipline, 100, 101, 110, 401, 435 approaching public oficials, 288– 89 elite, 316 and Arab umbrella organizations, 655 elected oficials, 338 center and periphery differences, 282 “end of the parties,” 349 changes in, 311 ethnic (Jewish), 381, 702, 723, 773, 833 changes in channels of, 311– 12 faction discipline, 345 citizenship and, 267– 68 factions, 340 civil disobedience as, 300– 01 foreign affairs, positions on, 413 and civil society, 268, 270, 274, 285 founding procedure, 321 and cybermedia users, 528– 29 fragmentation, 106, 178, 386 and direct election, 180 generals heading, 590 and education and socioeconomic status, 282 and government support for third- sector in election campaigns, 268, 269 organizations, 446 and election process, 275– 76 hierarchical structure, 338– 39 factors inluencing, 270– 85 and ideological axes, 405 FSU and Russian immigrants’, 724– 25 initiation of, 233 and gender, 283 as interest groups, 179 of immigrants, 719– 25 internal democracy, 322, 338– 45 initiated, 269, 286, 291– 302 legal underpinnings, 320– 22 and laws obliging citizen involvement in list of Knesset candidates, 135 decision- making, 280 loyalty to, 374 and media, 294, 484– 85 “made in Israel,” 320 mediating institutions of, 278 membership in, 278, 282, 291 and online media, 268, 279, 301– 02, 528 narrow interest, 178 and organizations, 270, 273 need for, 348– 51 and parties, 278– 79 neoliberal, 329 party system structure and, 276 oficial names of, 320 patterns of, 267– 70 organizational structure, 339– 40 and political awareness, 281 organizations linked to, 292 and protest activity, 296 “party dominance,” 325– 26 responsive, 269, 286– 90 personal donation to, 296 the right to vote and run for ofice and, 274– 75 and political communication, 844 and sense of eficacy/ ineficacy, 274, 281– 82, 314 and political participation, 278 shift from state to society, 270 in pre- state period, 316, 449 and social capital, 273 primaries, 102, 118, 134, 155, 278, 291, 341, 342, and third- sector organizations, 473– 74 344, 345, 348, 394, 517 and trust in political institutions, 274 and recruitment of ministers, 162 values and, 284 regulating internal order of, 321 voting, 285, 286– 88 representation on party lists, 108 in Yishuv period, 275 sectoral, 179, 294, 358, 373, 724, 833 political parties, 104, 478, 812, 814. See also Mapai: secular, 331, 332 dominant party; Mapai: hegemony of; “party secular stance of large, 739 key”; political camps; political parties, Arab; security, positions on, 413 political parties, ultra- Orthodox; religious single- issue, 337 parties; individual party names skeletal nature of, 319 activists and members, 339 and steering capacity of political system, 319 activities in parties and afiliates, 291 structural changes and mapping of, 334– 37 adapting to changes, 349 trust in, 274 “apparatus,” 338, 340 two blocs of, 152, 386

950

950 Index

political parties (cont.) politics- media- politics, 478 ultra- Orthodox communities’ Pollard affair (1984– 88), 251, 597, 602 collaboration, 467 polls and surveys, 177, 370, 566 veteran, 320 election, 520– 21 “vote contractors,” 291, 344 2015 election, 519 weakening of, 105, 155, 451 opinion, 106, 563 websites of, 301, 368 questions re security issues, 564 women heading, 283, 379 Popular Committee for Election in Yishuv and early years of the state, 318, 383, 448 Boycott, 380 political parties, Arab, 304, 337, 378, 410, 464, Porath, Uri, 505 637– 40, 654. See also by individual names Poraz, Avraham, 168 afiliated parties, 637, 653, 664 pork, pork meat, 759 ideological platform, 640 Portugal, 271, 354, 355 “Israelization” of, 649 Porush family, 771 support for governments, 153, 651 poverty, 635, 699, 715– 17, 741, 813 political parties, ultra- Orthodox, 24, 331, among Ethiopian immigrants, 708 336, 378, 415, 569, 771– 75. See also by among FSU immigrants, 708 individual names in periphery, 709 and authority of religious leaders, 776 Powell, G. Bingham, 315 interest groups, 306 “present absentee,” 70, 623, 623n6, 628, 652 and NRP voters, 381 President of Israel, the presidency. 81– 96. operation of, 777 See also Basic Law: The President (1964); and settlements, 284 State President (Tenure) Law (1951); Political- Security Cabinet, 598 individual names of presidents political system, 182, 375, 593, 620, 744 advocating eliminating the institution, 96 “Americanization” of, 516 advocating expanding symbolic Basic Laws and the, 59 authority, 96 democratic, 142 characteristics of, 86 and IDF and other security forces, 593 and coalition formation, 410, 411 handling of religious issues, 730 disagreement over powers of, 84– 85 leaking of information in, 492 and duties to the branches of government, 84 media and the, 294, 516– 25 election of, 82– 83, 100, 360 paternalistic, 288 expressing views, 85, 86 pluralism of, 620, 621 and formation of a government, 88– 89 primacy of politics in, 814 functions of, 84 security as test of, 533 future of the institution, 97– 98 stability of, 134, 137 immunity, 83 steering capacity, 34, 180, 231, 234, 243, 443, 451, and Knesset, 82, 89 745, 789, 844 length of term, 82 transparency of, 480 need for, 96– 97 trust in, 215, 289, 552, 682 party member, 85 viewed as corrupt, 272 power to pardon, 90– 93 and Yishuv period, 4– 5 removal from ofice, 83 politicization, 211, 349 shaping institution of, 81– 82 of Arab society, 303 speaking on political issues, 84– 85 of Council of the Second Authority, 504 temporary cessation of activity, 83 of the IDF, 592 unifying symbol, 85 and media, 526 presidential systems, 81, 99, 182, 373 of public broadcasting, 483, 487 presidentialization, 320 politics. See also personiication/ personalization press, the. See also names of newspapers of politics self- censorship, 607 conlictual, 815 pre- state period, 23 consociational period, 436 the ultra- Orthodox in, 382 “cyber- politics,” 369 Press Law (proposed 2008), 488 decline of, 812– 14 Press Ordinance (1933), 488 of deinitive decision- making, 745 Prevention of Iniltration Law (2012), 703 interest in, 281 Prevention of Terrorism Ordinance (1948), 15, 16, judicialization of, 230, 231, 261, 789 50, 138 media and, 477, 525– 29 prime minister, 154– 60. See also direct election of militarization of, 588– 92 prime minister; names of prime ministers litigation in the realm of, 202 authority to dismiss ministers, 157, 160, 400

