Copyright by Gwendolyn Sarah Kirk 2016

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Copyright by Gwendolyn Sarah Kirk 2016 Copyright by Gwendolyn Sarah Kirk 2016 The Dissertation committee for Gwendolyn Sarah Kirk certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Uncivilized language and aesthetic exclusion: Language, power and film production in Pakistan Committee: _____________________________ Craig Campbell, Co-Supervisor _____________________________ Elizabeth Keating, Co-Supervisor _____________________________ Kamran Ali _____________________________ Patience Epps _____________________________ Ali Khan _____________________________ Kathleen Stewart _____________________________ Anthony Webster Uncivilized language and aesthetic exclusion: Language, power and film production in Pakistan by Gwendolyn Sarah Kirk, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December 2016 To my parents Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been possible first and foremost without the kindness and generosity of the filmmakers I worked with at Evernew Studio. Parvez Rana, Hassan Askari, Z.A. Zulfi, Pappu Samrat, Syed Noor, Babar Butt, and literally everyone else I met in the film industry were welcoming and hospitable beyond what I ever could have hoped or imagined. The cast and crew of Sharabi, in particular, went above and beyond to facilitate my research and make sure I was at all times comfortable and safe and had answers to whatever stupid questions I was asking that day! Along with their kindness, I was privileged to witness their industry, creativity, and perseverance, and I will be eternally inspired by and grateful to them. My committee might seem large at seven members, but all of them have been incredibly helpful and supportive throughout my time in graduate school, and each of them have helped develop different dimensions of this work. I would like to particularly thank my co-supervisors, Craig Campbell and Elizabeth Keating, for their continual guidance, encouragement, and feedback in this particular project and throughout my graduate career. Kamran Ali also deserves a great deal of credit not just for encouraging me to work in Pakistan in the first place, but for supporting my project throughout the years and helping facilitate my research every step of the way; I owe a great deal to his kindness and generosity. Katie Stewart, Anthony Webster, Pattie Epps, and Ali Khan have all helped shape this research, and their varied interests and backgrounds have enriched it immeasurably. Other scholars and mentors v at UT Austin who have contributed to the development of this research include Kathryn Hansen, John Hartigan, Heather Hindman, Carla Petievich, Martha Selby, Nora England, Akbar Hyder, James Brow, Joel Sherzer, and the late, great Brian Stross, and if I could I probably would have added all of them to my committee too. I also could not have completed this research without an incredibly wise and kind group of student colleagues. Senior graduate students such as Maria Garcia, Simeon Floyd, Noman Baig, Danny Law (who definitely knows everything), Amber O’Connor, Abdulhaq Chang, Jenny Carlson, Mubbashir Rizvi, Nedra Lee, Hilaria Cruz, Emiliana Cruz, Raja Swamy, Isabel Huacuja, Hafeez Jamali, and Ryan Sullivant—acted as friends and mentors, playing perhaps an even greater role than my committee in shaping my approach to theory and research, and generally developing my anthropologist habitus. I am continually inspired as I watch them out in the “real world” accomplishing great things. This is not to belittle the contributions of my own 2009 cohort, who by chance or by the grace of some higher power proved to be maybe the most incredible bunch of budding anthropologists ever put together. Elizabeth Lewis, Sade Anderson, Sarah Ihmoud, Elizabeth Velasquez, Eshe Cole, Ernest Alba, Omer Ozcan, and Tathagatan Ravindran all helped show me how exciting, vital, and multifaceted anthropology can be. Perhaps none of these were as important as Chelsi West, who deserves special recognition for many late nights at Monkey Nest and Bennu and Flightpath and the “call center” in SAC, for last minute proofreads and peptalks, and of course for overall brilliance and greatness as a human being. Finally, Aimee Hosemann, Deina Rabie, Aniruddhan Vasudevan, Vasilina Orlova, Claudia Chavez, Robyn Dodge, Ayana Flewellyn, Julie Conquest, Ece Saltan, Maya Berry, Drea Brown, Susan Quesal, Elizabeth Bolton, and others have acted as vi soundboards, given feedback, and provided inspiration by sharing the variety and complexity of their own work. This research was largely funded by the American Institute of Pakistan Studies, and I want to acknowledge here not only AIPS’ financial contribution but also the importance their institutional support in Pakistan. Without the AIPS facilitating this research it would certainly have been poorer, and likely would not have been possible at all; with that in mind I’d like to especially thank Kamran Ali, Mark Kenoyer, Nadeem Akbar, Ghulam Rasool, and my wonderful traveling companion Amjad Farooq. Other friends and colleagues in Lahore have also contributed immeasurably to this dissertation. Conversations with Umar Anjum, Ali Nobil Ahmad, Ali Usman Qasmi, Muntasir Sattar, Najm Hosain Syed, Tariq Rahman, Zareen Suleiman, Sher Ali Khan, Ammar Ali Jan, Julie Flowerday, Grace Clark, and Nida Kirmani were invaluable in all stages of the research, from the earliest development, to its methodological hurdles, to the writing phase. Furrukh Khan deserves a very special mention as he is the one who introduced me to Maula Jatt so many years ago, and who has continued to encourage my research on Punjabi language