PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 126(1):1–10. 2013. The identity of the enigmatic ‘‘Black Shrew’’ (Sorex niger Ord, 1815)

Neal Woodman United States Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, U.S.A., e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract.—The scientific name Sorex niger Ord, 1815 (Mammalia, Soricidae) was originally applied to a North American species that George Ord called the ‘‘Black Shrew.’’ The origin of the name ‘‘Black Shrew,’’ however, was obscure, and Samuel Rhoads subsequently wrote that the species represented by this name could not be determined. The names Sorex niger Ord and Black Shrew have since been mostly forgotten. Two of Ord’s contemporaries, however, noted that Ord’s use of these names probably alluded to Benjamin Smith Barton’s Black Shrew, whose discovery near Philadelphia was announced by Barton in 1806. Examination of two unpublished illustrations of the Black Shrew made by Barton indicates that the animal depicted is Blarina brevicauda (Say, 1822). Had the connection between Ord’s and Barton’s names been made more clearly, one of the most common mammals in eastern North America would bear a different scientific name today. This connection also would have affected the validity of Sorex niger Horsfield, 1851. While Sorex niger Ord remains a nomen nudum, the animal it referenced can now be identified.

Keywords: Eulipotyphla, Guthrie’s Geography, nomenclature, Soricidae, Soricomorpha, Suncus montanus, taxonomy, Zoology of North America

As part of my continuing study of the herein, the Black Shrew was described by taxonomy and systematics of American one natural historian (Barton 1806) and shrews (Mammalia, Soricidae), I under- provided with a scientific name—Sorex took to determine the nature and status of niger Ord (1815)—by another, but the two the holotypes of two of the earliest species names were insufficiently linked for subse- of shrews originally documented by pre- quent generations of biologists to appreci- served specimens from North America— ate their connection, and both names fell Sorex brevicaudus Say, 1822 (¼ Blarina out of use. Had the relationships between brevicauda) and Sorex parvus Say, 1822 ( ¼ the two names been more clearly expressed Cryptotis parvus)—and to correct biblio- in print, one of the most common small graphic information associated with the mammals in eastern North America—the publication of these names (Woodman 2009, 2010). During that work, I came Northern Short-tailed Shrew, Blarina bre- across several enigmatic references to the vicauda—would have a different scientific ‘‘Black Shrew,’’ the basis for which was name today. By examining the short potentially relevant to the systematic history of the Black Shrew and providing status of Sorex brevicaudus, but ‘‘Black a connection between the name and the Shrew’’ is not a name that clearly corre- living animal, this paper makes sense of sponds to any species of North American the confusion surrounding the Black soricid recognized today. As I document Shrew. 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Materials and Methods and other printed works. Ord also provid- ed one short paragraph each for fish and Archives and printed collections of insects, ‘‘noting a few of the most interest- materials used for this study are under ing species.’’ He did not, however, provide the care of the Joseph F. Cullman 3rd comprehensive systematic lists for these Library of Natural History, National two taxa, because, ‘‘the latter is of course Museum of Natural History, Washington, impossible, and a list of the fish would not D.C.; the Dibner Library of the History of be sufficiently interesting to compensate Science and Technology, National Muse- for the room it would occupy’’ (Ord um of American History, Washington, 1815:360). Most of Ord’s ‘‘Zoology of D.C.; the Special Collections Research North America’’ was reprinted in the last Center, Georgetown University Library, American edition of Guthrie’s Geography Washington, D.C.; the American Philo- (Guthrie 1820), although that work lacks sophical Society Library, Philadelphia, the three lists of vertebrate species, ren- Pennsylvania; and the Library Company dering it of limited taxonomic value. