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Literary Food^For the American Market: Patrick Byme^S Exports to Mathew Carey

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Literary Food^For the American Market: Patrick Byme^S Exports to Mathew Carey ^Literary Food^for the American Market: Patrick Byme^s Exports to Mathew Carey VINCENT KINANE N SEPTEMBER 18, 1788, Patdck Byrne, bookseller in I Dublin, wrote to Mathew Carey in Philadelphia, inform- Oing him that he had sent him an unsolicited parcel of books, to sell as best he could in his own shop or by auction. ' This was the start of an extensive business between these two men which was to last over twenty-five years. The course of their dealings is remarkably well documented in Carey's account books at the American Antiquarian Society and in his correspondence at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Carey, who had emigrated from his native Dublin in 1784, was to do extensive business with many of his acquaintances in the Dublin book trade—John Cham- bers, Bernard Dornin, Thomas McDonnell, the Rices among them—but Byrne was his largest Irish supplier.' It is therefore appropriate to use their relationship as a case study for exploring the little understood area of Irish book trade exports at the end of the eighteenth century—the details of transport, customs, pay- ment, distribution, and the type of books involved. 1. Lea and Febiger papers: Historical Society of Pennsylvania (hereafter HSP). I am grateful to James N. Green for identifying and copying the letters of both Carey and Byrne from this source. 2. Richard Cargill Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers 1740-1800 (London: Man- sell, 1986), 49. This essay is a revised version of a paper given at the Eleventh Seminar on the History of the Provincial Booktrade held in Trinity College Dublin, July 1993. VINCENT KINANE is an assistant librarian in the department of early printed books. Trinity College Library, Dublin. His History of the Dublin University Press, ly^^-it/yó has recently been published. Copyright © 1995 by American Antiquarian Society 316 American Antiquarian Society In the eighteenth century the export of books from Ireland to the colonies was prohibited by the Navigation Acts until 1778. However, as direct imports of the goods that would have paid for the books were forbidden, even then the legitimate trade was effectively stifled. It was not until 1780 that free trade both ways was allowed. The effect was immediate. The declared value of unbound exports shot up from about £100 in 1780 to £2,600 in 1783, the bulk going to North America. In the twenty years prior to 1780 books worth £1,857 are recorded as having been exported in the Irish customs ledgers, while in a similar period after 1780 the total was nearly £10,000. ' It was on the crest of this wave of exports that Byrne sent his unsolicited parcel: '. if this trade should be to your advantage and mine,' be wrote in his letter, 'I can give a large supply of all books printed bere.' Carey was to become tbe foremost bookseller and publisher in the United States, so his career is well documented.'* He was born in Dublin on January 28, 1760, the son of a baker. At the age of fifteen, against his father's wishes, he was apprenticed to the printer and bookseller Thomas McDonnell, 'a hard, austere mas- ter... of the most repellent manners,' in Garey's words. The youth quickly showed his penchant for political controversy, if not his skill as a printer. He wrote a pamphlet on the oppression of Irish Catholics, an advertisement for which caused such a stir that his father thought it advisable to pack him off to Paris for a. while. There he worked for Benjamin Franklin and Didot le jeune before returning to Ireland in the following year. His apprenticeship now finished, he put his literary abilities to good use and for a period conducted the Freeman's Journal. In October 1783 his father gave him the money to start his own newspaper, the Volunteers'Journal. He took a politically radical editorial line, and, as the title indicates, 3. Mary Pollard, Dublin's Trade in Books i¡¡o-i8oo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 136-37, 141-42, 149. 4. See for example his Autobiography (New York: E. L. Schwaab, 1942); originally ap- peared in the New England Magazine, 1833-34); for a succinct account of his career see James N. Green, Mathew Carey: Publisher and Patriot (Philadelphia: Library Company, 1985). Byme ^s Exports to Mathew Carey 317 supported the reforms advocated by the Volunteer Movement. It was not long before Carey had yet again offended the government. This time it was considered he had libelled the Speaker of the House of Commons, John Eoster, and after a date had been set for the trial, Carey considered it prudent to flee the country again, this time heading west. On September 7, 1784, he was smuggled aboard the ship America dressed as a woman. He landed in Phila- delphia on November i. Carey's reply to Byrne's overtures in 1788 was to dampen the Dublin bookseller's enthusiasm.