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Boyer Is the Martin A
II “WE ARE ALL ISLANDERS TO BEGIN WITH”: THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO AND THE WORLD IN THE LATE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES J OHN W. B OYER OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON HIGHER XVIIEDUCATION XVII THE COLLEGE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Hermann von Holst, oil portrait by Karl Marr, 1903 I I “WE ARE ALL ISLANDERS TO BEGIN WITH”: The University of Chicago and the World in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries INTRODUCTION he academic year 2007–08 has begun much like last year: our first-year class is once again the largest in T our history, with over 1,380 new students, and as a result we have the highest Autumn Quarter enroll- ment in our history at approximately 4,900. We can be proud of the achievements and the competitiveness of our entering class, and I have no doubt that their admirable test scores, class ranks, and high school grade point averages will show their real meaning for us in the energy, intelligence, and dedication with which our new students approach their academic work and their community lives in the College. I have already received many reports from colleagues teaching first-year humanities general education sections about how bright, dedicated, and energetic our newest students are. To the extent that we can continue to recruit these kinds of superb students, the longer-term future of the College is bright indeed. We can also be very proud of our most recent graduating class. The Class of 2007 won a record number of Fulbright grants — a fact that I will return to in a few moments — but members of the class were rec- ognized in other ways as well, including seven Medical Scientist Training This essay was originally presented as the Annual Report to the Faculty of the College on October 30, 2007. -
Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany
Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany Individual Fates and Global Impact Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze princeton university press princeton and oxford Copyright 2009 © by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siegmund-Schultze, R. (Reinhard) Mathematicians fleeing from Nazi Germany: individual fates and global impact / Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-691-12593-0 (cloth) — ISBN 978-0-691-14041-4 (pbk.) 1. Mathematicians—Germany—History—20th century. 2. Mathematicians— United States—History—20th century. 3. Mathematicians—Germany—Biography. 4. Mathematicians—United States—Biography. 5. World War, 1939–1945— Refuges—Germany. 6. Germany—Emigration and immigration—History—1933–1945. 7. Germans—United States—History—20th century. 8. Immigrants—United States—History—20th century. 9. Mathematics—Germany—History—20th century. 10. Mathematics—United States—History—20th century. I. Title. QA27.G4S53 2008 510.09'04—dc22 2008048855 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Sabon Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ press.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 10 987654321 Contents List of Figures and Tables xiii Preface xvii Chapter 1 The Terms “German-Speaking Mathematician,” “Forced,” and“Voluntary Emigration” 1 Chapter 2 The Notion of “Mathematician” Plus Quantitative Figures on Persecution 13 Chapter 3 Early Emigration 30 3.1. The Push-Factor 32 3.2. The Pull-Factor 36 3.D. -
Oskar Bolza—In Memoriam
OSKAR BOLZA—IN MEMORIAM Oskar Bolza came to the United States from Germany in 1888, and returned in 1910 to make his home in Freiburg im Baden during the later years of his life. He was an influential member of our Ameri can mathematical community for twenty-two years, including those significant ones during which the American Mathematical Society was founded and had its early growth. He was one of the founders of the Chicago Section of the Society, was a member of the Council of the Society in 1900-1902 and vice president in 1904. He was be loved by his students and associates. He was born on May 12, 18S7 in Bergzabern, Germany, and word reached this country in the autumn of 1942 through the American Red Cross that he died peace fully on July 5, 1942, presumably in Freiburg. The following pages are devoted to a sketch of his life and scientific activities. They have unusual significance for our American mathematical community. Bolza's father was in the judicial service in Germany and the family dwelt in various places in southern Germany during Bolza's child hood years. In 1873 they made Freiburg their permanent home, and the ties which bound Bolza to that city were thereafter always very strong. His mother was a daughter of Friedrich Koenig, the inventor of a rapid printing press in the early part of the nineteenth century. The manufacture of printing presses proved to be profitable through the years, and so far as is known Bolza's life was free from financial worries. -
I082.PDF (4.376Mb)
