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The Sacrament Is in Crisis

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The Sacrament Is in Crisis Universidad de Navarra Facultad de Teología Wilson ROCHA CHU The sacrament is in crisis A theological analysis on the issues of the sacrament of reconciliation based on some of the North American authors in relation to the sacramental conviction in reconciliatio et paenitentia of John Paul II Extracto de la Tesis Doctoral presentada en la Facultad de Teología de la Universidad de Navarra Pamplona 2013 Ad normam Statutorum Facultatis Theologiae Universitatis Navarrensis, perlegimus et adprobavimus Pampilonae, die 6 mensis februarii anni 2013 Dr. Ioseph Ludovicus GUTIÉRREZ Dr. Ioseph ALVIAR Coram tribunali, die 25 mensis maii anni 2010, hanc dissertationem ad Lauream Candidatus palam defendit Secretarius Facultatis Sr. D. Eduardus FLANDES Cuadernos doctorales de la Facultad de Teología Excerpta e Dissertationibus in Sacra Theologia Vol. LX, n. 4 Presentation Abstract: The study aims to identify Resumen: Nuestro estudio se centra en tres grandes temas: un planteamiento de some of the issues of the Sacrament of cuestiones variadas que tienen como instrumento de base algunas obras teoló- Reconciliation and gives a theological gicas producidas en el área norte-americana; la presentación de las convicciones analysis on issues using the fundamental fundamentales de Juan Pablo II en torno al Sacramento de la Reconciliación en su convictions of John Paul II in his Apostolic Exhortación Apostólica en Reconciliatio et Paenitentia; y finalmente, un análisis teo- Exhortation Reconciliatio et Paenitentia. lógico de algunas comprensiones incorrectas en relación al pecado y al Sacramento The authors have common observations de la Reconciliación. that the crisis is caused mainly by the wrong La reflexión teológica sobre el pecado pone de manifiesto -según esos autores- cómo understanding of the theology of sin and la manera de comprenderlo afecta en mayor o menor medida a la visión teológica of the wrong understanding of the sacra- sobre el Sacramento de la Reconciliación. En efecto, la recta intelección y la praxis del ment itself. The main problem around sin Sacramento fueron trastocadas, principalmente, por esos factores: en primer lugar, is rooted on the loss of sense of sin, the se encuentran la pérdida del sentido del pecado a causa de la influencia de la cultura, radical emphasis of social sin, and the pre- aumento del uso de terapias psicológicas en el intento de sustituir al Sacramento, la vious understanding of the sacrament as a inconsciencia del hecho de haber pecado, y una errónea comprensión de la limitación transgression of the law. The authors have humana; un segundo factor es el énfasis radical en la dimensión social del pecado a tal a common trend in defining sin as ruptures punto de abandonar su dimensión personal; finalmente, hay que mencionar también of relationship. la comprensión que se tenía del pecado como trasgresión de la ley. Generalmente, On the other hand, the issues on the under- esos autores suelen explicar que el pecado es una ruptura de relaciones. standing of the sacrament are more compli- Esa comprensión moderna del Sacramento de la Reconciliación es muy compleja, cated. It involves different fields of theology, puesto que en ella no están presentes solamente algunas cuestiones que en el pa- which includes the biblical foundation, the sado se consideraban fundamentales, sino que también entran en diálogo diversos wider understanding of the sacrament of campos de la teología. Como muestra de esa complejidad será suficiente con citar reconciliation, the power as given to the algunas temas que están en juego: la interpretación de los pasajes de la Escritura community, justification, third rite and the que fundamentan el Sacramento y la misión general de Reconciliación que tiene la integral acts of confession. Iglesia; la amplia utilización que tuvo la palabra “Reconciliación”, aplicada a Cristo, a The last part deals on the theological analy- la Iglesia y a los otros Sacramentos; la autoridad para perdonar los pecados conside- sis of the issues of the sacrament. The fun- rada como un derecho de toda la comunidad cristiana; las cuestiones en torno a la damental elements presented by John Paul historia del Sacramento, las críticas al Concilio de Trento; el uso indiscreto del tercer II are good foundations in giving some clari- rito penitencial; los actos integrales de confesión; algunas cuestiones pastorales. fications to the majority of the issues. Nuestra investigación hace notar que la raíz de la causa de la crisis que se ha dado en The investigation observes that the radical la comprensión en la praxis del Sacramento no es solamente el malentendido acer- implementation of the different emphasis of ca del sentido del pecado y del Sacramento, sino también los mismos cambios de theology is one of the main roots of the cri- énfasis. En efecto, muchos teólogos dan tanta importancia a la novedad teológica sis. it is also evident that the selected authors