951

Index 951

authority to dissolve the Knesset, 158, 160 rally in support of the Oslo peace process changes in status of, 158– 60 (1995), 613 the coalition and the, 157– 58 religious- ethnic, 299 electing “non- partisan,” 177 socioeconomic (summer 2011), 280, 297, 299, election (2001), 287 300, 329, 367, 379, 459, 524, 704, “forum of prime ministers,” 166 727– 28 and Knesset, 158 ultra- Orthodox, 307 and ministers, 156– 57 Provisional Government, 8, 9, 10, 19, 20, 157. See and party of, 154 also People’s Administration power of, 157 and constitution, 40 removal because of criminal offense or political provisional institutions, 9, 15, 43, 49, 50, 201 reasons, 160 Provisional State Council, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 40, 103, resignation causing government to fall, 150 772. See also People’s Council, Provisional; responsibility for the GSS, 543 Warhaftig Committee role and power bases of, 154– 55 Constitution Committee, 40 in rotation, 89, 147 declaring state of emergency, 11 and security policy, 571 election of Weizmann as president, 81– 82 shaping policy, 154 manifest, 5, 10, 50, 201 standing versus ministers, 156 pardon law, 15 strengthening, 175– 76 provisional legislative authority, 202 unable to fulill duties, 150 public administration, 126, 222. See also ministries, Prime Minister’s Ofice, 167 government Advisor for Arab Affairs, 664 public broadcasting, 483, 527. See also Kol Yisrael; National Council for Volunteering in, 455 television: Channel 1 and security agencies, 599 crisis in, 507 State Audit Division, 237 objectives, 486, 508– 09 prisoners: release, 545 Public Broadcasting Corporation, 486, 493 private members’ bills, 111–13, 114, 118, 141 Public Committee against Torture in Israel, 612 privatization, 145, 272, 441, 451, 700, 726, public discourse, 268, 353, 478, 846 830, 831 on essence of democracy, 52 of prisons, 719 the president and, 85 and public broadcasting, 483 on rights, 833 of social services, 701, 712 about security issues, 580 and third sector, 456 and socioeconomic issues, 294, 329, 727 Procedures of Government and Justice Law, public endowments, 444, 445 amendment to, 277 public institutions Progressive Covenant (Arab list), 639 state funding for, 447 Progressive List for Peace, 333, 363, 639, 641, tax credit and exemptions, 446. 644, 674 public services, privatization of, 718 in Knesset elections, 380, 644 public’s right to know, 217, 280, 480, 490, 495, Progressive Party, Progressives, 26, 28, 30, 383, 468, 523, 527 568. See also New Aliyah Party and freedom of information laws, 493 constitution proposal, 41 Putnam, Robert, 273, 438, 440 in coalition, 413, 414, 415 Prohibition of Defamation Law (1965), 491, 492 Qadis [Muslim Religious Court Judges] Law 1961, Prohibition of Fraud in Kashrut Law 203, 749 (1983), 759– 60 Qadis Appointments Committee, 749 Prohibition of Pig Farming Law (1962), 759 Qibya affair, 497n23, 609 Project Renewal, 147, 190, 656, 669, 698–99, 722 Protection of Privacy Law (1981), 491 Ra’am- Ta’al (party), 333, 381, 643 protest, protest activity, 285, 286, 296– 300, 452. rabbinical courts, 204, 206, 747–48 See also violence, political violence; refusal to Rabbinical Courts Jurisdiction (Marriage and serve in the IDF; strikes Divorce) Law (1953), 748, 764, 766 “demonstration of the 400,000,” 298, Rabin, Leah, 822 613, 819 Rabin, Yitzhak, 154, 158, 166, 277, 312, 327, 343, 386, and level of income and education, 282 421, 554, 555, 561, 576, 588, 590, 597, 646, 656 and media, 294, 523 assassination (1995), 35, 148, 153, 298, 422, 435, Mizrahim, 309 555, 605, 613, 616, 710, 746, 770, 794, 838, petitioning the High Court as, 290 846– 47. See also Shamgar Commission to political, 297– 99 investigate assassination of PM Rabin public, 607, 613 call for early elections (1977), 158