and cinema. I also want to thank Saeed Bhutta for giving so generously of his time and resources to work with me on Punjabi language materials. I doubtless would have quit long ago if not for the support of my family: my parents Martha and Guy, my brothers Andrew and Alex, and the grandparents, cousins, aunts and uncles who have unceasingly supported and encouraged me along the way, and mostly refrained from asking me whether I’m done with school yet. Friends like Evan Monez, Ashley Jones, Laurie Duncan, Chelsi West, Liz Lewis, Walter Smith, Faiza Saleem, Claire Hansen, Nida Kirmani, and too many others to vii name, kept me balanced and sane throughout these years. And although all of the previous acknowledgements were in no particular order, I have of course saved the dearest for last: innumerable thanks to my husband and partner Abdul Aijaz, who is patient, kind, and steadfast, who encourages and believes in me, and who waters my soul when it is dry. viii Uncivilized language and aesthetic exclusion: Language, power and film production in Pakistan by Gwendolyn Sarah Kirk, PhD The University of Texas at Austin, 2016 CO-SUPERVISORS: Craig Campbell, Elizabeth Keating This study investigates language ideologies and aesthetics in Pakistan through an ethnographic study of the Punjabi film industry, known popularly as “Lollywood.” Punjabi is the mother tongue of about 45 percent of the Pakistani population and the most widely-spoken language in the most politically and economically powerful province, yet it has long been relegated to a subordinate position by hegemonic political and cultural apparati, which give preference to Urdu and English. Punjabi films, like the language, are heavily denigrated by the cultural elites (particularly the English-speaking upper class) as crude and vulgar. While most studies on film and language are textual in nature, this research hopes to join a burgeoning body of ethnographic work on cinema in finding new approaches to understanding film production, film culture, and the relationship of cinema to language politics. This dissertation asks how an ethnographic study of film—and specifically cinematic production—might contribute to a broader understanding of both cultural ix and linguistic practices. Specifically, I seek to explore the connections that emerge from and inhere in the relationships between the Punjabi language and the aesthetics, representations, solidarities, and social commentaries found in Punjabi popular cinema. Moreover, I argue that an examination of the particular kind of language used in film, the register I call Filmi Punjabi, is key to understanding how these issues are connected. Finally, I seek to explore what happens to a community of analog filmmakers in a rapidly digitizing world; how do they navigate the concurrent technological and aesthetic shifts that often seem to threaten not just their economic opportunities but also their filmmaking praxis and community networks? This project takes the cinema industry as a lens through which to investigate the relationships between issues such as class, ethnicity, and gender, aesthetic and moral hegemonies, and linguistic and cultural practices in contemporary Pakistani Punjab. x Table of Contents List of Tables xii List of Charts xiii List of Illustrations xiv List of Maps xv Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Nostalgia, technology, and aesthetic exclusion 44 Chapter 3: Linguist on the film set 97 Chapter 4: Language ideologies and verbal art: the Punjabi barḥak 135 Chapter 5: Performative dialect leveling and the ideal cinematic Punjab 175 Chapter 6: Conclusion 212 Appendices Appendix A: Transliteration Scheme 218 Appendix B: Glossary 222 Appendix C: Cited verbal paradigms in original transliteration 224 Appendix D: Interlinear gloss
Recommended publications
  • Role of the Muslim Anjumans for the Promotion of Education in the Colonial Punjab: a Historical Analysis
    Bulletin of Education and Research December 2019, Vol. 41, No. 3 pp. 1-18 Role of the Muslim Anjumans for the Promotion of Education in the Colonial Punjab: A Historical Analysis Maqbool Ahmad Awan* __________________________________________________________________ Abstract This article highlightsthe vibrant role of the Muslim Anjumans in activating the educational revival in the colonial Punjab. The latter half of the 19th century, particularly the decade 1880- 1890, witnessed the birth of several Muslim Anjumans (societies) in the Punjab province. These were, in fact, a product of growing political consciousness and desire for collective efforts for the community-betterment. The Muslims, in other provinces, were lagging behind in education and other avenues of material prosperity. Their social conditions were also far from being satisfactory. Religion too had become a collection of rites and superstitions and an obstacle for their educational progress. During the same period, they also faced a grievous threat from the increasing proselytizing activities of the Christian Missionary societies and the growing economic prosperity of the Hindus who by virtue of their advancement in education, commerce and public services, were emerging as a dominant community in the province. The Anjumans rescued the Muslim youth from the verge of what then seemed imminent doom of ignorance by establishing schools and madrassas in almost all cities of the Punjab. The focus of these Anjumans was on both secular and religious education, which was advocated equally for both genders. Their trained scholars confronted the anti-Islamic activities of the Christian missionaries. The educational development of the Muslims in the Colonial Punjab owes much to these Anjumans.
