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Pakistani Punjab, 1947 -1962

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Pakistani Punjab, 1947 -1962 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! A BETRAYED PROMISE? THE POLITICS OF THE EVERYDAY STATE AND THE RESETTLING OF REFUGEES IN PAKISTANI PUNJAB, 1947 -1962 ELISABETTA IOB A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), 2013 Royal Holloway, University of London ! "! Declaration of work I, Elisabetta Iob, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Egham, Signed 2 Abstract Lahore, Anarkali, mid-1950s. A distinguished-looking refugee is standing in front of a petition writer in the hope of getting the better of the Pakistani bureaucracy and having a property allotted. A few miles ahead, another refugee, camped in a school, is drafting a letter to the editor of the Pakistan Times. He will hide his identity through the pseudonym ‘desperate’. Both of them belonged to the throng of those muhajirs who, back in 1947, had embarked on a dreadful journey towards what they perceived to be their homeland. Historiographical trends have tended to overlook the everyday experience of the state among those middle-class Partition refugees who resettled in Pakistani Punjab. Focusing mainly on their ‘less fortunate’ fellow citizens, these explanations have reproduced that historically-unproven popular narrative that ascribes pain and sufferings only to the economically-backward sectors of the local society. Even more frequently, well-rooted argumentative patterns have superimposed historical and present-day socio-geographical mappings of refugee families onto both urban and rural Punjab. These somehow echo that government rhetoric that, up to the early 1960s, paid lip service to the notion of a ‘biraderi- friendly’ rehabilitation. This thesis challenges standard interpretations of the resettlement of Partition refugees in Pakistani Punjab between 1947 and 1962. It argues the universality of the so-called ‘exercise in human misery’, and the heterogeneity of the rehabilitation policies. As it sheds light on these latter original contributions to the current knowledge, it questions the ability of the local bureaucracy to establish its own ‘polity’, the unsuitability of patronage political systems as an 3 autonomous politological category, and the failure of Pakistan as a state. Individual chapters pursue questions of emotional belonging to spatial and political places, social change, everyday experiences of the state through its institutions, electoral politics, and the deployment of integration/accommodation practices as nation- and state-building processes. 4 ! Table of contents Declaration of work p. 2 Abstract p. 3 Table of Contents p. 5 Acknowledgments p. 7 Glossary p. 11 List of abbreviations p. 13 List of tables p. 14 Note on transliterations and translations p. 15 Introduction p. 16 Chapter 1 Memories of Blood, Sword and Freedom: 1947 communal disturbances and the early flows of refugees p. 57 “People will surge from one side of the Square to the other”: the 1947 March to May communal violence and the early flows of refugees p. 58 “And these passersby, decent and suffering,/the passersby don’t know your name”: translating the big ideas at stake into practice p. 68 “In you nestles songs of blood and sword”: moulding both personal and political identities out the Partition mayhem p. 77 “In you the migrating birds”: when Independence came to India and Pakistan p. 85 Chapter 2 There is no place like home: the politics of intimacy, domesticity and resettlement among Partition refugees p. 91 Liminalities of citizenship: the big-bang model of refugee camps and temporary structures p. 93 Elective affinities: refugees, homes, domesticity and belonging p. 102 Something old, something new and something borrowed: the rural resettlement of refugees in Pakistani Punjab p.115 How scandalous! Government plans of urban resettlement and refugees’ perception of the state p.122 ! 5! ! Chapter 3 Whispers of held-back tears: producing a bureaucratic order out of the refugee resettlement chaos p.132 A hide-and-seek game: challenging the strength of Pakistani bureaucracy p.133 Powerful friends, influential acquaintances: conceptualising and building the Pakistani bureaucracy p.146 “I need to look for a tout”: ersatz bureaucracy for people on the brink of marginality p.154 Turning political? Administrative failures and political demands p.161 Chapter 4 Pawns in a political game: refugees, electoral rules and competitions and politics of West Punjab’s stability p.167 Pieces at the beginning of the game: engineering a new electoral system p.169 The King’s jewel: defining parties’ dynamics p.180 With friends like these: checkmating political rivals p.190 The after-match party of the 1951 elections p.199 Chapter 5 Self-portraits in spherical mirrors: Partition refugees and the elaboration of the ‘basic (dis)order’ of Pakistan p.205 All the glitters is not gold: refugees, resettlement policies and the challenge of creating and everyday state p.207 Until death tears us apart: India, Pakistan and the resettlement of refugees in West Punjab p.229 All for one and one for all: creating a nation, levelling down differences p.237 Conclusion p.246 Bibliography p.256 ! 