952

952 Index

Rabin, Yitzhak (cont.) separation of, 332, 737 coalition 1992– 95, 102 state- religion models, 732 defense minister, 154, 571, 574, 575–76 use of secondary legislation for, 787 dismissal of Deri, 223 religiosity, 740– 41 dismissal of NRP ministers, 169, 400 and education, 740 and moser [informer] ruling, 784 and income, 740– 41 and Oslo Accords, 154 and political participation, 283– 84 and peace treaty with Jordan, 563 and views of Arab citizens, 741 resignation (1977), 160 and views on security and foreign affairs, 741 and Russian voters, 309 and voting intention, 375 separation concept, 556 Religious Appeals Court, 207 and Shas, 774, 776 religious coercion, 331, 471 Rabin government Religious Communities Ordinance irst (1974), 153, 155, 437, 559, 783 1926, 742 second (1992), 147, 150, 386, 405, 409, 435, 641, 1957, 749 646, 651, 668, 780 “Religious Front,” (party) 382, 744 delegitimization campaign against (1990s), 650 religious institutions, 746– 50 racism, 275, 674, 677, 838 Jewish, 748 Radio al- Shams, 513 state inancing for Jewish, 732 Radio Jerusalem, 502 religious Jews, 106, 731 radio. See also Army Radio; Kol Yisrael religious law, 204 advertising, 483, 523 pre-state arrangements and, 202 election campaign use, 367 religious parties, 28, 418, 570, 745, 776–78. See also listening percentages, 505 individual parties pirate stations, 505, 525 balancing position in the Knesset, 778– 80 pre- state underground broadcasts, 502 change in emphases of, 782– 83 regional, 483, 488, 503, 505 election to the Constituent Assembly (1949), 23 Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Ltd., 540, elections and coalitions, 30, 786 541, 587 electoral stability of, 777 Rai (political party), 146, 152, 337, 359, 417, selecting Knesset candidates, 343 589, 816 religious Zionists, 33, 45, 284, 331, 381–82, 581 Rager, Yitzhak, 394 reparations from Germany, 19, 22, 35, 451, 568, Rahat, 643 695, 816, 850 Rakah (Communist Party), 569, 624, 667 representation, representativeness 104– 10, 213, Raphael, Yitzhak, 156 341, 389, 847– 48 Ratner Commission (1955) to review need for fragmentation of, 108, 109 marial law, 624 groups in society, 106– 07 Ratz: The Movement for Civil Rights and Peace Knesset, 325 (party), 285, 337, 377, 569, 785. See also Meretz sectoral, 108, 311, 357 recession in the 1960s, 816, 850 and steering capacity, 182, 354 protest against, 297 under- , 341 Referendum Law (2010), 122 reserve duty oficers letter to Begin (1978), 613– 14 referendums, 276– 77 responsibility (types) Reform Judaism, 52, 62, 731, 751, 752, 753, 786 collective, principle of collective, 113, 164, American, 752 167– 68, 170, 171, 177, 179, 400, 783 marriages, 732, 751, 765 distinguishing between personal and in Israel, 752 ministerial/ parliamentary, 256, 257 conversion conducted by, 732, 751, 752 faction, 169, 170, 177 status of the movement, 751, 753 government’s collective, 196 refusal to serve in the IDF, 300, 301 indirect personal, 604 Registrar of Companies, 445, 455 ministerial/ parliamentary, 93, 126, 168, 170, 204, Registrar of Endowments, 445 216, 217, 260, 605, 772 Registrar of Nonproits, 444– 45, 453, 475, 663 parties’ collective, 179, 400, 402 Reines, Issac Jacob, 769 personal, 168, 171, 172– 73, 256, 260, 552, 604, 605 Release from Imprisonment on Parole Law, Revisionists, Revisionist movement, 9, 14, 33, 687, amendment to, 116 688, 785– 86 religion and state, issue of, 25, 45 right of return, 66 decisions on, 786– 92 Right to Alternative Civil Burial Law (1996), 768 Jewish groups’ views on, 735 right to personal freedom and security, 64 and “politics of accommodation,” 786 Rivlin, Reuven, 85, 87, 97 public opinion on, 741– 42 Rogers Plan, approval of, 432– 33

953

Index 953

Rogers, William P., 152 and constitution, 36 Rosen (Rosenblüth), Pinchas, 11, 413, 624 culture, 617 Rosenblatt, Zvi, 250 defense spending/ security economy, 537– 38 Rosenblum (Vardi), Herzl, 497 and democracy, 539– 40, 618 Rosen- Zvi Report, 136 deterrence, 617 rotation agreements for prime minister, 35, 152 feeling under threat and, 565– 66 Rotenstreich, Yehoshua, 254 and foreign affairs, 19, 22, 29, 30, 31, 535 “rotten business”. See Lavon Affair and High Court of Justice, 213, 853 Rubinstein, Amnon, 39 human and civil rights, 617 Rubinstein, Elyakim, 234n3, 826 IDF and shaping of, 572 Rufeisen, Oswald (Brother Daniel) case, 751 mapping party positions, 568– 70 rule of law, 72, 143, 220, 221, 231, 271, 300, 312, military operations across the borders (1950s), 525, 812 566, 577 and security needs, 599– 600 period of consensus on, 551 trust in, 212, 215 personal security, 565 Russia, 81, 356 policy and democracy, 616 prioritization of, 224 Sa’ar, Gideon, 792 process of policymaking on, 563 Sabbath Law, proposed, 755, 787 public opinion on, 563– 65 Sabbath, 755– 58 state responsibility for, 533– 34 and Jewish holidays as day of rest, 627, 755 security issues, 334, 337, 367, 390, 815 keeping the Sabbath, 400, 418 considerations, 8 local level character, 757 culture, 617 protest against violation of, 307 and foreign affairs issues, 19, 22, 25, 29, 30, 31 public character of, 755, 756– 57 and identiication, 375 travel in religious neighborhoods, 744–745, 791 mapping party positions on, 329, 330 travel on main roads on, 757– 58 policy and democracy, 616 sabra (native- born Israeli Jew), ethos of the, 682, primacy of considerations of, 855 684, 690– 95 security system, 540– 43, 608. See also defense Sabra and Shatila events, 298, 434, 559, 613. system; GSS; Israel Defense Forces; Ministry See also Kahan Commission of Defense; Mossad; National Security Sadat, Anwar, 154, 563, 573 Council; Rafael Salah, Ra’ed, 465n27, 643 legal supervision and control, 599– 603 Sana, Taleb el- , 642 self- help organizations, 304, 451 Sapir, Yosef, 152 Seniors High School Letter Sartori, Giovanni, 323 1970, 300 Sasson, Talia (report), 594, 827 1979, 614 Sawt al- Arab (Egyptian radio station), 511 separation barrier, 142, 556– 57, 567 Schocken family, 497, 506 separation of powers, 99, 143– 44, 198, 225, 850 schools, democratic, 460 absolute, 216 Scouts Ordinance (New Version) 1978, 450 and executive branch, 144 Sebastia, 576 in the Israeli system, 141 Second Authority for Television and Radio Law in local government, 195 (1990), 485, 488, 493, 506, 619, 628 in parliamentary system, 122 “second Israel,” 684 Sephardim, Sephardic Jews, 333, 467, 684 Second Knesset (Transition] Law), 1951, 52 use of term, 723 secular Jews, 62, 284, 329, 729, 731, 739 settlements, Jewish: in the territories, 147, 162, 283, accommodation to the religious minority, 745 336, 381, 418, 536, 552, 583, 619, 722, 830, 847 identity of, 739 evacuation from Gaza (2005), 583 secular- religious relations, 742, 795 evacuation orders, 738 security economy, security expenditures, 145 settlers, Jewish, 108, 284, 555, 611, 664, 737, 842. Security Service (Consolidated Version) Law See also “Jewish underground”; terror: Jewish (1986), 545 evacuation from Gaza Strip, 556 security, security policy, 19, 22, 24, 319, 422, 534–35. obeying Knesset laws and government See also “culture of security” decisions, 63 approaches to Israel’s, 535– 37, 549– 51 and separation barrier, 557 attitudes about, 563– 70 Seventh Eye, The 507 and Ben- Gurion, 6, 17 Shach, Elazar, 515, 771, 772, 776, 785 bodies determining policy, 571 Shahal, Moshe, 242 budget, 537 Shakdiel, Leah, 748 commissions of inquiry on matters of, 603– 05 Shaked, Ayelet, 229, 845

