1 the DIDACHE Annotated by Deacon Mark Koscinski CPA D.Litt

Annotated by Deacon Mark Koscinski CPA D.Litt.

St. Mary’s Adult Education Series

The Didache, or the Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, is one of the earliest examples of Christian literature. Some scholars date it as early as 65 A.D. during the Apostolic Era. Others have opted for a somewhat later translation. It is truly a gem of Christian thinking, and a valuable guide for our lives.

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Chapter One

There are two ways: one of life and one of death;1 and the difference between the two ways is great.

The way of life is this: first, you should love God, who made you; secondly, love your neighbor as yourself; and whatever things you do not desire to be done to you, do not do them to someone else.2

Now the words of this teaching are this: Bless those who curse you and pray for your enemies, and fast for those who are persecuting you. For what credit is it if you love those who love you? Do not the Gentiles do the same thing? But love those hating you, and you will not have an enemy.

1 The Didache starts by implying a dualism: the light and the dark, the good and the evil. Later Christian theology definitively rejected dualism. 2 A lessening of the requirements of the Gospel, requiring action on our part: “Do unto others…”

Keep yourself from fleshly and bodily cravings. If anyone hits you on the right cheek, turn the other one to him also. And you will be acting maturely. If someone should force you to go one mile, go with him two. If someone takes your coat, give him your shirt also. If anyone should take from you what is yours, do not demand that he give it back, for you cannot.

Give to everyone asking you and do not refuse, for the Father desires to give to everyone from His own gifts. Blessed is the one who gives according to the commandment, for he is innocent. But the one who receives without need shall account for his receiving3. Furthermore, being held, he shall be examined concerning what he has done, and he shall not be released until he has given back the last cent.

It has been said concerning this, "Let your money sweat in your hands until you know whom you should give it to."

Chapter Two

And this is the second commandment of the teaching: you shall not kill; you shall not commit adultery; you shall not corrupt children, nor practice sexual deviation; you shall not steal; nor practice calling on spiritual guides; nor use sorcery; you shall not procure an abortion, nor

3 This must be read in context of the times. Taking something you do not need when you live in a subsistence economy is equivalent to stealing. Even worse, it could lead to critical deprivation from someone else in greater need.

3 practice infanticide; you shall not covet your neighbor's goods.4

You shall not commit perjury, nor accuse someone falsely; you shall not speak evil nor hold a grudge. You shall not be double minded nor double tongued, for the double tongue is the snare of death. Your word shall not be false or empty, but do what you say.

You shall not be covetous or extortionate, or hypocritical, or malicious or proud. You shall not plan evil against your neighbor. You should not hate anyone; but you should reprove some, and you should pray for some, and you should love some more then your own life.

Chapter Three

My child, flee from evil and from every appearance of evil.5 Do not be ruled by your passions, for this leads to murder. Neither be jealous, quarrelsome, or quick- tempered. For murders are born out of such things. Do not let yourself develop lust, for this leads to sexual immorality. Do not be foul-mouthed, nor raise your eyes, for this leads to adultery.

My child, do not regard omens, for this leads to idolatry. Do not be a sorcerer, nor be involved in astrology or magic purifications. 6 Do not desire to see these things, for that is how idolatry comes. My child, do not be a liar, for lying leads to thievery. Do not be fond of money and do not try to build your own image, for that also leads to

4 Early evidence the Church taught abortion and infanticide were not in accord with Christian teaching. 5 An early admonition of “avoiding the near occasion of sin.” 6 Believers in New Age practices, please take note.

4 thievery. My child, do not be a grumbler, for it leads to blasphemy. Do not be self-willed nor entertain evil thoughts, for that is how blasphemy starts.

Be meek, for the meek shall inherit the earth. Be patient and long suffering, devoid of evil, gentle and good, and trembling continually at the words that you have heard. Do not exalt yourself nor act presumptuously. Do not join yourself with the proud, but walk with the righteous and humble men.

Accept everything that happens to you as good, knowing that nothing happens apart from God.

Chapter Four

My child, you should remember night and day the one who speaks to you the Word of God, and honor him as you would the Lord; for where the delegated authority speaks, there is the Lord.