6! Acknowledgements I will never pay off my ‘debts’ to my supervisor, Dr. Sarah F. D. Ansari. Her patience, support, help and criticism are at the very heart of my current intellectual development. Reckoning with my nasty temper was nothing short of heroic! My advisor, Prof. Francis C. R. Robinson, always reminded that there was a ‘bigger picture’ I had to take into consideration. Dr. Ali Usman Qasmi, Assistant Professor at LUMS, Lahore, patiently read and commented the entire thesis. His ‘logistic support’ during my stays in Pakistan was equally invaluable. Special thanks even to Prof. Diego Abenante, University of Trieste, Italy. As my B.A. and M.A. supervisor, he introduced me to the history of Pakistan and the joys of research. My research was possible thanks to the financial assistance of the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) in terms of its Doctoral Award (Open Competition). Additional funding from the Friendly Hand Charitable Trust allowed me to undertake a second research trip to Pakistan in November and December 2010. At Royal Holloway, University of London, I am indebted to Dr. John Miles and all the other members of the Academic Writing Group. Many thanks to Dr. Markus Daechsel who, as a member of the panel of my upgrade viva, helped me to further refine the arguments of this dissertation. I am grateful to Dr. Francesca Chiarelli, Marie-Christine Ockenden and Stephanie Surrey for their administrative help. ! 7 The staffs of the National Archives, Kew Gardens, the India Office Library and Records, British Library, the British Red Cross Museum and Library, London, the Victoria and Albert Museum, London were my most powerful allies. In Pakistan I am indebted to Prof. Qalb-i-Abid and Massarat Abid, respectively Head of the Dept. of History and Director of the Pakistan Study Centre at the University of the Punjab, Lahore, Prof. Azra Ali, Head of the Dept. of Pakistan Studies at Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, for providing the necessary affiliation and to Prof. Tahir Kamran, former Head of the Dept. of History at the Government College, Lahore, for welcoming me to my a second ‘academic home’ in Lahore. An entire army of chief librarians and librarians made my research pleasant and, as it frequently happens in Pakistan, ‘sweet’. All the cups of tea, cakes and chats I shared with them at the University of the Punjab, Punjab Civil Secretariat Library, Government College Library, Punjab Public Library, Punjab Assembly Library, Quaid-i-Azam Library and the BZU Library made my archival research the job anyone wants and dreams. I could not help but acknowledge the warm welcome of Prof. Mujahid Kamran, Vice Chancellor of the University of the Punjab, Lahore: his help and the time I spent with his family will never be forgotten. A big ‘thank you’ to Dr. Ashraf Chohan, MPA, for keeping an eye on me, Rana Muhammad Iqbal Khan, Speaker of the Punjab Assembly, for giving me my first lesson of Pakistani national pride and to Khorram Nawaz for accepting the onerous task of having me as his ‘second job’. Prof. Mahmood Shaukat, Principal of the Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, and Malik Barkat Ali’s grandson, kindly allowed me to look through his private archives. In Lahore and Multan I have found my Pakistani families respectively in Sumaira Noreen, her husband Farhim, her in-laws and their princess Ayesha, ! 8 and Maria and Nishtar Nazir: their love, tenderness and support were and are still very touching. My most heartfelt ‘thank you’ is, however, to Dr. Saeed Elahi, Parliamentary Secretary for Health, Punjab, without whom my Ph.D. would not have been possible. When life and research in Pakistan resembled an uphill struggle, he took me under his wing and did everything possible to help me. I am quite sure he dissents from most of the arguments presented here, but I do hope to have preserved his father’s recollections as carefully as possible. Your Excellency, thank you for opening many doors for me and for everything else. In Washington, DC, I need to thank the staff of the National Archives and Records Administration, College Park (MD) and Lynne and Don Lewis, together with their M. and Z., for their warm hospitality during my stay there. In Italy, I am indebted to the Faculty of Political Science, University of Trieste for having appointed me Honorary Research Fellow in History and Institutions of the Islamic World, to Dr. Maria Angelillo and Dr. Stefano Caldirola for having introduced me to Hindi and Urdu, to Dr. Carmela Crescenti for her Arabic lessons and to the UPenn alumnus Federico G. Lasconi for sharpening my forensic eye.
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