954

954 Index

Shalit, Gilad, 431, 558, 585 and Bar- On affair, 826 Shalom, Avraham, 92 blend of ethnicity and religiosity, 376, 744 Shamgar Commissions and chief rabbinate, 747 to investigate assassination of PM Rabin, 250, in coalitions, 328, 397, 399, 421, 422, 424, 780, 785 253, 260 and core curriculum, 841 to investigate killings at Cave of the Patriarchs Council of Torah Sages of, 773 (1994), 250 emergence of, 723 Shamgar, Meir, 53, 54, 92, 216 and fall of unity government (1990), 120 Shamir, Shimon, 625, 671, 678 Ma’ayan Hahinukh Hatorani/ El Hama’ayan Shamir, Yitzhak, 157, 158, 166, 241, 261, 420, 421, school system, 307, 711, 754, 782 433, 553, 565, 574, 650 methods of funding, 774 “Bus 300 affair,” 92 and ministries, 787 coalition 1990– 92, 89, 102, 153 and national- religious voters, 381, 737 and Kahan Commission, 172 in Netanyahu governments, 780, 781 and Peres, 164 newspaper, 499 prime minister, 120, 157, 575, 724 in Olmert coalition, 784 prime minister in unity government, 89, 152 and Oslo process, 433, 776 Shamir governments, 147, 383, 409, 554, 780 and political participation, 306, 309 Shapira, Anita, 17 and power of religious parties, 745 Shapira, Haim- Moshe, 787 process of change in, 778 Shapira, Joseph, 238 and religious councils, 749 Shapira, Yaakov- Shimshon, 170 rise of, 468 Sharansky, Natan, 309, 337, 383, 384, selection of Knesset candidates, 343 459, 724 and settlements, 284 Sharett, Moshe, 30, 146, 158, 343, service provider, 458 571, 577, 602–603 in Shamir government, 784 Sharia Courts Law 1953, 204 ultra- Orthodox Mizrahim, 382 Sharia courts, 204, 207, 749 uniqueness of school system, 754– 55 legal authority of, 749 welfare, 307 Sharir, Avraham, 420, 421 “Zionism” of, 773 Sharon, Ariel, 158, 160, 261, 298, 330, 377, 390, 433, Shatil (org.), 452, 662 519, 561, 590, 592, 594, 604, 650 She’arim (newsp.), 497 and Begin, 491, 574 Sheetrit, Bechor- Shalom, 666, 785 campaign for direct election, 320 Sheetrit, Meir, 161, 193 defense minister, 164, 574, 575, 578 Shefar’am, 27 and disengagement from Gaza Strip, 154, 194, Sheffer, Gabriel, 588 311, 339, 433, 557 Sheli (pol. party), 641 and direct election for prime minister (2001), Shemi, Yechiel, 34 152, 177, 180, 555 Sherf, Ze’ev, 5 dismissal as defense minister, 559 Sherut Leumi Law, 764 “farm forum,” 166 Shetreet, Shimon, 228 iring ministers, 178 Shfar’am, 652 and Kadima, 376, 570, 838 Shinui (party), 285, 327, 336, 337, 359, 377, 378, 432, and Kahan Commission, 172 459, 724 and Labor, 328 and religious issues, 739, 740, 745, 766, 785 libel suit against Benziman, 491 Shlomtzion Party, 337, 418 prime minister, 148 Shmorek, Emil, 821 and religious parties, 770 Shochat, Avraham, 126 and Sabra and Shatila events, 559 Shomron, Dan, 554, 575 and Shlomtzion party, 337, 418 Shoshana Netanyahu Commission to study the and separation barrier, 556 health care system (1988), 250 special election for prime minister, 148, 386 Shurat Hamitnadvim (the Volunteers’ Temple Mount visit, 299, 624 Rank), 450 Sharon governments, 327– 28, 590, 651 Sikkuy: The Association for the Advancement irst, 126, 161, 175, 437, 556, 668 of Civic Equality (voluntary association), second, 130, 150, 161, 164, 402, 409 305, 465, 626, 636, 662 Shas (Sephardic Association of Torah Guardians; Sinai Campaign (1956), 146, 154, 414, 551, 566, 582, party), 106, 173, 285, 320, 331, 333, 336, 365, 596, 816 383, 384, 405, 469, 685, 736, 739, 769, 770, Sinai Peninsula evacuation of Jewish settlements 772– 77, 785, 833, 842 in, 297 and Barak government, 569 fence between Israel and Egypt border in, 556