And you should seek every day the presence of the saints,7 in order that you may be supported by their words. You should not desire division, but make peace between those quarreling. Judge righteously; do not favor anyone in reproving transgressions. Do not be double-minded as to whether anything should or should not be.

Do not be one who stretches out his hand to receive but withdraws it in giving.

7 Those living in the community. This usage is similar to that found in the Acts of the Apostles.

Give a ransom for your sins if you have it to give. Do not hesitate to give, nor give in a grumbling manner, for you know who is the good Paymaster who rewards?

You should not turn away the needy, but share all things with your brother, not saying that anything is your own. For if we are sharers in the eternal things, much more should we be in the physical things. Do not withhold your hand from your son or your daughter, but from their youth teach them the fear of God.

Do not give orders to your slave or your handmaiden- -those who hope in the same God--when you are bitter, lest they stop fearing God who is over you both. For He does not come to call men according to their social status, but He calls those whom the Spirit has prepared. And you slaves submit in fear and reverence to your masters as God's delegated authority over you. 8

You should hate all hypocrisy and all that is not pleasing to the Lord. Do not forsake the commandments of the Lord, and keep (the teachings) you have received, not adding and not taking away. In church, you should confess your faults; and do not go to prayer with an evil conscience. 9 This is the Way of Life.

Chapter Five

But the Way of Death is this: first of all, it is evil and full of curses, lusts, adulteries, murders, thefts, idolatries,

8 Slavery is obviously not forbidden by the Didache, but just treatment of the slave is required. See the Letter of St. Paul to Philemon for an additional discussion of slavery. 9 The rubrics of the Divine Liturgy requires the priest to be reconciled to all before he takes the altar.

6 witchcrafts, sorceries, robberies, false witnesses, hypocrisies, double-mindedness, fraud, arrogance, boastfulness, jealousies, foul speech, pride, persecutors of the good, haters of truth, lovers of a lie, not regarding the reward of the righteous, not holding to the good or to the righteous judgment, spending sleepless nights not for good, but for wickedness; far from whom is gentleness and patience; loving useless things, seeking rewards, unmerciful to the poor, not helping the hardworking person, not regarding the one who made them, child murderers, destroyers of God's creation, turning away the needy, oppressing the distressed, wrongfully assisting the rich, unjust judges of the poor, altogether sinful. May you be delivered, my children, from all of these things?

Chapter Six

See that no one misleads you from the pathway of this teaching, since it would be contrary to God. For if you are able to bear the whole yoke of the Lord 10, you should be mature. If you are not able, do what you can.

Concerning meat, do what you can; but keep from that which is offered to idols, for it is the worship of dead gods.11

10 As the Lord says, “My yoke is easy and my burden is light.” The Roman collar is reminiscent of this yoke. Students of rabbis were said to under his “yoke”. 11 The Eastern Church prescribes fasting rules used in monasteries. Those rules are not practical for someone leading an active, working life. Therefore, the Church says here are the goals, but do what you can in your own circumstances. Notice however, there are still certain

Chapter Seven

And concerning baptism, in this manner baptize: when you have gone over these things, baptize in the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit12, in running water.

If you do not have running water, baptize in other water. If you are not able to use cold water, use warm. And if you have neither, pour water on the head three times, in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. 13 And before baptism, the one baptizing and the one to be baptized should fast, as well as any others who are able. And you should instruct the one being baptized to fast one or two days before.

Chapter Eight

And let not your fasts be with those of the hypocrites, for they fast on Mondays and Thursdays14, but you fast

minimums, such as not eating meat used in idol worship. That admonition has little practical consequence today. 12 The Great Commission, from the last chapter of the Gospel of Matthew. 13 A wonderful example of evangelization on the part of the early Church. While living, or running water is best, the author of the Didache allows for circumstances. Indeed, sometimes finding running water would be extremely difficult depending on where one lived. The rule emphasizes what is truly important in the Baptism ritual: baptism in the name of the Trinity. 14 The fast days of Pharisees. See the parable of the Publican and the Pharisee.

Wednesdays and Fridays. 15 Do not pray as the hypocrites but as the Lord commanded in His gospel. Pray like this:

Our Father in heaven, hallowed is Your name, Your kingdom come and Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us our daily bread for today and forgive our debts as we forgive those who owe us. Please do not lead us into a test, but deliver us from the evil one. For You have the power and the glory forever. 16

Pray like this three times a day.17

Chapter Nine

Concerning the Eucharist (communion) give thanks like this:

First for the cup:

We give thanks to You, our Father, for Your holy vine of David, Your servant, which You made known to us through Jesus, Your Servant. Glory to You forever.

