Männlichkeit Und Weiblichkeit in Stanley Kubricks EYES WIDE SHUT

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Männlichkeit Und Weiblichkeit in Stanley Kubricks EYES WIDE SHUT Sehen und Sprechen: Männlichkeit und Weiblichkeit in Stanley Kubricks EYES WIDE SHUT Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktortitels der Philosophie im Fachbereich Neuere Philologien (10) der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität zu Frankfurt am Main vorgelegt von Unyoung Park aus: Pyungtaek-shi, Südkorea 2014 (Einreichungsjahr) 2016 (Erscheinungsjahr) 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Vinzenz Hediger 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Rembert Hüser Tag der Promotion: 15. April 2015 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ……………………………………… 1 1.1. Spiegel als mediale Selbstreflexion ……………………… 1 1.2. Literaturverfilmung und Auteur ……………………… 4 1.3. Induzierter Autor = induzierter Leser/Zuschauer ……………… 8 1.4. Trias und Doppelgänger ……………………… 9 1.5. Ausblick: Ästhetische Bildung/Erziehung ………………11 2. Sehen ……………………………………... 13 2.1. Einführung ……………………………………... 13 2.2. Geburt des Auteurs ……………………………………... 16 2.2.1. EINE GEWISSE TENDENZ IM FRANZÖSISCHEN FILM von François Truffaut ……………………………... 16 2.2.2. Stanley Kubrick als Auteur ……………………………... 18 2.3. Tod des Auteurs ……………………… 21 2.3.1. TOD DES AUTORS von Roland Barthes ……………… 21 2.3.2. Tod von Stanley Kubrick ……………………………... 25 2.4. Geburt des Rezipienten ……………………… 32 2.4.1. Folge des Tod des Autors: Rezeptionstheorie ……………… 32 2.4.1.1. DAS UNHEIMLICHE von Sigmund Freud ……………… 33 2.4.1.2. DAS SYMBOLISCHE, DAS IMAGINÄRE UND DAS REALE von Jacques Lacan ……………………………… 41 2.4.1.3. DAS DISPOSITIV: METAPSYCHOLOGISCHE BETRACHTUNGEN DES REALITÄTSEINDRUCKS von Jean-Louis Baudry ……………………………… 50 2.4.1.4. VISUELLE LUST UND NARRATIVES KINO von Laura Mulvey 61 2.4.2. EYES WIDE SHUT ………………………………………. 71 2.4.2.1. Blickkonstellation ………………………………. 72 2.4.2.1.1. Alice: Geschlossenes Auge ………………………. 72 2.4.2.1.2. Bill: Geöffnetes Auge ………………………………. 75 2.4.2.1.3. Ziegler: Überwachungskamera ………………………. 79 2.4.2.2. Raumkonstellation ………………………………. 81 2.4.2.2.1. Alice: Symbolischer Raum ………………………. 81 2.4.2.2.2. Bill: Imaginärer Raum ………………………. 85 2.4.2.2.3. Ziegler: Realer Raum ………………………. 90 2.4.2.3. Eros und Thanatos ……………….. 93 2.4.2.3.1. Dialektik von Aufklärung und Romantik ……….. 93 2.4.2.3.2. Dialektik von der ehelichen und der käuflichen Liebe ……….. 97 2.4.2.3.3. Nekrophilie ………………………………………. 101 2.5. Wiedergeburt des Auteurs ……………………… 105 2.5.1. Genie ……………………………………… 106 2.5.2. Urheber ……………………………… 111 2.5.3. Induzierter Autor ……………………………… 115 2.6. Zusammenfassung ……………………………… 119 3. Sprechen ………………………. 121 3.1. Einführung .......................................... 121 3.2. DIE TRAUMNOVELLE ............................... 124 3.2.1. Doppelgeschichte – Doppelnovelle – Traumnovelle .......... 124 3.2.2. Traum = Tod + Raum ................................. 129 3.2.2.1. Fridolins Traum ...................................... 129 3.2.2.2. Albertines Traum ..................................... 134 3.2.3. Novelle = Unerhörte Begebenheit ........................ 146 3.2.3.1. Definition und Spezifika ................................ 146 3.2.3.2. Neuheit, Neuigkeit, Unerhörtheit in Bezug auf DIE TRAUMNOVELLE ……………………….. 