hasta el punto de no lograr la integración de lo nuevo con lo anteriormente vigente, lo are concerned more with a more commu- cual lleva a una discontinuidad en la comprensión de la fe y vivencia del Sacramento. nal and pastoral celebration. Nevertheless, La restauración del aspecto comunitario del Sacramento de la Reconciliación y la ce- the fundamental conviction of John Paul II lebración pastoral son también objetos de reflexión para algunos de los autores, pero gives balance to the growing investigation tienen distintos modos de tratar esa dimensión del Sacramento. Hay que decir que, situates us to the present condition of the aunque los diversos autores intenten presentar algunas respuestas sobre las más va- sacrament in the Church that helps us how riadas cuestiones, algunas opiniones contribuyen a la confusión sobre la verdad del to revitalize and understand the real essence Sacramento. Por ello, las convicciones de Juan Pablo II son una luz para identificar los of the sacrament. diversos elementos que deben ser considerados en relación al Sacramento, tanto lo que ha de acogerse de los planteamientos modernos, como lo que ha de ser rechazado. Keywords: sin, sacrament of reconciliation, Theology in North America La investigación nos sitúa en el presente de la teología en relación al Sacramento de la Reconciliación como ayuda a la hora de entenderlo y vivirlo. Nuestro estudio conclu- ye, entre otras cosas, la importancia de restaurar el sentido del pecado y la necesidad de la evangelización y de dar doctrina (catequesis). Todo ello, sin duda, va a la par con la necesidad de mantener las convicciones fundamentales -expresadas por Juan Pablo II- sobre el Sacramento de la Reconciliación. Palabras clave: pecado, sacramento de la reconciliación, Teología en América del Norte EXCERPTA E DISSERTATIONIBUS IN SACRA THEOLOGIA CUADERNOS DOCTORALES DE LA facultad DE TEOLOGÍA / VOL. 60 / 2013 / 277-392 279 ISSN: 0214-6827 WILSON ROCHA CHU An incident in a grocery store five years ago is still vivid in my mind when I overheard a friend of mine asking the grocery owner to just accept his pay- ment for what he bought instead of paying it to the cashier. The owner refused to accede to the request but asked him to pay to the cashier. Their conversation made me reflect on the Sacrament of Reconciliation. What my friend was asking from the owner seems to be the same question that many of the Christians are pondering. «Can I just pay what I bought directly to you?» Maybe what is in the mind of my friend is that «why can I not pay directly to you, you are the owner of this store? You can even decide to give me a discount or not let me pay at all?» But still, the owner did not ac- cept that my friend pays what he has bought directly to him. The same thing with confession, people are wondering if they «can just ask for forgiveness directly to God?» But just like the grocery owner who insisted that my friend pays to the cashier, so is God pointing to the person to whom he entrusted the authority to forgive sins – to the ordained priest. The forgiveness of grave sin is made available to us through the Sac- rament of Reconciliation. Our basic Catechism teaches us that the Church must continue Christ’s work of healing and salvation in the power of the Holy Spirit1. God never gets tired of giving grace and forgiveness to repentant sin- ners through the Sacrament He has instituted in the Church. The Church is consistent in his teaching that through the Sacrament man obtains pardon from God’s mercy and he is reconciled again with God and with the Church which they also have wounded by their sins2. What is the place of the Sacrament of Reconciliation in the Church and in the world today? First, after the Vatican Council, the name has been changed from the Sacrament of Confession or Penance to Sacrament of Reconcilia- tion. In the new Ordo Paenitentiae, the Church offers ways of celebrating the Sacrament. Additionally the term sacrament of reconciliation has been un- derstood nowadays in a wider context. Emphasis has been given to Christ as a primordial sacrament of reconciliation and to the Church as a basic sacrament of reconciliation. Even the Church gives emphasis on the different manifes- tations of reconciliation where the Sacrament of Penance maybe considered among the forms of reconciliation in the Church. Even if there are other forms of reconciliation, the Sacrament is considered the only ordinary way to forgive grave sins and other reconciliatory rites can never be alternatives. Secondly, the Church has observed that the Sacrament of Reconciliation is in crisis. This has been mentioned by John Paul II many times and this can 280 CUADERNOS DOCTORALES DE LA facultad DE TEOLOGÍA / VOL. 60 / 2013 PRESENTATION only be overcome by resolute and patient pastoral efforts.3 The decline of those who avail of the Sacrament is one of the evidences of the existing crisis, and the worst effect of the loss of the sense of sin and of the crisis of the Sacra- ment is the denial of the existence of God4.
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