JOHNS HOPKINS NIVERSITY CIRCULARS Pub/is/zed wit/i t/ie approbation of tAe Board of Trustees VOL. IX.—No. 82.] BALTIMORE, JUNE, 1890. [PRIcE, 10 CENTS. PROGRAMMES FOR 1890-91. The following courses in literature and science are offered for the academic year which begins October 1, 1890. They are open to properly qualified young men according to conditions varying somewhat in each department. The Annual Register, giving full statements as to the regulations and work of the University, will be sent on application. B. L. GILDERSLEEVE, Professor of Greek, (c) General Chemistry. (a) will direct the Greek Seminary (Aristophanes and the Old (d) Chemistry of Carbon Compounds. Attic Comedy). Twice weekly. H. A. ROWLAND, Professor of Physics, (b) will conduct a course of Practical Exercises in Greek. (a) will direct the work of the Physical Laboratory. Twice weekly from October to January. (b) will lecture on Electricity and Magnetism. Four times (c) will give a series of readings in Aisehylos, Sophokles, and weekly. Euripides. Weekly, after January 1. (d) will lecture on Greek Syntax and Greek Style. Weekly, W. H. WELCH, Professor of Pathology, after January 1. (a) will direct the work of the Pathological Laboratory. (b) will lecture on selected subjects in Bacteriology. E. H. GRIFFIN, Professor of the History of Philosophy, (a) will give advanced courses in Modern Philosophy and J. S. BILLINGS, Lecturer on Municipal Hygiene, in English Ethics. will lecture in the Johns Hopkins Hospital. (b) will conduct the undergraduate courses in Psychology and H. B. ADAMS, Associate Professor of History, Ethics. (a) will conduct theSeminary of History and Politics. -
E. H. Moore's Early Twentieth-Century Program for Reform in Mathematics Education David Lindsay Roberts
E. H. Moore's Early Twentieth-Century Program for Reform in Mathematics Education David Lindsay Roberts 1. INTRODUCTION. The purposeof this articleis to examinebriefly the natureand consequencesof an early twentieth-centuryprogram to reorientthe Americanmath- ematicalcurriculum, led by mathematicianEliakim Hastings Moore (1862-1932) of the Universityof Chicago.Moore's efforts, I conclude,were not ultimatelyvery suc- cessful, and the reasonsfor this failureare worthpondering. Like WilliamMueller's recentarticle [16], which drawsattention to the spiriteddebates regarding American mathematicseducation at the end of the nineteenthcentury, the presentarticle may re- mind some readersof morerecent educational controversies. I don't discouragesuch thinking,but cautionthat the lessons of historyare not likely to be simpleones. E. H. Mooreis especiallyintriguing as a pedagogicalpromoter because of his high placein the historyof Americanmathematics. He is a centralsource for muchof twen- tiethcentury American mathematical research activity. As a grossmeasure of Moore's influencewe may note the remarkablefact thatmore than twice as manyPh.D. mathe- maticianswere produced by his Universityof Chicagomathematics department during his tenurethan were producedby any othersingle institutionin the UnitedStates. In- deed, the Universityof Chicagoproduced nearly 20% of all Americanmathematics Ph.D.s duringthe period[22, p. 366]. Moreover,among Moore's doctoral students at Chicagowere suchluminaries as GeorgeDavid Birkhoff (1884-1944), OswaldVeblen (1880-1960), -
The International Congresses of Mathematicians - Politics and Mathematics
The International Congresses of Mathematicians - politics and mathematics Edmund F Robertson University of St Andrews, Scotland Abstract The International Congresses of Mathematicians began in 1897 and, except for breaks during the two World Wars, has continued to be held regularly ever since. In this lecture I want to look more at the politics behind the organising of the International Congresses of Mathematicians than at the mathematical lectures at these congresses. 1. The lead-up to the Congresses The first International Congress took place in 1897 but before we look at this we will look briefly at the events leading up to this Congress. There were two influential people whose efforts were vital in promoting the idea of international mathematical conferences, namely Felix Klein and Georg Cantor. The first step might be considered to be the founding of the German Mathematical Society in 1890. Alfred Clebsch advocated the founding of such a mathematical society and also a mathematics journal in 1867. He died in 1872 and his role as the leading advocate of a German mathematical society was taken up by Klein, who had been Clebsch's student. However, it was not until Georg Cantor made a strong push for the founding of the Society that eventually the idea turned into reality. Both Klein and Cantor strongly believed in international collaboration in mathematics. Their aims were the same but both were motivated by different personal reasons. Cantor felt his close colleagues were making unfair criticism of his work so he wanted a broader platform to promote his ideas. Klein had strong ideas about teaching mathematics and mathematical research and was a great organiser who wanted to see his ideas placed on a broader stage. -
The Colloquium Lectures of the American Mathematical Society