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Each species listed in the 1815 ‘‘Zoology of North America’’ is represented by a common name followed by a scientific Ord’s (1815) Zoology of North America name. While Ord compiled most of the and the Black Shrew scientific names from other sources, he also coined a number of unique combinations The first systematic accounting of the (Baird 1857, Rhoads 1894b). Among his terrestrial vertebrates of North America by new mammal names, for example, are such an American natural historian was pub- iconic North American species as the lished anonymously in 1815 by the Phila- Pronghorn, Antilope Americanus Ord, delphia naturalist George Ord (b. 1781, 1815 (¼ Antilocapra americana); Black- d.1866) in the second volume of what is tailed Prairie Dog, Arctomys Ludoviciana generally, but incorrectly, referenced as the Ord, 1815 (¼ Cynomys ludovicianus); and second American edition of ‘‘Guthrie’s Meadow Vole, Mus Pennsylvanica Ord, Geography’’ (Guthrie 1815). Ord’s (1815) 1815 (¼ Microtus pennsylvanicus). Samuel contribution, entitled ‘‘Zoology of North N. Rhoads (1894a, b) recognized the America,’’ consists in part of three system- taxonomic importance of Ord’s (1815) atic listings of 816 animals he recognized, contribution, and, citing the scarcity of organized into three taxonomic classes: original copies of the 1815 edition of 170 mammals, 572 birds, and 74 amphib- Guthrie’s Geography,hereprintedthe ians and reptiles (both groups under ‘‘Zoology of North America’’ based on ‘‘Class Amphibia’’). Although the species Ord’s personal annotated copy (Rhoads inventories were compiled from a variety 1894b). He added an introduction as well of other systematic works, primarily Tur- as an appendix in which he provided ton (1806), they also included new mate- critical commentary and elaborated on rial, such as animals described in the the identities and synonymies of the official account of Lewis and Clark’s animals Ord listed. In a paper in The expedition through the Louisiana Territo- American Naturalist, Rhoads (1894a) sum- ry (Lewis et al. 1814). In a section marized the proposed taxonomic changes following each list, Ord presented short for mammals based on his study of Ord descriptions and natural history accounts (1815). Unfortunately, Rhoads (1894b) for selected species, many of which are consistently referred to Ord’s ‘‘Zoology quoted directly from Lewis et al. (1814), of North America’’ as the ‘‘North Amer- Pennant (1784–1785), Wilson (1808–1814), ican Zoology,’’ thereby confusing genera- VOLUME 126, NUMBER 1 3 tions of taxonomists regarding the real title ity to trace the source of the name of Ord’s work, which appears on page 291 effectively determined the nomenclatural of both the original and the reprinted fate of Sorex niger, and the Black Shrew editions (Ord 1815, Rhoads 1894b). was subsequently forgotten. There the One of the mammals listed in ‘‘Zoology matter rested, even after information of North America’’ is the ‘‘Black Shrew,’’ regarding the origin of the name and the to which Ord (1815:291) gave the scientific identity of the species resurfaced (Wood- name Sorex niger. No further reference, man 2009). In fact, early nineteenth footnote, description, or other explanation century Philadelphia naturalists probably accompanies this name, and Ord (1815) knew exactly to what Ord (1815) was did not mention this animal in the natural referring. Had Ord clarified his reference history section that follows the list. Subse- or provided his own description of the quent to Ord’s (1815) ‘‘Zoology of North Black Shrew, his Sorex niger would be in America,’’ there are only three explicit common use today. references to the Black Shrew and S. niger Ord in the systematic literature, after which these names disappear. The first Barton’s Black Shrew two occur in James’s (1822) Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky After returning to Philadelphia, some Mountains and Godman’s (1826) American primary participants in the 1819–1820 Natural History. In both cases, the Black Stephen H. Long Expedition to the Rocky Shrew is briefly mentioned in a description Mountains met to compile a comprehen- of Sorex brevicaudus Say, 1822, which is sive narrative of their journey for publica- tentatively compared to the Black Shrew. tion. Within the two volumes they Neither Harlan (1825) nor Bachman eventually published (James 1822), 54 (1837) nor Baird (1857) took any notice new species of animals and fossil organ- of the Black Shrew. The third, and last, isms that had been discovered during the reference is Rhoads’s (1894b) annotated expedition were formally named and de- reprinting of ‘‘Zoology of North Ameri- scribed by the Philadelphia naturalist ca.’’ Apparently unaware of the earlier Thomas Say (b. 1787, d. 1834), either in mentions in Barton (1806), James (1822), footnotes or in a combination of text and and Godman (1826), Rhoads (1894b: footnotes (Woodman 2010). These ac- appendix, p. 15) was unable to determine counts include the descriptions of two the origin of the name ‘‘Black Shrew,’’ new species of shrews—Sorex brevicaudus although he speculated that Ord was and Sorex parvus—from Engineer Canton- referring to a pre-Linnean description of ment along the Missouri River in modern an Eastern Mole (Scalopus aquaticus)ora Nebraska. Say’s report of the discovery of Star-nosed Mole (Condylura cristata): these two shrews was important at the time ‘‘Black Shrew, Sorex niger.’’ Not mentioned in because it doubled (Harlan 1825) or tripled Turton nor in Pennant, nor elsewhere that I can (Godman 1826) the number of document- find, unless it refers to the ‘‘Talpa Virginianus ed species of North American soricids. niger supinus’’ of Seba (Thes., II, p. 51) quoted in Within his description of the Short-tailed the synonymy of Scalops (‘‘Sorex’’) aquaticus of earlier authors, and which originated, perhaps, in Shrew, Sorex brevicaudus, Say (1822:164, a specimen of Condylura cristata. footnote) wrote: Although the lack of any reference to May not this be the animal mentioned by the late professor Barton in his Medical and Physical the Black Shrew and S. niger Ord from Journal, for March 1816 [sic], which, he says, 1826 to 1894 suggests that the name had ‘may be called the black shrew?’ I do not know already been disregarded, Rhoads’ inabil- that the black shrew has ever received any further 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

notice, unless it is the same species to which Mr. 1952), Rhoads (1903:193) described all Ord has applied the name of Sorex niger. shrews as rare in the region, with the Four years later, Godman (1826:80) exception of B. brevicauda, about which he reiterated the connection between S. bre- stated, vicaudus and Barton’s Black Shrew in his This species stands pre-eminent above all others American Natural History, stating, of our mammals in its combined abundance and universality of distribution in all conceivable Mr. Say inclines to the opinion that this is the situations. Not a place have I trapped over in same species as that mentioned by Barton as ‘‘the the two states [Pennsylvania and New Jersey] but black shrew.’’ what it was among the first species to be caught. The report to which Say (1822) was Rhoads (1903:193) further noted ‘‘the referring consists in its entirety of five lines fetid odor emitted by certain glands of this of text written by Benjamin Smith Barton species,’’ a characteristic not remarked for (b. 1766, d. 1815) and published in the other species of shrews, despite their March 1806 issue of his First Supplement possession of similar glands. The most to the Philadelphia Medical and Physical likely species of shrew that Barton would Journal (Barton 1806:67): have encountered, therefore, was B. brevi- A new species of Sorex has been discovered in the cauda, which is also the species most likely vicinity of Philadelphia. It may be called the to be noticed for its odor. Black Shrew, and, like some of the other species Having died in 1815, the same year Ord of the genus, emits an extremely fetid odour from (1815) published his ‘‘Zoology of North its body. America’’ and well before Say set out for By itself, this brief description appears Engineer Cantonment in 1819 (see Wood- to do little to clarify the identity of the man 2009), Barton was no longer around animal that Barton called the Black Shrew. to confirm the similarity of his Black Combined with what is now known about Shrew to Say’s (1822) Sorex brevicaudus. soricids from this region, however, Bar- Ord similarly was unlikely to be helpful for ton’s account provides some compelling determining the relationship of S. brevi- clues. caudus with S. niger, because he had, in all Currently, five species of shrews are likelihood, named the latter species based known to occur in the ‘‘vicinity of Phila- entirely on Barton’s (1806) published delphia,’’ defined herein as Philadelphia account of the Black Shrew without ever County and adjacent portions of Chester, actually seeing the specimen. What is Delaware, and Montgomery Counties, surprising is that Say (1822) could not Pennsylvania, and of Camden County, state with greater certainty that Ord’s New Jersey (Roberts & Early 1952, Whi- (1815) Sorex niger referred to Barton’s taker & Hamilton 1998): Sorex cinereus (1806) Black Shrew. Although the early Kerr, 1792; S. fontinalis Hollister, 1911; S. nineteenth-century Philadelphia communi- fumeus Miller, 1895; Blarina brevicauda, ty of physicians and natural historians was and Cryptotis parvus. Sorex fontinalis is often factious, fractious, and competitive difficult to distinguish from its close (Harlan et al. 1974), Ord and Say were relative S. cinereus, and it was the last of both members of the Academy of Natural the five species to be named and described, Sciences of Philadelphia, and they were on so I consider the two species in combina- sufficiently friendly terms to travel and tion for further discussion. Although both publish together (Say & Ord 