147 3.2.3.3. Zyklusform der Novelle in Bezug auf Fridolins Bewusstseinszustände ……………… 152 3.2.3.4. Aspekt der Unterhaltung ............................... 158 3.2.3.5. Novelle = Krankengeschichte ........................... 161 3.3. Literaturverfilmung: EYES WIDE SHUT ................. 168 3.3.1. Schnitzlers Drehbuch-Entwurf der TRAUMNOVELLE ...... 168 3.3.1.1. Schnitzlers Verhältnis zum Film/Kino ..................... 168 3.3.1.2. Drehbuch-Entwurf .................................... 172 3.3.1.3. Schnitzlers filmische Sprache ............................ 178 3.3.2. Kubricks Adaption der TRAUMNOVELLE ................ 182 3.3.2.1. Kubricks Ansicht über die Filmgeschichte ................. 182 3.3.2.2. Erstveröffentlichte Drehbuchfassung von EYES WIDE SHUT 192 3.3.2.3. Kubricks literarische Sprache ........................... 202 3.3.3. Filmisches Erzählen ................................... 207 3.3.3.1. Erzähler ............................................ 207 3.3.3.1.1. Literarischer Erzähler ................................. 207 3.3.3.1.2. Filmischer Erzähler ................................... 213 3.3.3.2. Filmischer Erzähler in EYES WIDE SHUT ................ 221 3.3.3.2.1. Kamera ............................................ 222 3.3.3.2.1.1. Mis-en-Scène ........................................ 226 3.3.3.2.1.2. Montage ............................................ 232 3.3.3.2.1.3. Überwachungskamera ................................. 237 3.3.3.2.2. Musik .............................................. 241 3.3.3.2.2.1. Dialektik zwischen präexistenter und Original-Musik ........ 244 3.3.3.2.2.2. Dialektik zwischen diegetischer und extradiegetischer Musik .. 248 3.3.3.2.2.3. Musiker Nightingale .................................. 251 3.3.3.2.3. Figur .............................................. 254 3.3.3.2.3.1. Alice .............................................. 256 3.3.3.2.3.2. Bill ................................................ 258 3.3.3.2.3.3. Ziegler .............................................. 260 3.4. Zusammenfassung .................................... 265 4. Schluss ............................................. 267 5. Bibliografie ......................................... 280 1. Einleitung 1.1.Spiegel als mediale Selbstreflexion Der flämische Maler Jan van Eyck (um 1390-1441) fertigte 1434 die ARNOLFINI- HOCHZEIT an, die bis heute viele Rätsel aufwirft. Ähnlich verwirrt LAS MENINAS (1656) des spanischen Malers Diego Velázquez (1599-1660) immer noch seine Betrachterinnen und Betrachter.1 Die Rätsel bzw. die Verwirrung beruhen insbesondere auf dem gemalten Spiegel im Hintergrund der beiden Gemälde. Auf dem Spiegel der ARNOLFINI-HOCHZEIT sind zwei weitere Personen zu sehen, die ohne den Spiegel auf dem Bildraum nicht erscheinen konnten. Auch der Spiegel in LAS MENINAS zeigt das Königspaar, das sich außerhalb des Bildraumes befindet. Das Spiegelmotiv ermöglicht die Multiperspektivität und fordert die Metamorphose von Betrachtenden, Maler und Modell, weil die Betrachtenden dazu gezwungen sind, ihre Perspektive zu wechseln. Zu erinnern ist daran, dass die Malerei als Kunstgattung der bildenden Kunst untergeordnet ist, die sich meist mit einem körperlich-räumlichen Gebilde beschäftigt. Die Spiegelmetaphorik