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The Significance of Maar Volcanoes for Palaeoclimatic Studies in China

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The Significance of Maar Volcanoes for Palaeoclimatic Studies in China Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 383 (2019) 2–15 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores The significance of maar volcanoes for palaeoclimatic studies in China Jing Wu a,b,⁎,ZeyangZhua,c, Chunqing Sun a,b, Patrick Rioual a,b, Guoqiang Chu a,b, Jiaqi Liu c,a,⁎ a Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China b Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China article info abstract Article history: The sediments of maar lakes often provide paleoenvironmental records which are highly suitable for Received 3 April 2018 palaeoclimatic studies. The main advantages of the records from maar lakes compared with other lacustrine Received in revised form 26 July 2018 records are as follows: First, the presence of varves (annually laminated layers) and tephra layers, as well as Accepted 7 September 2018 other materials (like terrestrial plant macrofossils, charcoals, organic carbon, organic shells) suitable for Available online 9 September 2018 isotopic dating (like AMS 14C, 210Pb, 137Cs, 238U/230Th, 40Ar/39Ar), provides the possibility of developing sev- eral independent chronologies, enabling the development of robust, high-resolution chronologies. Second, Keywords: Maar lakes maars and maar lakes can provide continuous sedimentary records spanning tens of thousands of years Varves (Tianyang Maar in China is hosted the longest known record spanning at least 400 kyr BP) that are ideal Palaeoclimate for the investigation of climate change on different timescales, including orbital, millennial-centennial Tephrochronology and annual-decadal. Third, recent studies of biomarkers based on long-chain alkenones (LCAs) and glycerol Lacustrine sediments dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) have demonstrated the potential of maar lakes for quantitative paleotemperature reconstruction. In thisstudy,wereviewsomeofthemoresignificant achievements of palaeoclimatic research based on maar lake sediment sequences from China, with the focus on chronology, multiple timescales and quantitative paleoclimatic reconstruction. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction............................................................... 2 2. Studyareas................................................................ 3 3. Chronology................................................................ 4 3.1. Varvechronology.......................................................... 4 3.2. Radioisotopedating......................................................... 5 3.3. Tephrochronology......................................................... 7 4. Climatechangeonmultipletimescales................................................... 7 4.1. Modernclimateinthecontextoflong-termorbitally-forcedclimatechange............................... 7 4.2. Millennial-scaleabruptclimateeventsandtheirforcingmechanisms.................................. 8 4.3. Predictionoffutureclimatechangeonannualtodecadalscales..................................... 9 5. Quantitativepaleotemperaturereconstructions............................................... 9 6. Summary.................................................................11 Acknowledgments..............................................................11 References...................................................................11 1. Introduction Maar-diatreme volcanoes are small volume monogenetic but com- monly complex volcanoes formed in a relatively short time through ⁎ Corresponding authors at: Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China. phreatomagmatic explosive eruptions resulted and excavated and col- E-mail addresses: [email protected] (J. Wu), [email protected] (J. Liu). lapsed crater – the maar – cut into the syn-eruptive surface (Lorenz, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.09.004 0377-0273/© 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. J. Wu et al. / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 383 (2019) 2–15 3 1986; White and Ross, 2011; Németh and Kereszturi, 2015). The exact (iii) The bottom waters of some deep maar lakes are hypoxic, which process behind the formation of the maar crater is under focused re- substantially limits the number and activity of benthic organ- search in the last decade resulting two distinct endmember of explosive isms; the resulting suppression of bioturbation also promotes origin; (i) incremental growth of the crater vs. (ii) gradual growth by the preservation of the protogenic structure of the sediment multi-explosive processes in near surface areas (White and Ross, (Zolitschka et al., 2015). 