Concerning the broken bread:

15 Indeed, still the norm for Byzantine Catholics during the Great Fast. 16 An early doxology appended to the “Our Father”. 17 The Divine Office, the official prayer of the Church, can be long and difficult for someone who does not live in a monastic setting. The Didache sets a practical guide: say the most perfect of prayers, three times a day. This should be considered a minimum.

We give thanks to You, our Father, for the life and knowledge that You made known to us through Jesus, Your Servant. Glory to You forever. As this broken bread was scattered over the hills and was brought together becoming one, so gather Your Church from the ends of the earth into Your kingdom, for You have all power and glory forever through Jesus Christ.

Do not let anyone eat or drink of your Eucharist meal except the ones who have been baptized into the name of the Lord. 18 For the Lord said concerning this: "do not give that which is holy to the dogs."

Chapter Ten

After you are filled, give thanks like this:

We thank you, Holy Father, for Your Holy name which you made to dwell in our hearts, and for knowledge and faith and immortality as You made known to us through Jesus, Your Servant. Glory to You forever.19

You, Lord Almighty, created all things to show forth Your name. You give both food and drink to man to enjoy, and everlasting life through Your Servant. Above all, we thank You because You are mighty. Glory to You forever. Remember Lord, Your Church, to deliver her from all evil and mature her

18 Prohibition from receiving the Holy Eucharist unless one is baptized (being a member of the Church) is thus seen to be the norm from the earliest days of the Church. 19 A familiar response in the Byzantine Church: “Glory to Jesus Christ. Glory forever!”

in Your love. And gather her from the four winds, separated into Your kingdom which You have made for her, because You have the power and glory forever.

Let grace come and this world pass away. Hosanna to the Son of David! If anyone is holy, let him come. If anyone is not, let him repent. Maranatha (Lord come). Amen

Allow the prophets now to give thanks as they desire.20

Chapter Eleven

Whoever, therefore, who comes and teaches you all these things mentioned, receive him. But if the one teaching changes what has been taught to another teaching in order to destroy these things, do not listen to him. However, if his motive is to add righteousness and knowledge of the Lord, receive him as you would the Lord.21

Now concerning the apostles22 and prophets23, act according to the requirements of the Gospel. Every apostle coming to you, welcome as you would the Lord.

20 The office of prophet was one of the early orders of the Church that rapidly fell into disuse. 21 In short, you must take into account the motive of the speaker. If he has good intentions, you are to treat him with courtesy. If he is there to simply destroy and cause dissension, other action is called for. 22 Not the Twelve obviously, but those who are literally defined as apostles, those who are sent. 23 See note 14 above.

And he should not remain more than one day, and if he has a need also another. But if he remains three days, he is a false prophet24.

And when the apostle goes forth, he should take nothing except a loaf of bread, until he arrives at his nights lodging. If he asks for money he is a false prophet. Also, you should not test or judge and prophet speaking in the Spirit, for every sin will be forgiven, but this sin shall not be forgiven.

But not everyone speaking in the Spirit is a prophet, but only if he should have a lifestyle of the Lord's character25. Therefore, by his lifestyle you will know a false prophet from a true prophet. And any prophet ordering a meal in the Spirit should not eat of it; otherwise he is a false prophet.

And every prophet who teaches the truth but does not do what he teaches is a false prophet. But every prophet who stands the test and is genuine, even if he uses symbolic imagery in the church, so long as he does not teach others to do the same, should not be judged. His judgment comes from God, for so did the prophets of old.

But whoever should say in the Spirit, "Give me money or something else," do not listen to them. But if,

24 Even Christian charity has its limits. 25 Judge not only by words, but by the action of those preaching the word. Avoid those who say, “Do as I say, not as I do.”