in oben genannten beiden Gemälden eröffnet vor allem einen imaginären Raum, der zugleich vor dem Bild real existiert(e): In der ARNOLFINI- HOCHZEIT befindet sich zudem die Signatur des Malers über dem Spiegel: „Johannes de Eyck fuit hic“ (Johannes de Eyck war hier/ist hier gewesen). Auf diese Weise war der Maler gleichzeitig ein Zeuge sowie ein Zuschauer dieser privaten Szene im Ehegemach.2 Dank des Spiegelmotives konnte der Maler sich selbst ebenfalls auf dem 1 In der Forschung wird LAS MENINAS als absolutes Meisterwerk der Malerei und zugleich als gemalter Kommentar zur ARNOLFINI-HOCHZEIT betrachtet. Der Einfluss der ARNOLFINI- HOCHZEIT auf Velázquez lässt sich folgendermaßen erklären: Zunächst waren die Besitzer des Bildes, das Ehepaar Arnolfini, kinderlos verstorben. Bald ist das Bild in Habsburgischen Besitz gekommen und später in die königliche Sammlung in Madrid gelangt. Im 17. Jahrhundert verwaltete Velázquez diese Sammlung. (Siehe Belting, Hans (2013) Spiegel der Welt: Die Erfindung des Gemäldes in den Niederlanden. 2. Aufl., München : C. H. Beck, S. 135-144.) 2 Zum Hintergrund des Arnolfini-Gemäldes: Der Bildtitel ist erst 1516 beim Inventar von Margareta von Österreich aufgetaucht. Als die National Gallery London 1842 das Bild ankaufte, begann sie sich mit den Fragen zu beschäftigen: „Wer sind diese Menschen?“, „Was tun sie?“ und „Hat das Bild einen verborgenen Sinn?“ (Siehe Šebková-Thaller, Zuzana (1992) Sünde und Versöhnung in Jan van Eycks Hochzeitsbild. Markt Berolzheim : Hernoul-le-Fin-Verl., S. XI.) Nachdem der Bildtitel aufgetaucht war, konnte man rekonstruieren, dass es sich um Giovanni Arnolfini handelt. Er stammte zwar aus Lucca, aber lebte mehrere Jahrzehnte in Brügge, wo van Eyck in späteren Jahren ansässig war und auch für private Auftraggeber arbeitete. Arnolfini war ein Kaufmann. Die dargestellte Frau ist Giovanna Cenami, deren Familie ebenfalls aus Lucca stammte. (Siehe Belting, Hans 1 Bild platzieren, der sonst zum imaginären Bereich der Rezipienten gehört. „Indem Jan van Eyck seine Gegenwart beim dargestellten Ereignis durch Inschrift und Spiegelung festhält, bezeugt er, dass er das sah, was er malte.“3 LAS MENINAS präsentiert das Selbstporträt des Malers bei seiner Tätigkeit, wobei sein Modell unsichtbar bleibt. Allein der Spiegel an der Rückwand zeigt das Königspaar und somit impliziert er den imaginären Raum, in dem sich dieses Paar real aufhielt. Beim Betrachten des Bildes nehmen die Rezipienten wiederum diesen imaginären Raum vor dem Bild ein. Der Spiegel wurde in der ARNOLFINI-HOCHZEIT dafür verwendet, um neben der privaten Innenwelt auf die objektive Außenwelt hinzuweisen, zu der sowohl der Maler als auch die Rezipienten gehören. Was aber der Spiegel in LAS MENINAS zeigt, sind nicht die realen Objekte, sondern das gespiegelte Gemälde, woran der Maler gerade arbeitet.4 Das Verhältnis zwischen Urbild und Abbild wurde somit in Frage gestellt und in der Folge wurde das Schöpfertum thematisiert. Daher ist Velázquezʼ Gemälde „[i]konographisch […] einmal in der Tradition der gemalten ‚Hoffamilien‘ […], des Atelierbildes [und] auch unter [der] Kategorie der ‚gemalten Kunsttheorie‘ zu verstehen.“5 (2013) a.a.O., S. 135ff.) In der Regel geht man davon aus, dass das Gemälde
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