1825). It S. cinereus/S. fontinalis and B. brevicauda would seem a simple step for Say to ask are now known to be fairly common Ord to confirm that his S. niger was based around Philadelphia (Roberts & Early on Barton’s Black Shrew—if that were the VOLUME 126, NUMBER 1 5 real issue. In fact, Say’s (1822) remark (‘‘I Barton had been asked by Peale to serve do not know that the black shrew has ever on the museum’s ‘‘Society of Visitors or received any further notice ...’’) appears to Directors,’’ the two men soon had a falling be a subtle postmortem jab at Barton, out, in part because Peale believed that critiquing the often minor works that Barton was actively discouraging potential resulted from Barton’s intellectual preten- donors from giving items to the museum tions, his unacknowledged use of the (Graustein 1961, Peale et al. 2000). Peale results of others’ labors, and his often also begrudged Barton for publishing ungenerous practices with regard to his (Barton 1793, 1799) the results of experi- fellow natural historians (Caldwell & ments performed by him and by his son Warner 1855, Graustein 1961). Rubens without acknowledging them by Both Ord and Barton were eminent name (Peale & Miller 1988, Steinberg members of the early nineteenth-century 2001). scientific establishment in Philadelphia, Fortunately, Barton was a skilled illus- and common collegiality would suggest trator (Pennell 1942). Among his papers that it should have been a simple matter preserved in the library of the American for Ord to see Barton’s example of his Philosophical Society, I located two un- Black Shrew. Barton’s unwillingness to published illustrations of the same dark, share specimens, ideas, or credit in his short-tailed shrew: one is an original pencil scientific endeavors, however, has been and ink drawing of the animal in a definitively documented by his students, landscape featuring a house in the back- biographers, and contemporaries (Cald- ground (Fig. 1); the second is an engrav- well & Warner 1855, Pennell 1942, Graus- ing, apparently made from the sketch, but tein 1961, Peale & Miller 1988), suggesting with a different foreground and lacking the the unlikelihood of Barton making this background (Fig. 2). Specimens of North specimen available for study by others. American shrews were rare in the early Moreover, Ord and Barton were not 1800s (Bachman 1837), and Barton, whose members of the same scientific ‘‘clique.’’ primary interest in natural history was Ord was a strong supporter of the orni- botany, never mentioned any other shrew thologist Alexander Wilson (Harlan et al. in any context. These long ignored illus- 1974), whereas Wilson ‘‘did not admire trations almost certainly represent his Barton’’ (Graustein 1961:429). Ord, Say, Black Shrew. Based on the uniformly dark and Wilson also were friendly with Charles coloration; the length, breadth, and hair- Wilson Peale and his family, while Bar- iness of the tail; and the large paws of the ton’s relationship with the Peales had been individual pictured, the animal represented damaged (Graustein 1961, Steinberg is Blarina brevicauda (Say, 1822). The three 2001). species of Sorex from the Philadelphia I have uncovered no indication that any region all possess much longer tails. specimen of the Black Shrew was perma- Cryptotis parva has a similarly short tail, nently preserved, or, if one were preserved, but it has a paler dorsal pelage with a that it became available to Say and the distinctly paler ventrum. Neither engrav- scientific establishment even after Barton’s ing is dated, but they necessarily predate death in 1815. Although the primary Barton’s death in December 1815 and were repository for natural history specimens probably produced about the time he in Philadelphia and the United States in announced his discovery of this animal the early nineteenth century was Peale’s (Barton 1806), perhaps in anticipation of Philadelphia Museum (Woodman 2009), I publishing a more detailed manuscript doubt that the specimen would have been describing it. In a similar instance in deposited there. Despite the fact that 1803, Barton proposed to publish a work 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Fig. 1. Detail of a pencil, ink, and watercolor illustration of a shrew (with a house in the background) by Benjamin Smith Barton (Benjamin Smith Barton Papers, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). The total length of the shrew in the original image is 66 mm from the tip of the nose to the tip of the tail. on the anatomy and physiology of the Taxonomic Relevance and Implications of rattlesnake but finished only some elabo- the Black Shrew rate colored drawings for this work (Pen- nell 1942). As with so many of his Sorex niger Ord, 1815 clearly predates ambitious undertakings (Graustein 1961), Sorex brevicauda Say, 1822. Had Ord these projects were left unrealized, and the (1815) provided his own description of Black Shrew remained an enigmatic refer- Barton’s Black Shrew, or at least provided ence in an obscure supplement to a short- a clear reference to Barton’s publication, lived journal (Barton 1806). the Northern Short-tailed Shrew would

