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Rise of in Indian Freedom Struggle: Modern History NCERT Notes For UPSC

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Mahatma Gandhi was born on October 2nd, 1869 (which is observed as Gandhi Jayanthi) in Guja- rat. His political mentor was . Gandhi toured the entire country after returning from Africa and studied the political situation of the country on advice of his mentor.

Gandhi was a leading figure of Indian freedom struggle and his contributions earned him the fame ‘Father of the Nation’. He was known for his non violence protest. He advocated many peaceful pro- tests and demonstrations during the freedom struggle.

Rise of Gandhi in Indian Freedom Struggle - Major Movements Some of the important movements started by during the Indian freedom struggle are as follows:

1. - 1917 • This was the first movement started by Mahatma Gandhi. • Rajkumar Shukla, an cultivator approached Gandhi and conveyed him the problems faced by the farmers because of the Indigo planters. • The peasants were forced to cultivate indigo on 3/20 part of their land by the Euro- pean planters. • The farmers were levied high taxes and were forced to sell the produce at price fixed by the planters. • Gandhi along with other leaders gave voice against the European indigo planters. • He was ordered by the Europeans to leave. But he refused and stood against them. • Finally the government retreated and appointed a committee in which Gandhi was a member, to enquire into the matter. • With his recommendations, the tinkathia system was abolished and 25% of money taken from peasants were compensated. 2. Ahmedabad Mill Strike - 1918 • The cotton mill owners of Ahmedabad and the workers were involved in a dispute due to discontinuation of plague bonus. • The owners decided to withdraw the bonus whereas the workers demanded a 50% hike in their wages. • The strike worsened with owners deciding on to hire weavers from Bombay. • Anusuya Sarabhai, a social worker approached Gandhi to resolve the issue. • Gandhi advised the workers to continue with the strike non violently and demand a 35% hike. • When there was no progress, Gandhi himself went into a hunger strike. • Finally a tribunal was set up to sort the issue and thus a 35% wage hike was given to the workers. 3. Kheda Satyagraha - 1918 • It was the first non cooperation movement led by Gandhi. • In 1918, there was a crop failure in Kheda district of Gujarat. • As per the Revenue code, farmers were entitled to remission in such cases. But they were forced to pay the Taxes. • Under the guidance of Gandhi, Sardar along with few Gandhians led the movement against the government. • The movement was known for the unity and the discipline that was maintained during the struggle. • Finally the government suspended the tax for that year and returned all the confis- cated property. 4. Satyagraha Against the - 1919 • The Rowlatt act was introduced in March 1919 by the British government.

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• It had the following provisions. o political activists to be imprisoned without trial o Arrest of Indians without warrant on mere suspicion of treason. o Acceptance of evidence which is not acceptable under the Indian evidence act and so on. • Indians expected advancement in Self rule as a reward for their contribution to British war efforts. Introduction of this repressive act agitated the people against British. • An all level mass protest was launched by Gandhi on April 6, 1919 against the Rowlatt act. • Satyagraha was introduced to masses by Gandhi and it assumed a national charac- ter. • It was the first mass strike and the biggest upsurge against the British since 1857. 5. - 1919 • It was a movement started by Ali brothers against the unjust of British towards Tur- key and to restore the Turkey ruler to his position. • The position of congress was unstable and weak. So Gandhi in 1919 approached the Muslims, and had All India Muslim confernce. • Under the guidance of Gandhi, a non violent non cooperation movement was launched. • With the success of this movement he became the national leader and held a strong position in Congress. 6. Civil Disobedience Movement - 1930 • It was a non violent, civil disobedience movement led by Mahatma Gandhi against the British salt monopoly. • This movement was started by Gandhi on March 12, 1930. Along with his followers he marched from to Dandi. • On april 6, 1930 the salt law was broken by making the salt. • This movement is also known as Dandi March or Salt satyagraha. • This movement gained nationwide attention and played a significant role by giving stimulus to Indian independence movement. This led to a civil disobedience move- ment throughout the country. 7. - 1942 • The Quit India movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi on August 8, 1942 de- manding the end of British rule in India. • Do or die slogan of Gandhi became famous and inspired the masses. • Almost every member of the Indian National congress was arrested and imprisoned without warrant. • However, by the end of the second world war British government agreed to grant in- dependence and transfer the power. Thus, these movements constitute the rise of Mahatma Gandhi in the Indian freedom struggle and his contribution for the independence of India.

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Rise of Gandhi in Indian Freedom Struggle NCERT Notes FAQs Q1. How many did Gandhi carry out? A1. Mahatma Gandhi led four satyagrahas - Champaran satyagraha of 1917 against the indigo planters, Ahmedabad mill strike of 1918, Kheda satyagraha of 1918 against the government and Rowlatt act satyagraha of 1919

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Q2. Who launched the Khilafat movement and why? A2. The Khilafat movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi along with the Ali brothers. The movement was against the unjust of British towards Turkey and to restore the Turkey ruler to his po- sition

Q3. What was the result of Kheda Satyagraha? A3. The result of Kheda Satyagraha was that the government suspended the tax for that particular year. It made an agreement with the peasants and agreed to reduce the increase in rate of the tax and also returned all the confiscated properties to the farmers.

Q4. What was the main motive of the ? A4. The main motive of the salt march / Dandi march was to end the British salt monopoly. For this purpose, Gandhi along with his followers led a march towards Dandi from Sabarmati ashram and on April 6, 1930 they broke the salt law by making the salt.

Q5. What was the first movement of Mahatma Gandhi in India? A5. Champaran satyagraha of 1917 - The first civil disobedience movement was the first movement started by Mahatma Gandhi in India. This movement was against the Indigo planters in Champaran district who forced the farmers to follow the tinkathia system and pay high taxes.

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