955

Index 955

IDF withdrawal (1949), 18, 21, 547, 561 steering capacity and civic, 836 IDF withdrawal (1957), 561 South Africa, 81, 275, 356, 830 returning to Egypt, 563 South Lebanon Army (SLA), 578 Sinai Separation of Forces Treaties sovereignty, 99, 100 (1974– 750), 552 Soviet Jewry Zionist Forum, 383, 469 single- party majority government, 402 Soviet Union, 25, 334, 696 single- party minority government, 402 Spain, 81, 181, 271, 354, 355, 402 Six Day War (1967), 319, 578, 582, 611, 624, 665, “Spirit of the IDF” ethical code, 549 697, 793, 854 Spivak- Yonah Committee,” 727 pre- war “waiting period” in May 1967, 854 sports clubs, 318, 319, 345 Slovakia, 355, 356 Spousal Agreements for Persons without a Small Claims Courts, 210 Religion Law (2010), 766 Smith, Adam, 439 Sprinzak, Ehud, 814 Smooha, Sammy, 835, 853 stability, political, stability of the political system, Sneh, Moshe, 637 37, 49, 89, 134, 143, 177, 196, 319, 336 social capital, 273– 74, 302, 438, 440 state and religion in Israel, relations between state social involvement, encouragement of, 453 and religion, 62, 337, 430, 732– 33, 798 social networks, 270, 280, 490, 517 and a constitution, 796– 97 as online channels, 294, 480 component of nationality in, 733, 751 and political participation, 280 court rulings on matters of, 788– 91 and politics, 479 party religion- state continuum, 329, 330– 32 social rifts, 108 state comptroller, 129, 231, 235– 44, 542, 603, 606 social rivalries: and the political system, 49 accountability of, 235 social services. See welfare, welfare services auditing of policies, 241 social welfare, 683 authority, 240 socialism, 329 budget for, 237 Socialist Party (linked to al- Ard), 363 and Arab citizens of Israel, 671 socialization, 282, 374, 819 autonomy of, 236 society, Israeli (Jewish), 833 bodies and subjects audited, 236, 238 from 1960s to mid- 1980s, 696– 97 criticism of, 241– 43 changes in, 790 decision- making audit, 241, 243 character of, 833 establishment of SCI, 236, 240 demographic changes in, 833 evaluation of dealing with asylum dichotomous deinition of, 684 seekers, 236 High Court and issues of, 222 election of, 100, 235– 36, 237 identities in, 685 examination of ethical behavior of elected immigrant, 833, 834 oficials, 236, 243 militarization of, 582– 86 and High Court of Justice, 242 “militarized” or “civilian,” 548 judicial authority, 234, 241 a “multicultural society” and, 834 and Knesset, 142, 237, 241, 263 pluralistic, 436 and local authorities, 187 portrait and boundaries, 684– 85 ombudsman role, 239, 289 sectoral, 726 and party inancing, 346– 47 separate identities, 836, 838 Parties Financing Law oversight, 239– 40 society of immigrants, 681 reports and implementation, 237– 38, 244 statist period description, 689 role and authority, 233, 234, 235, 238 society, litigious, 199 representation of women in senior public society and economics service posts, 239 party positions on, 329 scope of work by, 236, 263 Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, scrutiny of political appointments, 234, 243 293, 452 status, 238, 243 “society– politics– society” (dynamic State Comptroller Law relationship), 354 1949, 235 socioeconomic policy, 367, 681– 83 1958, 246 from 1950s to mid- 1980s, 699– 701 amendments to, 237, 240 parties’ continuum on, 332 State Education Law, The (1953), 628, 692, 754 in pluralist period, 712 State President (Tenure) Law (1951), 82 in Yishuv period, 688– 89 state Solel Boneh, 449 as be- all and end- all, 8 solidarity, 704, 842, 843, 850 deinitions and characteristics, 6– 8 social, 443, 840 nation- state, 621

956

956 Index

state- building, 27, 30, 850 appointment of judges to, 213, 219 state- in- the- making, 3, 47 authority for constitutional review, 227 “stateness,” 8 and Basic Laws, 58 states of emergency, 36, 128, 618 caseload, 219 declared by Knesset as persisting every change in status of, 788 year, 103 and conscription of yeshiva students, 789 declared May 1948, 546 constitutional rulings of, 37, 67 statism, 32– 33, 49, 502 conversion rulings, 732 aspiration for, 6 and Declaration of Independence, 52 statist period, 516, 689 human rights and civil rights rulings, 67– 68 consensus on establishment of the state, 833 independence of, 212 and Hebrew journalism, 496– 98 Iqrit and Bir’im villagers, 70 population dispersion and settlement, 693– 95 and “judicial activisim,” 67, 746 socioeconomic policy, 695 judicial review of Knesset, 72–73, 100, 227 status quo, religious, 3, 25, 41, 45, 63, 70, 399, 430, jurisdiction over the occupied territories, 600 742, 780, 796 and Knesset, 76 in coalition agreements, 782 and litigation in the political realm, 201 formulation of accords, 743 Mizrachi Bank ruling, 59, 73, 227 and local level arrangements, 744 non- Israeli residents of territories right to moderating aspect, 787 appeal to, 548 preservation of, 787 nulliication/ non- nulliication of legislative public committees on core issues of, 791 provisions, 227 state period, 742– 43 public trust in, 215– 16, 274 Yishuv period, 742 president of, 204, 213, 214, 216, 218 Statute of Government Operations, 103, 149, and nationality on Israeli ID cards, 751, 752 547, 598 and religious issues, 68– 70, 745 Statute of Knesset Operations, 103, 121, 133, and security considerations, 599– 603 170, 435 on separation barrier, 556 and Supreme Court and High Court of Justice, and state security, 71 76, 100, 131, 133, 142 and Who is a Jew?, 69, 751, 789 term, 149– 50 Yeredor ruling, 673 Stavsky, Avraham, 250 Supreme Institute for the Arabic Language Law steering capacity, 4, 142, 143, 180, 182, 196, 314, 325, (2007), 628 350, 436– 37, 835 Supreme Institute for the Hebrew Language Law coalitions as, 396 (1953), 628 and fragmentation, 108 Supreme Muslim Council, 742, 749 government, 31, 144 surveys. See polls and surveys and policy, 832– 47 Susser, Bernard, 745 of political system, 443 Sweden, 104, 271, 326, 348 of prime minister, 173 electoral system, 355 and representation, 182, 354 Switzerland, 74, 275 of sectoral Knesset, 108 symbols, 6, 627, 677 in transition period, 34 Jewish, 667, 733 stock market crash (1983), 251, 257 of the state, 31, 66, 497, 678 Stop the Withdrawal in Sinai Movement, 297, 614, Syria, 21, 147, 536, 547, 549, 575 615, 794 attack on nuclear reactor of, 618 Streichman, Yehezkel, 34 Strength of Israel (party), 337 Ta’ayush: Arab- Jewish Partnership (org.), 305, strikes, 297. See also protest, protest activity 460, 662 “seamen’s strike” (1951), 285, 297 tabu (registry of land ownership), 202 Student Union, 104 Tal Committee on conscripting yeshiva students, Suez Canal, 822 762, 791 Supreme Court, 52, 72, 75, 204, 205, 206, 215, “Tal Law” (Deferral of Service for Yeshiva 218– 22, 542, 789. See also High Court of Students Whose Vocation is Torah; 2002), Justice 763, 789 and application of post- 1948 British law, 202 Tami (Jewish Tradition Movement; party), 309, appointment of justices, 213, 219 333, 358, 381, 384, 723, 739, 769 Arab citizens’ rights and equality, 70– 71 Tamir, Shmuel, 65, 203 as “representative” of range of groups in “targeted killings,” 539 society, 219 Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in attacks on, 215– 16 Israel, 461