Fig. 2. Engraving of a shrew by Benjamin Smith Barton (Benjamin Smith Barton Papers, American Philosophical Society [APS], Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). The APS also owns the copperplate from which this image was printed. The total length of the shrew in the original image is 66 mm from the tip of the nose to the tip of the tail. VOLUME 126, NUMBER 1 7 have a different scientific name, and the real compiler.’’ Whoever was respon- possibly a different common name. This sible, Guthrie’s Geography proved popular. difference in scientific nomenclature It appeared in multiple British editions, a would, in turn, have affected the name of French edition (1801), and several Amer- another shrew, Sorex niger Horsfield, 1851 ican editions and under a variety of (¼ Suncus montanus niger) from Madras (¼ sometimes subtly different titles. Chennai), Tamil Nadu, India. Coinciden- The 1815 American edition, in which tally, Thomas Horsfield, who described Ord’s ‘‘Zoology of North America’’ was Suncus montanus niger, received his M.D. first published, is often referred to as the in 1798 from the University of Pennsylva- second American edition, as it states on its nia, where he had been Barton’s student title page. In reality, this work is only the (Carson 1869, Pennell 1942). Instead, second of three editions (Guthrie 1809, Sorex niger Ord, 1815 remains a nomen 1815, 1820) published by the firm of nudum, a nomenclatural stature that my Johnson and Warner, which later became research corroborates, and it has been Benjamin Warner (Guthrie 1820). In fact, almost entirely forgotten, interpreted as the publishing history of this work in the an undecipherable reference to an un- United States is much more complicated. known or illusory beast (Rhoads 1894b). Two previous American editions were The knowledge that Ord (1815) was produced between 1793 and 1802 (see referring to a tangible, previously un- Online Computer Library Catalog [OCLC] named North American species vindicates record number 30549665) by the publisher the inclusion of the species in his compi- Mathew Carey of Philadelphia, both of lation, adding one more verifiable species which state on their title pages that they to the mammal fauna known to early are ‘‘the first American edition’’ (Guthrie nineteenth century naturalists. Moreover, 1793–1795, 1802; see also Evans 1942, the sequence of events and the resultant Clarkin 1984). The first Carey edition confusion regarding the Black Shrew (Guthrie 1793–1795) was originally contribute to our understanding of the planned to appear in 48 weekly issues of difficulties inherent in the early develop- 24 pages each, beginning in May 1793. ment of the fields of natural history and Publication was interrupted, however, by taxonomy in the United States. an epidemic of yellow fever in Philadelphia (Caldwell & Warner 1855, Evans 1942), and contemporary newspapers indicate The American editions of Guthrie’s that the last issue was not published until Geography early in 1795. There are two distinct typesettings (technically two editions) of Because of its relevance to the publica- Volume I that correspond to Clarkin’s tion of Ord’s (1815) ‘‘Zoology of North (1984) ‘‘standard’’ and ‘‘variant’’ versions. America,’’ a short explanation of the In my experience, however, both typeset- correct numbering of the American edi- tings of Volume I are paired with the same tions of Guthrie’s Geography is warranted. ‘‘standard’’ typesetting (Clarkin 1984) of The original British work (Guthrie 1770) Volume II. For taxonomic purposes, and on which these editions were ultimately because Ord’s ‘‘Zoology of North Amer- based was ostensibly written by the prolific ica’’ occurs in Volume II, it is simplest to Scottish writer William Guthrie (b. 1708, consider these two pairings as variants of d. 1770) and published the year that he one edition. died (Bayne 1890). Watt (1824:452) noted, The third Carey typesetting of Volume I however, that ‘‘Of this popular Grammar, was not recognized by Clarkin (1984). My [John] Knox, the bookseller, is said to be inspection of library copies and available 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON online versions indicates that this version names is for descriptive purposes only of Volume I is typically paired with his and does not imply endorsement by the ‘‘variant’’ version of Volume II. According U. S. government. to information in OCLC record number 30549665, correspondence from the pub- Literature Cited lisher in the archives of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania establishes the For citations that appear with more than one date year of publication for these as 1802, of publication, the unbracketed year represents the despite the year 1795 printed on the title corrected year of publication of the work and is the year used for citation in the text. The year in pages of both volumes. brackets is the year printed on the work by the For taxonomic purposes, it is simplest publisher. to consider the 1815 American edition of Bachman, J. 1837. Some remarks on the genus Guthrie’s Geography as either the fourth Sorex, with a monograph of the North American edition or the second Johnson American species. Journal of the Academy and Warner edition. of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 7:362– 403. Baird, S. F. 1857. Reports of explorations and Acknowledgments surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from The following librarians and collec- the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. tions specialists graciously provided ac- Made under the direction of the Secretary of cess to important original works under War, 1853–6. Volume VIII. General report their care and assisted my work at their upon the zoology of the several Pacific respective institutions: Leslie K. Over- railroad routes. Part I. Mammals. House street and Daria A. Wingreen-Mason, of Representatives, 33rd Congress, 2nd Session, A. O. P. Nicholson, Washington, Joseph F. Cullman 3rd Library of Natu- D.C., 757 pp. ralHistory,NationalMuseumofNatural Barton, B. S. 1793. An account of the most effectual History, Washington (NMNH); Kirsten means of preventing the deleterious conse- vanderVeen,DibnerLibraryofthe quences of the bite of the Crotalus horridus,or History of Science and Technology, rattle-snake. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3(1793):100–115. National Museum of American History, Barton, B. S. 1799. A memoir concerning the Washington; Karen O’Connell, Special fascinating faculty which has been ascribed Collections Research Center, George- to the rattle-snake, and other American town University Library, Washington; serpents. Transactions of the American Phil- Roy Goodman, Charles B. Greifenstein, osophical Society 4(1799):74–113. Valerie-Anne Lutz, Earle E. Spamer, Barton, B. S. 1806. Miscellaneous facts and obser- vations. First supplement to the Philadelphia American Philosophical Society Library, Medical and Physical Journal 1806:65–73. Philadelphia (APS); Linda August and Bayne, W. 1890. Guthrie, William (1708–1770). Pp. Nicole Joniec, Library Company of Phil- 383–384 in L. Stephen & S. Lee, eds., adelphia. Charles B. Greifenstein and Dictionary of National Biography. Volume MichaelP.Miller,APS,providedper- 23, Gray—Haighton. MacMillan & Co., New York. mission to reproduce Figures 1 and 2. My Caldwell, C., & H. W. Warner. 1855. Autobiography understanding of issues, states, printings, of Charles Caldwell, M.D. Lippincott, Gram- and editions of printed works benefited bo, & Co., Philadelphia, 454 pp. greatly from discussions with Leslie K. Carson, J. 1869. A history of the medical department Overstreet, NMNH. Michael D. Carle- of the University of Pennsylvania, from its ton, Alfred L. Gardner, and Sandy foundation in 1765. Lindsay & Blakiston, Philadelphia, 227 pp. Feinstein provided thoughtful sugges- Clarkin, W. 1984. Mathew Carey, a bibliography of tionsonpreviousversionsofthismanu- his publications, 1785–1824. Garland Publish- script. Any use of trade, product, or firm ing, Inc., New York. VOLUME 126, NUMBER 1 9

Evans, C. 1942. American bibliography, Vol. 9. Peter Pacific Ocean, performed during the years Smith, New York. [Reprint of the 1929 1804-5-6; by order of the government of the edition.] United States. Bradford & Inskeep, Philadel- Godman, J. D. 1826. American natural history. Part phia. 1. Mastology. Volume 1. H. C. Carey & I. Ord, G. 1815. Zoology of North America. Pp. 290– Lea, Philadelphia. 361 in W. Guthrie [, J. Ferguson, J. Knox, & Graustein, J. E. 1961. The eminent Benjamin Smith G. Ord], A New Geographical, Historical, and Barton. The Pennsylvania Magazine of His- Commercial Grammar; and Present State of tory and Biography 85(4):423–438. the Several Kingdoms of the World. Vol. II. Guthrie, W. [, & J. Knox]. 1770. A new geographical, Johnson & Warner, Philadelphia. historical, and commercial grammar; and Peale, C. W., & L. B. Miller. 