Philosophia Scientiæ Travaux d'histoire et de philosophie des sciences 19-2 | 2015 Circulations et échanges mathématiques “Increasing the Utility of the Society”: The Colloquium Lectures of the American Mathematical Society Karen Hunger Parshall Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/philosophiascientiae/1099 DOI: 10.4000/philosophiascientiae.1099 ISSN: 1775-4283 Publisher Éditions Kimé Printed version Date of publication: 25 May 2015 Number of pages: 153-169 ISSN: 1281-2463 Electronic reference Karen Hunger Parshall, « “Increasing the Utility of the Society”: The Colloquium Lectures of the American Mathematical Society », Philosophia Scientiæ [Online], 19-2 | 2015, Online since 19 June 2015, connection on 06 November 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/philosophiascientiae/ 1099 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/philosophiascientiae.1099 Tous droits réservés “Increasing the Utility of the Society”: The Colloquium Lectures of the American Mathematical Society Karen Hunger Parshall Departments of History and Mathematics, University of Virginia (USA) Résumé : Cette étude retrace l’évolution de la série de « Colloquium lectures » de l’American Mathematical Society (AMS) dès sa création en 1896 jusqu’au début de la deuxième guerre mondiale. Ces cours constituent une importante innovation dans l’échange mathématique aux États-Unis. Ils ont servi à la fois à porter la communication mathématique à un haut niveau et à organiser plus efficacement une communauté nationale de mathématiciens. Abstract: This study traces the creation—in 1896—and evolution—through the outbreak of World War II—of the Colloquium lecture series of the American Mathematical Society (AMS). It documents how this innovation fostered a new sort of mathematical exchange and, in so doing, allowed the AMS to serve more effectively both as an agent of research-level mathematical communication and as a more truly national mathematical organization. -
Making Mathematics American: Gender, Professionalization, and Abstraction During the Growth of Mathematics in the United States, 1890-1945
MAKING MATHEMATICS AMERICAN: GENDER, PROFESSIONALIZATION, AND ABSTRACTION DURING THE GROWTH OF MATHEMATICS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1890-1945 A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Ellen MacPhee Abrams August 2020 © 2020 Ellen MacPhee Abrams MAKING MATHEMATICS AMERICAN: GENDER, PROFESSIONALIZATION, AND ABSTRACTION DURING THE GROWTH OF MATHEMATICS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1890-1945 Ellen MacPhee Abrams, Ph. D. Cornell University 2020 This dissertation tells the story of how mathematics was made American. Like other American sciences, mathematics in the United States shifted during the Progressive Era from practical and educational activities toward research. Unlike other American sciences, however, American mathematics grew conspicuously apart from physical reality. Taking their cue from prominent scholars in places like France and Germany, mathematicians in the United States began building and working to define abstract mathematical systems. By following their European counterparts into abstract, so-called “modern” fields of research, however, American mathematicians risked alienation in a nation known for its “Yankee ingenuity” and practical know-how. This dissertation argues that, while the growth of mathematics in the United States meant establishing societies, journals, and graduate programs, it also meant reconfiguring what counted as mathematical work, who counted as a mathematician, and how each was thought to contribute to American society. While early-twentieth-century Americans were working to build a mathematics community, prominent researchers in Europe were working to rebuild the foundations of mathematics itself. Foundational questions, in turn, led some to reconsider the epistemological status and meaning of mathematical knowledge, as well as its value and values. -
Gilbert Ames Bliss
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES G IL B ERT AMES BLISS 1876—1951 A Biographical Memoir by E . J . M C S HANE Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1958 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. GILBERT AMES BLISS May g, 1876—May 8, 1951 BY E. J. McSHANE ODAY THERE is a thickly inhabited part of the South Side of T Chicago where the word "Kenwood" is still to be seen as the name of an avenue and of a few shops. Eighty years ago this region was the quiet, conservative suburb Kenwood of the rapidly growing city Chicago. In this suburb Gilbert Ames Bliss was born, on May 9, 1876. His father had long been associated with various electrical enterprises, and shortly after 1880 became president of one of the early Chicago Edison companies. Thus through his childhood the young Gilbert Ames heard much about the new and revolutionary inventions of the day, and soon acquired what was to be a lifelong interest in scientific subjects. Another abiding interest had its roots in those youthful days in Kenwood. While Gilbert Ames was still a schoolboy his older brother had become prominent in bicycle racing, which then was far more popular and fashionable in the United States than it now is; at one time he held two world's records in this sport. Naturally the whole family took an interest in competitive sports, and Gilbert Ames retained this interest all his life. -
