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Prevalance Rate: approx 1 in 8 or 11.76% or 32 million people in USA*

*WrongDiagnosis.com

I.I.I. Pleurisy – inflammation of the pleurae, Obstruction of the pulmonary artery. which often results from pneumonia. Usually a blood clot. Happens most typically in post- II.II.II. Pleural effusion – fluid accumulation in op patients. the pleural space (like watery filtrate). Symptoms: III.III.III. Pneumothorax – the presence of air in > Chest pain the intrapleural space. > Bloody cough IV.IV.IV. Atelectasis – lung collapse, occurs when > Tachycardia – faster than normal heart beat. an injury causes air to enter into the > Rapid & Shallow breathing (shortness of breath) pleural cavity, or due to a rupture of the 600,000 patients in the U.S. visceral pleura, which allows air to enter /yr the pleural cavity e.g. during pneumonia 60,000 patients die

Rapid pulse Destruction of the alveolar walls and the BP – high elastic membrane of this structure. Reduction in surface area of lung tissue. Tachypenea - Rapid breathing rate Impaired diffusion ability leads to chronic pO2 – Lower - hypoxemia CO2 retention. pCO2 – Higher - hypercapnia Hypercapnia - High CO2 in the blood. pH – More acidic Blood flow to the lung is reduced, which can lead to cardiac complications. Enzyme alpha-antitrypsin stabilizes cellular lysosomes, smoking inhibits it. Cell damage.

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Episodic coughing, wheezing and chest Edema in the lung. tightness. Can be caused by bacterial or viral infection in State of Inflammation of the airways. the lung. >Results in reduced air flow. Fluid accumulation decreases diffusion rate of Can be caused by a variety of irritants such as the respiratory membrane in the alveoli. household allergens. An attack is commonly treated with epinephrine.

Infectious bacterial infection. Genetic disease – most common lethal, genetic Spread by coughing – bacteria inhaled in air. disease. One third of world’s population is infected, but CF causes secretion of viscous mucus that infection is contained in tubercles in the clogs respiratory passages. lungs (isolation nodules). This invites bacterial infections
inflammatory Antibiotic strains have developed due to: response. - overcrowding conditions Leads to lung damage long term. - patient with TB must take medication for Occurs because of faulty trans-membrane extended periods, many stop taking. channel protein, involved in Cl- regulation. Only 14,000 cases in the U.S. in 2005 (CDC), Annual incidence:2,500 babies annually USA; 1 has decreased to 3.8% in 2001-2005 era of in 3,000 Caucasian babies* reporting. *WrongDiagnosis.com

Combination of two or more of the following o Dyspnea – Labored Breathing diseases: o Coughing  Emphysema o Hyperinflation (Barrel chest) o Chronic infections due to increased mucus  Chronic Bronchitis production.  Asthma o Right ventricle becomes enlarged due to Seen most typically in long-term smokers. damage to pulmonary capillaries. A major cause of death and disability in the U.S. o May be cyanotic

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I.MRV = Minute respiratory volume Blood Normal blood pH is: TV x respirations/minute 7.35 – 7.45 II. AVR = Alveolar ventilation rate Frequency of breaths/min x (TV-dead space) A measure of H+ concentration in the blood. Acidemia = Acidosis Dead space (usually around 150 ml), air not Alkalemia = Alkalosis involved with gas exchange at resp interface

Respiratory pH imbalances occur due to a When respiratory function is normal: malfunction of the respiratory system. PCO2 levels fluctuate between 35-45 mm Hg Based on analysis of blood gases in a sample. Generally:

Higher values of Pco 2 indicate Respiratory pCO2 is the MOST important acidosis. If Pco2 > 45 mm Hg Lower values of Pco 2 indicate Respiratory indicator of the competency alkalosis. If Pco2 is very low. of respiratory function! >>>Notice an inverse correlation.

Most common cause of acid-base imbalance. Occurs when the body is eliminating CO2 from Occurs with high CO2 levels often due to the body faster than it is being produced. diseases such as pneumonia or emphysema. Shallow breathing -Hypoventilation Usually due to hyperventilation

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If Pco2 < 35 mm Hg* and the respiratory system Metabolic acidosis when HCO3- values are is not the cause then the situation may be below 22 mEg/L. due to some other factor called Metabolic . Metabolic alkalosis is HCO3 – values above Depends upon bicarbonate level : HCO3- 26 mEg/L Normal range is 222222-22 ---2626 mEg/L * Notice that there is a direct correlation. Lower values of HCO3 give acidosis, and higher values give alkalosis.

From a blood sample: 1) Check pH. 2) Check pCO2 levels First. > If high then may be indication of R. acidosis. > If VERY low then may show respiratory dysfunction and examine pH to determine if alkaline – then R. alkalosis 3) If pCO2 is close to normal then check bicarbonate levels.

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