957

Index 957

tax, taxation, 126, 830 and nonproits, 458 direct, 713, 714 number of organizations and scope of economic restrictions on exemptions, 447 activity, 455– 56 Tayibe, 652 organizations as service providers, 442, 446 technology, technological developments organizations becoming parties, 458– 59 new, 483, 500, 510 organizations for political and social change, state power and changes in, 272, 483 442, 445, 452, 454 Tehiya (party), 297, 337, 381, 435, 737 participation in organizations of, 819 Tel Aviv, 28, 393, 394, 592 political activity of, 458– 63 Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, 453 and political participation, 293, 441, 472, 473 Telem (party), 337, 377 and provision of services, 446, 452, 457, 473, television, 503, 504 474, 718 and advertising, 483, 523 public afinity for organizations, 457– 58 in Arabic, 486 and public bureaucracy, 459– 60 cable, 483, 503 religious organizations, 466 campaign ads, 367– 68 statutory support, 445– 46 Channel 1, 486, 503, 505, 519 types of organizations, 442– 43 Channel 2, 483, 488, 503, 505, 519 among ultra- Orthodox society, 466– 67 Channel 9 (in Russian), 504 and use of new media, 302 Channel 10, 483, 488, 503, 505, 519 Third Way, The (party), 337, 359, 423 and culture of ratings, 481 Tibi, Ahmad, 639, 642 Educational Television, 487n10 Toledano, Shmuel, 665, 667 election campaign use, 295, 367, 518 tolerance, democratic, 795– 98 at Knesset, 521 Torah Front (Knesset list), 382, 769 Knesset Channel, 123, 487, 521 Torah Judaism, United (UTJ; party), 34, 320, 328, Mabat (newscast), 503, 504 382, 389, 402, 421, 424, 736, 757, 769, 771, 772, mediating role of, 279 780. See also Agudat Yisrael; Poalei Agudat multi- channel, 485, 507 Yisrael ratings, 481 Ashkenazic party, 306, 333 satellite broadcasts, 483, 503 education network, 307 Tkhelet/ Moreshet (Channel 20; Judaism selecting Knesset candidates, 343 channel), 504 Trade Administration, 759 Temple Mount, 255, 299, 624 trade and labor unions, 161, 208, 268, 273, 443, territorial compromise, 277, 329, 390, 418, 569 478, 523 terror, terrorism, 537, 582, 611, 617, 813. traditional Jews, 731 See also intifadas and Jewish character of Israel, 729 “Bus 300 affair,” 92 Mizrahim among, 733, 738 Jewish, 297, 555, 607, 611, 746, 794 transfer, population, 333, 569, 622, 666 Palestinian, 539, 553, 554, 555, 586 transfer payments, 635, 713, 714, 717 political, 300 for elderly and children, 695 war against, 533– 34, 535, 539 transit camps, immigrant, 27, 28, 691. See also terrorists Frumkin Commission of Inquiry on in “Bus 300 affair,” 539 immigrant education (1950) Jewish, 546 demonstrations by jobless in, 285, 297 suicide bombers, 539 education in, 432 “The First Decade Exhibition", 34 and elections to the second Knesset, 29– 30 third sector. See also volunteerism, volunteer Transition Law (1949), 40, 82, 103, 149, 167 organizations 1962 amendment, 156, 163, 169, 400, 410 activism in organizations of, 294 transition period (1948– 1949), 15, 31, 34 “anti- establishment” organizations, 452 Transjordan, 21 among Arab society, 305, 464– 66 transparency, 217, 243 areas of activity, 456– 57 of the defense system, 606 community organizations, 442 and media, 279 deinition, 438 trust and conidence, public, 234, 267, 311, 603 democratization of, 472– 73 in courts, 215 development of, 448– 55 in democracy, 851 funding and support, 445– 48, 474 in government, 319 among immigrants, 467– 70 in government institutions, 243, 273 independent organizations, 472 in IDF, 215, 565– 66 and Knesset, 461– 62 in IDF pronouncements, 608 and media, 524 interpersonal, 273