Programmes for 1891-92
JOHNS HOPKiNS UNIVERSITY CIRCULARS Published with the approbation of the Board of Trustees VOL. X.—No. gi.] BALTIMORE, JULY, 1891. [PRICE, 10 CENTS. PROGRAMMES FOR 1891-92. The following courses in literature and science are offered for tile academic year which begins October 1, 1891. They are open to properly qualified young men, according to conditions varying somewhat in each department. The Annual Register, giving full statements as to the regulations and work of the University, will be sent on application. D. C. GILMAK, President of the Johns Hopkins University. H. B. ADAMS, Professor of American and Institutional History, SIMON NEWCOMB, Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, (a) will conduct the Seminary of history and Politics. (a) will have general direction of the courses in Mathematics (b) Ijistory of the Thneteenth Century, Roman Politics, French and Astronomy. Absolutism and Revolution. (b) will conduct courses in Practical, Spherical, and Theoretical (c) will direct the undergraduate courses in History, with Astronomy, etc. assistance. WM. OSLER, Professor of Medicine, M. BLOOMFIELD, Professor ofSanskrit and Gomparative Philology, will lecture to physicians in the Johns Hopkins Hospital. (a) Linguistic Science and Comparative Grammar. (b) Indo-Iranian Languages. IRA REMSEN, Professor of Chemistry, W. K. BROOKS, Professor of Animal Morphology, (a) will direct the Laboratory work in Chemistry. (a) will direct the Laboratory work in Morphology. (6) will lecture on Theoretical Chemistry. (b) will lecture on Animal Morphology, Osteology and Zo6logy. (c) General Chemistry, Chemistry of Carbon gompounds. (c) will conduct the Marine Laboratory. H, A. ROWLAND, Professor of Physics, B. L. GILDERSLEEVE, Professor of Greek, (a) will direct the work of the Physical Laboratory. -
J. Franklin Jameson Papers
J. Franklin Jameson Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 2014 Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Additional search options available at: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms014036 LC Online Catalog record: http://lccn.loc.gov/mm78027649 Prepared by Manuscript Division Staff Revised by Nan Thompson Ernst Collection Summary Title: J. Franklin Jameson Papers Span Dates: 1604-1994 Bulk Dates: (bulk 1900-1930) ID No.: MSS27649 Creator: Jameson, J. Franklin (John Franklin), 1859-1937 Extent: 61,000 items ; 206 containers plus 2 oversize ; 40.7 linear feet Language: Collection material in English Location: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Summary: Historian and librarian. Correspondence, diaries, writings, lecture notes, biographical material, family papers, reports, photographs, printed matter, and other papers relating primarily to Jameson's work as an historian, his role in the founding and early history of the American Historical Association and the American Historical Review, the movement for the establishment of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, the Dictionary of American Biography, and his work as director of the Department of Historical Research of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein. People Adams, Henry, 1838-1918--Correspondence. Bryce, James Bryce, Viscount, 1838-1922--Correspondence. Donnan, Elizabeth, 1883-1955, ed. -
Leonard Dickson's History of the Theory of Numbers
Revue d’histoire des math´ematiques, 5 (1999), p. 159–179. LEONARD DICKSON’S HISTORY OF THE THEORY OF NUMBERS: AN HISTORICAL STUDY WITH MATHEMATICAL IMPLICATIONS Della D. FENSTER (*) ABSTRACT. — In 1911, the research mathematician Leonard Dickson embarked on a historical study of the theory of numbers which culminated in the publication of his three-volume History of the Theory of Numbers. This paper discusses the genesis of this work, the historiographic style revealed therein, and the mathematical contributions which arose out of it. RESUM´ E´.—HISTORY OF THE THEORY OF NUMBERS DE LEONARD DICKSON: ETUDE´ HISTORIQUE AVEC DES PROLONGEMENTS MATHEMATIQUES´ . —En 1911, le math´ematicien Leonard Dickson s’est lanc´e dans une ´etude historique de la th´eorie des nombres, qui a culmin´e avec la publication de son History of the Theory of Numbers en trois volumes. Notre ´etude examine la gen`ese de ce travail, l’approche historiographique qui la sous-tend et les contributions math´ematiques qui en d´ecoulent. In 1911, only a decade into what would become a forty-year-long career in the mathematics department at the University of Chicago, Leonard Dickson had a r´esum´e which solidly identified him as a distinguished mathematician. He had, for example, authored roughly 150 mathematical papers (primarily in group theory at this point) and three books, served as editor of the American Mathematical Monthly from 1902 to 1908 and recently assumed this post for the Transactions of the American Math- ematical Society, and passed swiftly through the ranks from assistant to associate to full professor at one of the premiere mathematics institutions in this country.