2011; Valentine et al., 2017). After the formation of the maar crater, it (iv) The sediments of maar lakes provide a highly diverse and com- become the ideal terrestrial closed sedimentary basin (Negendank and plementary suite of proxy climatic indicators. They include bio- Zolitschka, 1993a) that has a small surface area and in comparison to logical indicators such as pollen derived from the terrestrial that deep basin where following the tephra ring erosion, quite long- vegetation, and numerous aquatic organisms such as diatoms, lasting lacustrine sedimentation can take place (Pirrung et al., 2003). chrysophytes, chironomids, ostracods; and physical and chemi- Maar-diatreme structures can host climate-sensitive lakes in which cal parameters such as magnetic properties, and the stable iso- long and continuous sedimentary sequences can accumulate. This is topes of oxygen and carbon (Marchetto et al., 2015). Cross- one of the reasons for the rapid increase of studies on maar-diatreme comparison of different indicators analyzed from the same sedi- volcanoes (Creer, 1996; Creer and Morris, 1996; Marchetto et al., mentary sequence enables robust and reliable multi-proxy- 2015; Turner, 1998; Sirocko, 2016; Zolitschka et al., 2000, 2013). Maar based palaeoclimate reconstructions to be produced. lakes are now widely acknowledged to be of great significance in the re- search field of palaeoclimatic change research on the continents. In the past decade intensive paleclimatic researches were conducted also in the southern hemisphere including maars in Argentina (e.g. Zolitschka In summary, maar lakes provide optimal conditions for the accumu- et al., 2013) and New Zealand (e.g. Augustinus, 2007). lation and preservation of high-resolution sedimentary records on con- Palaeoclimatic research is a major topic in earth science. In recent tinents, and these natural archives are of high value for multi-proxy decades, studies of deep-sea sediments, and ice and loess deposits studies of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic changes. have demonstrated the occurrence of orbitally-forced climatic cycles on multi-millennial timescales, which have confirmed that orbital forc- 2. Study areas ing is a major driver of large-scale changes in earth's climate and envi- ronment (Berger, 1988). Later research revealed that the climate Prior to the 1980s, Europe was the main study region for maars and system also exhibits higher-frequency changes and abrupt events on pioneering research was carried out in the West-Eifel Volcanic Field, in various timescales, ranging from millennial to annual (Bond et al., northwest Germany (Ollier, 1967; Lorenz, 1975; Büchel and Lorenz, 1997). A major objective of global change research is to forecast future 1982; Negendank, 1984). At that time, research focused on the struc- trends in climate, especially over the next few decades, and to achieve ture, formation and geology of maars rather than on their climatic re- these goals, palaeoclimatic records should be of interdecadal to annual cords. In the late 1980s, the International Geosphere-Biosphere resolution. The longest global observed temperature records only span Programme (IGBP) advocated the search for more high-resolution ter- the last ~150 years (Brohan et al., 2006), and therefore they are of lim- restrial sedimentary records worldwide, and to this end various re- ited usefulness for assessing climate changes on interdecadal or longer search agencies in Europe launched and funded a series of drilling scales. This limitation hinders our understanding of the mechanisms be- programs, such as GEO-MAARS, EURO-MAARS, the European Lake Dril- hind both gradual and abrupt climate change, and consequently there in ling Program (ELDP) and the ELSA Project (Eifel Laminated Sediment an ongoing search for continuous, long-duration, high resolution geo- Archive) (Büchel, 1993; Creer, 1996; Sirocko et al., 2013; Sirocko, logical archives for which multi-proxy environmental indicators are 2016). Consequently, research on maar lakes moved from Germany to available (Creer, 1996; Creer and Morris, 1996; Garcin et al., 2006; Italy, and records from maar lakes in central and southern Italy provide Augustinus et al., 2012; Zaarur et al., 2018). In this context, the sedimen- continuous lacustrine sedimentary records back to at least 70 kyr BP tary record of maar lakes, as a continental archive, make a significant (Creer and Morris, 1996). At the end of the 20th century, there was a contribution. global expansion of maar lake research, which extended the regions of Maar lakes are formed by phreatomagmatic volcanic eruptions; they study to
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