958

958 Index

trust and conidence, public (cont.) unemployment, 683, 691, 695, 716, 855 in judges, 211 Arab, 635, 657, 715 in judiciary and Supreme Court, 198, 215 beneits, 691 in Knesset, 136 among Ethiopian immigrants, 708 in media, 215, 526, 817 gaps in, 704 in ofice of the president, 97 and inequality, 716 in parties, 319 in periphery, 709 in political institutions, 277, 391, 817– 18 and poverty level, 716 in political leadership, 173, 704, 848, 854 prevention, 695 in political system, 215, 278, 282, 721 rate, 695, 700 in politicians, 271 Union of North African Immigrants (party), 308, in public broadcasting, 508 383, 459, 468 in rule of law, 212 Union of Organizations of Ethiopian in SCIs, 260 Immigrants, 470 Trust Law (1979), 445 United Arab List (Ra’am), 320, 358, 365, 389, 432, Trust Regulations (Methods of Investing Public 639, 642, 643, 644 See also Ra’am- Ta’al Endowment Funds – 2004), 445 and services in Arab society, 465 Tsaban, Yair, 753 United Israel Appeal, 449, 452, 688 Tsidon, Asher, 23 United Jewish Appeal, 452 Tsur, Zvi, 254 United Nations, 9, 10, 813 Tunik, Yitzhak, 236 GA decision to establish Jewish state, 9 Tunik- Zamir Committee on the GSS Israel’s admittance to, 48 (1987), 254 Partition Plan, 5, 8, 623, 730 Turkel Commission, 603– 04 Security Council Resolution 242, 432 Turkey, 81 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Turner, Yaakov, 242 524, 533 “Turner– Shahal Affair,” 242 United Religious Front, 24, 42, 45, 432, 770, 772 “two states for two nations,” 557, 564, 641, 642 United States, 25, 273, 288, 334, 348, 389, 587, 696 Tzomet, 176, 337, 343, 359, 421, 650, 739 Congressional Budget Ofice, 126 Tzur, Michael, 822 constitution (1789), 38 judiciary, 226 ultra- Orthodox Jews, 9, 50, 108, 303, 389, 687, 731, president, 81 742, 842 Unity Governments, National, 101– 02, 147, army conscription of, 63, 736 386, 780, 858 Ashkenazim, 382 1967, 101, 152, 402, 412, 417, 418, 434 in coalition agreements, 763 1969, 152, 598 collaboration with the ultra- Orthodox, 467 1984– 1990, 81, 89, 152, 326, 419, 433, 435, 553 and core curriculum, 840 1987, 157 demonstrations against Supreme Court by, collapse of 1984– 1990, 35, 98, 120, 173, 398 307, 788 emergency economic plan (1985), 700 educational autonomy of, 742, 743, 754 and faction responsibility, 169 in irst Knesset election, 382 Shas in, 780 Internet use by, 301 upheaval of 1977, election, 326, 354, 386, 417–18, and “Jewishness” of the state, 729 583, 594, 682, 761, 833 meaning of the state for, 33 and ethnicity, 308, 309, 376 and media, 514– 16 Uvda (television program), 492 Mizrahim, 382 and municipal elections voting, 307 Va’ad Leumi (Jewish National Council), 8, 9, 449 and political participation, 305– 08 Vesti )newspaper), 514 population dispersion of, 709 Vilner, Meir, 637 poverty among, 715, 741 violence, political violence, 299, 300, 307, 312–13, protest, 307 615– 16, 813 and religion in Israel, 744, 746 “Vision Documents.” See Arab citizens of Israel right to vote, 20 “Voice of Peace” (pirate radio), 505 and state and religion issue, 735– 36 volunteerism, volunteer organizations, 268, 273, third- sector activity of, 466– 67 283, 285, 311, 345, 439–40, 455, 457, 702. voting pattern of, 306, 382– 83 See also civil society; Third Sector volunteer organizations, 467 in Arab society, 465, 466, 659 Ultra- Orthodox Women (party), 337 motivation for participation, 441 Umm al- Fahm, 641, 643, 652, 654 in Second Lebanon War, 458 “unaligned” bloc of countries, 334 in “state- corporatism” period, 448, 450– 51