1988. The selected present state of the several kingdoms of the papers of Charles Willson Peale and his world. Printed for J. Knox, London. family. Volume 2, Part 1. Charles Willson Guthrie, W. [, J. Morse, D. Rittenhouse, & J. Knox]. Peale: the Artist and Museum Keeper, 1791– 1793–1795 [1794–1795]. A new system of 1810. National Portrait Gallery and Yale modern geography: or, a geographical, his- University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. torical, and commercial grammar; and present Peale, C. W., L. B. Miller, & S. Hart. 2000. The state of the several nations of the world. selected papers of Charles Willson Peale and Mathew Carey, Philadelphia. his family. Volume 5. The Autobiography of Guthrie, W. [, J. Morse, D. Rittenhouse, & J. Knox]. Charles Willson Peale. National Portrait 1802 [1795]. A new system of modern geog- Gallery and Yale University Press, New raphy: or, a geographical, historical, and Haven, Connecticut. commercial grammar; and present state of Pennant, T. 1784–1785. Arctic zoology. Henry the several nations of the world. Mathew Hughs, London. Carey, Philadelphia. Pennell, F. W. 1942. Benjamin Smith Barton as Guthrie, W. [, J. Ferguson, & J. Knox]. 1809. A new naturalist. Proceedings of the American Phil- geographical, historical, and commercial osophical Society 86:108–122. grammar; and present state of the several Rhoads, S. N. 1894a. Proposed changes in the kingdoms of the world. Johnson & Warner, nomenclature of the American Mammalia. Philadelphia. The American Naturalist 28:523–526. Guthrie, W. [, J. Ferguson, J. Knox, & G. Ord]. Rhoads, S. N. 1894b. A reprint of the North 1815. A new geographical, historical, and American Zoology by George Ord. Samuel commercial grammar; and present state of N. Rhoads, Haddonfield, New Jersey. the several kingdoms of the world. Johnson & Rhoads, S. N. 1903. The mammals of Pennsylvania Warner, Philadelphia. and New Jersey. A biographic, historic and Guthrie, W. [, J. Ferguson, B. Warner, W. P. Bason, descriptive account of the furred animals of & G. Ord]. 1820. A universal geography; or a land and sea, both living and extinct, known view of the present state of the known world. to have existed in these states. Privately Benjamin Warner, Philadelphia. published by the author, Philadelphia. Harlan, R. 1825. Fauna Americana: being a descrip- Roberts, H. A., & R. C. Early. 1952. Mammal tion of the mammiferous animals inhabiting survey of southeastern Pennsylvania. Pennsyl- North America. Anthony Finley, Philadel- vania Game Commission, Harrisburg, Penn- phia. sylvania. Harlan, R., J. D. Godman, & K. E. Sterling. 1974. Say, T. 1822 [1823]. Footnote. Pp. 163–164 in E. Fauna Americana. (K. E. Sterling, ed). Arno James, compiler, Account of an Expedition Press, New York. from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains. Horsfield, T. 1851. A catalogue of the Mammalia in Vol. I. H. C. Carey & I. Lea, Philadelphia. the Museum of the Hon. East-India Compa- Say, T., & G. Ord. 1825. A new genus of Mammalia ny. J. & H. Cox, London. proposed, and a description of the species James, E. (compiler).1822 [1823]. Account of an upon which it is founded. Journal of the expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and 4:345–349. ’20. Two volumes. H. C. Carey & I. Lea, Steinberg, D. 2001. The work of autobiography and Philadelphia. the workings of conscience. William and Mary Lewis, M., W. Clark, N. Biddle, & P. Allen. 1814. Quarterly 58:498–505. History of the expedition under the command Turton, W. 1806. A general system of nature, of Captains Lewis and Clark, to the sources of through the three grand kingdoms of animals, the Missouri, thence across the Rocky Moun- vegetables, and minerals. Vol. I. Lackington, tains and down the River Columbia to the Allen, & Co., London. 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Watt, R. 1824. Bibliotheca Britannica; or a general North American shrews Sorex brevicaudus index to British and foreign literature. Volume Say and Sorex parvus Say (Mammalia: Sor- I.—Authors. Archibald Constable & Co., icidae) from the Philadelphia Museum. Pro- Edinburgh. ceedings of the Biological Society of Whitaker, J. O., Jr., & W. J. Hamilton, Jr. 1998. Washington 122:117–129. Mammals of the eastern United States. Third Woodman, N. 2010. History and dating of the edition. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New publication of the Philadelphia (1822) and York. London (1823) editions of Edwin James’s Wilson, A. 1808–1814. American ornithology, or, the Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to natural history of the birds of the United the Rocky Mountains. Archives of Natural States. Bradford & Inskeep, Philadelphia. Woodman, N. 2009. The Stephen H. Long Expedi- History 37(1):28–38. tion (1819–1820), Titian R. Peale’s field illustrations, and the lost holotypes of the Associate Editor: Michael D. Carleton.