12 concerning others in need, he says, “give” let no one judge him. 26

Chapter Twelve

Receive everyone coming in the name of the Lord. Later, by testing him, you will find out about him, where he deviates from the standard. If the one coming is just traveling through, help him as much as you can. He should not remain with you more than three days if that is necessary. 27

But if he desires to settle among you and has a trade, let him work for his bread. But if he has no trade, you should provide for him according to your own discretion. In no way should anyone live among you unemployed as a Christian.28 And if he is not willing to do this, he is making a trade of Christ. Beware of this kind of person.

Chapter Thirteen

But every genuine prophet who desires to settle among you is worthy of his food. Likewise, every genuine

26 This is an example of a good sermon comforting the afflicted, and afflicting the comfortable. You must allow the prophet to show you others who are in need so you can help them. 27 Christian hospitality as a continuation of the rule of hospitality required in the Old Testament. See the story of Abraham and the Three Visitors. 28 St. Paul worked as a tent maker to support his ministry. The early church, which was poor and impoverished, required everyone to work. It allowed for charity, but knew its very survival depended on the willingness of its members to support the community.

13 teacher is worthy; like a workman, he is worthy of his food. Therefore, of all the first produce of the wine press and the threshing floor, and of the oxen and the sheep, take the first fruits and give it to the prophets. For they are your high priests. 29

And if you do not have a prophet, give such first fruits to the poor. 30 If you should make bread, take it and give according to the commandment. Likewise, if you have opened a jar of wine or oil, take the first fruits and give to the prophets. And also take the first fruits of your money and clothes and all your possessions. As it seems best, give according to the commandment.

Chapter Fourteen

And when coming together on the Lord's own day, break bread and give thanks after confessing your transgressions. In that manner, your sacrifice will be pure. And do not let anyone coming with a quarrel against a brother join you until they get reconciled, in order that your sacrifice is not impure. For this has been spoken of by the Lord, "in every place and time offer me a pure sacrifice, for I am a great King," says the Lord, "and My name is wonderful among the nations."

29 The first fruits were sacrificed in the Old Testament. Here, they are offered to the ministers of the Lord, who received them on behalf of the Lord. The Old Testament and St. Paul requires support of the priesthood. 30 A marvelous example of Christian charity. If there are no ministers of the Lord, then the poor, as icons of the Lord deserve the first fruits.

Chapter Fifteen

Appoint for yourselves, therefore bishops and deacons31 worthy of the Lord: gentle men, not lovers of money, true and approved. For they minister also to you the ministry of prophets and teachers. Therefore, do not despise them, for they are to be honored among you along with the prophets and teachers.32

Do not reprove one another in anger, but in peace, as we have been shown in the Gospel. And do not let anyone speak to a person who is unloving to his neighbor, nor let him hear a word from you, until he repents.

Pray and give and live as you have found in the Gospel of our Lord.

Chapter Sixteen

Watch over your life. Do not let your lamps be extinguished or your body unclothed, but be ready; for you do not know the hour in which our Lord comes.

Assemble yourselves together frequently to seek the things that benefit your souls, for all the time of your faith will not profit you unless you are perfect at the last. For in the last days, false prophets and seducers will increase, turning the sheep into wolves; and love will be turned into hate.

31 The offices of bishop and presbyter had not yet become distinct offices. 32 The hierarchy has not yet been formalized at the time the Didache was written.

For lawlessness will increase and they will hate and persecute and betray one another. And then the deceiver of the world will appear as though he were the Son of God, and he shall do signs and wonders and the earth shall be delivered into his hands; and he will commit immoralities which have never been done since the age began.

Then shall the race of men come into the fire of proving trial and many shall be made to stumble and perish. But those who remain established in their faith shall be saved under the very curse.

And then the signs of truth shall be revealed. First, a sign spread out in heaven; then a sign of the sound of a trumpet; and third, the resurrection of the dead, but not all of the dead. But as it was said, "the Lord shall come and all His Holy Ones with Him." Then the world shall see the Lord coming in the clouds of heaven."

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This translation of the Didache is copyrighted by Tim Sauder and may be found at www.scrollpublishing.com. It is a wonderful translation, and we are indebted to the author for his permission to use it. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The footnotes are the responsibility of the editor of this translation, and the author, St. Mary Byzantine Catholic Church, its pastor, the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Passaic, or its bishop. This publication has not been reviewed by the Eparchy of Passaic or the Metropolia of Pittsburgh. Any fault is that of the editor.