^ He gave a litany of reasons why the joint venture should fail. Eor a start he had concentrated on publication since his arrival in America and had put much effort and money into establishing his magazine The American Mvseiim, which then teetered on the brink between success and failure. As a consequence he claimed he was 'somewhat unacquainted with the book business, having done nothing in it since my arrival in this country.' The next reason he offered was that the book business was 'much altered of late.' Whereas at the end of the War of Independence books were scarce and money abundant, in conse- quence of which 'any thrash [sic] went off well,' in 1788 the reverse was the case. He wrote of a deluge of books from England and Ireland. What was in demand were books for which Byrne would have found a ready market in Ireland: Bibles, law books, classics, dictionaries. As there was a high import duty on books, Carey calculated that there would be a considerable loss on many of the works. (He mentioned that the duty could be avoided by smuggl- ing, but hurried on to say that 'that is a disreputable traffic in which I would not choose to be concerned.') Carey continued by outlining what he considered the market wanted: The people here are by many degrees more enlightened than on your side of the Adantic. [There are] Few, even of the fanners, who have not a taste for Milton, Thompson, Young, &c. &c. The vile tales & burton hooks, whereof thousands are annually disseminated through- 5. Carey to Byrne, Oct. 22,1788, Carey letterbooks, HSP. 318 American Antiquarian Society out Ireland, & which corrupt the taste, (and may I not add, the morals) of the youth of both sexes, find here no circulation.... When, there- fore, you mean to supply the American market with literary food, let it be of the most solid and substantial kind; history, voyages, philos- ophy, science, and well chosen school books. An analysis ofthe list of seventy-five titles, valued at £3 5-4-6 V2, that Byrne had sent, shows that it was liberally sprinkled with novels: titles such as Fatal Follies, Lucinda Ashbum, Peruvian Tales, Platonic Guardian, Love Letters. But there was solid literature in there as well: Johnson's Letters and Poetical Works, The Lounger, Sterne's Letters. In fact over half the list is made up of literature, popular and serious. The rest is a scattering of politics, religion, law, useful arts, and other subjects. If we turn to Carey's account books we find all these titles entered up, and most interestingly the numbers sold or returned.** As Carey predicted, the novels sold badly; but so did everything else. Of four copies of Johnson's Poetical Works sent, only one was sold. All three copies ofthe Crown Circuit Companion were returned. In fact nearly three-quarters of the parcel went unsold, Carey managing to dispose of only £9- 5 - 21/2 worth. This first venture of Byrne's into the American market in 1788 must have been a chastening experience. The next evidence we have of continued business with Carey is four years later. Carey wrote to Byrne on November 15, 1792: 'Having lately entered extensively into the bookselling business, I wish to open a corre- spondence with you, to which end I now send you a small order.'^ With the order he sent some copies ofhis American Museum in the hope that Byrne could sell them. Carey had devoted much of his energies in the intervening period to boosting the circulation of this magazine and had built up a distribution network throughout the eastern states. He reluctantly ceased publication of it in 1792 when Congress raised the postage rates to an uneconomic level. However, when he then concentrated on printing and bookselling, 6. Carey account books, I 25-27, American Antiquarian Society, Worcester (hereafter AAS). 7. Carey to Byrne, Nov. 15,1792, Carey letterbooks, HSP. Byme ^s Exports to Mathew Carey 319 he made good use of the sales network that he had so carefully constructed.^ Byrne's reply of Eebruary 18, 1793, informs us that he had suffered a calamity. His neighbor's house in Grafton Street had been destroyed in a recent fire, which must have undermined Byrne's building because it collapsed on January 23. Eortunately nobody was injured, but all his stock was ruined, including books set aside for Carey's order. (Byrne wrote that he lost £3,000 by the disaster, but when he had to sue the Hibernian Insurance Com- pany for compensation he valued it at only £1,000.
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