959

Index 959

in “pluralistic period,” 448 “without Herut or Maki [the Communist Party].” and Russian immigrants, 310 See coalition negotiations among ultra- Orthodox, 467 Witkon Commission to examine management of voter rolls, 359, 360 Sinai oil ields (1972), 250, 260 Witkon, Alfred, 39, 224. See also Witkon Wadi Salib events (1959), 285, 297, 468, 720 Commission Wagner, Richard, 123 WIZO (org./ party), 41, 337, 458, 470, 471, 688 Waqf (Islamic endowment), 464, 655, 749 Women in Black, 298, 471, 612 War Cabinet, recommendation for a, 256, 598 Women in Green, 471, 612 War of Attrition (1969– 70), 551, 552, 854 women, 69, 470. See also feminist movement; elections held during, 152 Israel Women’s Network and Rogers Plan, 432 Arab, 636 and “Seniors’ Letter”, 300 discrimination against, 225 War of Independence, 48, 81 education for ultra- Orthodox, 736 and compromise on religious matters, 744 equal rights for, 462 Warhaftig, Zerah, 40 exemption from IDF service for religious, 545 Warhaftig Committee, 40, 45, 64 Knesset representation, 106, 107 wars, 533, 549 organizations, 441, 470. See also by chronology of, 549– 52 organization name defensive war, 549 in pilots’ course, 201, 462 low- intensity war, 586 representation in local authorities, 194 and preemptive strikes, 535, 536 right to vote, 275 war of choice, 585, 613 Supreme Court justices, 219 “We’re fed up with corrupt leaders,” protest volunteering for national service, 545 slogan, 298 voting behavior, 379 Weinstein, B., 14 Women’s Equal Rights Law, 113 Weizman, Ezer, 83, 84– 85, 86, 96, 168, 590, 665, 831 Women’s Party, 337 and pardon requests, 93 workers’ councils, 295, 357 resigning as minister of defense, 164, 574 workers’ parties, 644 resigning presidency, 83 world wars, 533 Yahad, 337 World Zionist Organization, 449, 814 Weizmann, Chaim: election as president, 81– 82, 87 Executive Committee, 49 Welfare Services Law (1958), 208 Settlement Division, 830 welfare state, 451, 695, 712, 717 World Zionist Organization- Jewish Agency dissolution of, 294, 701 (Status) Law, 50, 627 welfare, welfare services, 126, 303, 319, 683, 699, 717, 722 Ya’alon, Moshe, 561, 576, 578, 594 executive branch and, 145 Ya’ari, Meir, 46 in local authorities, 194 Yaacobi, Gad, 160– 61, 389 and third sector, 441 Yaari, Aviezer, 595, 603 Werner, Simcha, 821 Yachimovich, Shelly, 283, 334, 379, 592 West Bank (Judea and Samaria), 73, 157, 551, 553, Yad Sarah, 467 618, 846. See also separation barrier Yadin, Yigael, 171, 571, 578, 582, 590 military rule in, 552 Yadlin, Asher , 822 White Paper, British: restricting Jewish Yahad (party), 306, 383, 388 immigration to Palestine, 5, 13 Yahav, Yona, 395 “Who is a Jew?” issue, 13, 432, 621, 733–42, 750–51, Yamit, evacuation of, 297, 794 783, 789. See also conversion; High Court of Yanai, Nathan, 14 Justice: Shalit ruling; Law of Return Yardur ruling, 673 wicked problems, 535, 622, 624, 680 Yariv, Aharon, 590 Winograd Commission on the second Lebanon Yassin, Ahmed, 168 War, 171, 246, 250, 577, 603, 606, 613, 615 Yated Ne’eman, 499 examining all aspects of the war, 259, Yediot Aharonot, 482, 495, 496, 499, 507, 510 560– 61, 604– 05 Arab population reading, 512 conclusions and recommendations, 172, 248, and IDF version of events, 610 259, 542, 577, 579, 604 online edition, 500 Wireless Telegraphy Ordinance [New Version] Yemenite Association Party, 459, 468 (1972), 486 Yemenites, 333 “Wisconsin Program,” 717 Yesh Atid, 148, 319, 326, 328, 331, 333, 336, 337, withdrawal from territories, 561 402, 405, 427, 570, 651, 727, 740, 785 and civilian leadership, 561 as aggregating party, 108

960

960 Index

Yesh Atid (cont.) and loyalty of Arab citizens, 333, 651 coalition demands, 784 selecting Knesset candidates, 343 election slogans, 366 and separation of religion from state, 739 and Jewish home, 780 Yisrael Hayom, 499, 507, 510 in Knesset elections, 386 Yom Hashishi (weekly), 515 and religious issues, 739, 745, 766, 785 Yom Kippur War, 85, 101, 146, 319, 326, 418, selecting Knesset candidates, 343 541, 544, 551– 52, 573, 576, 580, 598, 603, Yesh Gvul, 300, 612, 614 607, 697, 721, 793, 817, 854. See also Agranat yeshiva students. See also Tal Committee on Commission conscripting yeshiva students; Tal Law and citizens’ trust in state institutions, 451 and coalition agreement Likud- ultra- Orthodox and “conception,” 509, 551– 52 parties, 761 and immigrant absorption, 682 exemption from service, 789 lack of reporting on eve of, 482, 522 military service issue, 63, 224, 430, 433, 545, and media, 494, 501 740, 760– 63, 789, 792 protest after, 297, 613 Yiddish, 32, 513 trauma of, 285 Yifrach, Yehonatan, 193 Yom Leyom (newsp.), 499 Yishai, Eli, 306, 383, 769, 775 Yosef, Dov, 28, 422 Yishuv period, 334, 577, 685 Yosef, Ovadia, 308, 469, 747, 772, 774, 775, 776 Arab community in the, 663, 685 Yoseftal, Giora, 155n11 demography of Jewish population, 685, 696 youth movements, 33, 318, 691, 819 education, 753 elections in, 357– 58 Zadok, Haim, 171 immigrants in, 383, 681, 684 Zamir Committee to investigate judicial institutions of, 814 appointments, 214, 219 and Israeli democracy, 3– 5 Zamir, Yitzhak, 210, 214, 821–22 material constitution of the, 43 and “Bus 300 affair,” 92. See also Tunik- Zamir parties, 383 Committee on the GSS (1987) party politics in, 318 judicial activism, 229 the society of the, 685 Zaritsky, Joseph, 34 voting during, 287 Zeidan, Mohammed, 639 Yishuv, the Jewish, 3 Zeiler Commission “constitution,” 49 to examine public buildings’ safety, 251, 253, 260 electoral system, 3 on police handling of organized crime, 603, 605 immigration quotas, 688 Zinder, Zvi, 502 institutions, 686, 687 Zionism, Zionists, 7 and majority rule, 663 religious, 746 politicization of the, 211 secular, 730 Yisrael B’Aliyah (party), 309, 333, 337, 358, 376, socialist, 32, 682 383, 384, 397, 423, 424, 459, 469, 569, 724, 833 Zionist Camp (party), 366, and Oslo process, 433 643, 651 Yisrael Beiteinu (party), 327, 328, 333, 337, 358, Zionist Congresses 3, 22 365, 381, 384, 643, 666, 724, 725 1946, 9 Arab votes for, 645 Zionist Forum, 309 bloc with Likud, 326, 328 Zmanim (newsp.), 498 catch- all ethnic party, 384 Zo Haderekh (newsp.), 511 in Knesset elections, 309, 384, 725 Zussman Commission to investigate ire at al- “No citizenship without loyalty” election Aqsa mosque (1969), 250 slogan, 305, 366 Zussman, Yoel, 222