    [Show full text]
  • Trends of Pakistani Films: an Analytical Study of Restoration of Cinema
    Trends of Pakistani films: An analytical study of restoration of cinema Fouzia Naz* Sadia Mehmood** ABSTRACT People prefer to go to the cinema as compared to theaters because of its way of execution and performance. Background music, sound effects, lights, direction attract people, and its demonstrations relate people to their lives. It is true that films have a unique and powerful connection between human behavior and societal culture. Pakistani film industry faced the downfall and now it is doing its best to make the films on international standards. In this research article, the background of Pakistani cinema and causes of downfall will be discussed. The main idea of this research article is to identify and study the development of Pakistani film industry. Qualitative and quantitative data collection will be used as the research method of this research. This research article helps in observing different mass media theory based on Pakistani cinema. Moreover, it will be explained what filmmakers critiques and people say regarding revival or restoration. Keywords: downfall, revival, the impact of the Pakistani film industry, Lollywood *Assistant professor, Mass Communication, University of Karachi) **Assistant professor, Mass Communication, University of Karachi) 33 Jhss, Vol. 8, No. 2 , July to December, 2017 The definition of cinema can be explained as “another word of moving a picture”1This is the place where films are shown to the public. Most of the people who are not into the arts get confused in cinema and theater. The theater is the building where live performance is performed2. The similarity between cinema and theaters are both of them execute act and created for public entertainment.
    [Show full text]
  • University Law College University of the Punjab, Lahore
    1 University Law College University of the Punjab, Lahore. Result of Entry Test of LL.B 03 Years Morning/Afternoon Program Session (2018-2019) (Annual System) held on 12-08-2018* Total Marks: 80 Roll No. Name of Candidate Father's Name Marks 1 Nusrat Mushtaq Mushtaq Ahmed 16 2 Usman Waqas Mohammad Raouf 44 3 Ali Hassan Fayyaz Akhtar 25 4 Muneeb Ahmad Saeed Ahmad 44 5 Sajid Ali Muhammad Aslam 30 6 Muhammad Iqbal Irshad Hussain 23 7 Ameen Babar Abid Hussain Babar Absent 8 Mohsin Jamil Muhammad Jamil 24 9 Syeda Dur e Najaf Bukhari Muhammad Noor ul Ain Bukhari Absent 10 Ihtisham Haider Haji Muhammad Afzal 20 11 Muhammad Nazim Saeed Ahmad 30 12 Muhammad Wajid Abdul Waheed 22 13 Ashiq Hussain Ghulam Hussain 14 14 Abdullah Muzafar Ali 35 15 Naoman Khan Muhammad Ramzan 33 16 Abdullah Masaud Masaud Ahmad Yazdani 30 17 Muhammad Hashim Nadeem Mirza Nadeem Akhtar 39 18 Muhammad Afzaal Muhammad Arshad 13 19 Muhammad Hamza Tahir Nazeer Absent 20 Abdul Ghaffar Muhammad Majeed 19 21 Adeel Jan Ashfaq Muhammad Ashfaq 24 22 Rashid Bashir Bashir Ahmad 35 23 Touseef Akhtar Khursheed Muhammad Akhtar 42 24 Usama Nisar Nisar Ahmad 17 25 Haider Ali Zulfiqar Ali 26 26 Zeeshan Ahmed Sultan Ahmed 28 27 Hafiz Muhammad Asim Muhammad Hanif 32 28 Fatima Maqsood Maqsood Ahmad 12 29 Abdul Waheed Haji Musa Khan 16 30 Simran Shakeel Ahmad 28 31 Muhammad Sami Ullah Muhammad Shoaib 35 32 Muhammad Sajjad Shoukat Ali 27 33 Muhammad Usman Iqbal Allah Ditta Urf M. Iqbal 27 34 Noreen Shahzadi Muhammad Ramzan 19 35 Salman Younas Muhammad Younas Malik 25 36 Zain Ul Abidin Muhammad Aslam 21 37 Muhammad Zaigham Faheem Muhammad Arif 32 38 Shahid Ali Asghar Ali 37 39 Abu Bakar Jameel M.
    [Show full text]
  • A Drama of Saintly Devotion Performing Ecstasy and Status at the Shaam-E-Qalandar Festival in Pakistan Amen Jaffer
    A Drama of Saintly Devotion Performing Ecstasy and Status at the Shaam-e-Qalandar Festival in Pakistan Amen Jaffer Figure 1. Dancing the dhama\l in Sehwan in front of Shahbaz Qalandar’s tomb, 7 February 2011. (Photo by Saad Hassan Khan) On the evening of 16 February 2017, the dhamal\ 1 ritual at the shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar in Sehwan, Pakistan, was tragically cut short when a powerful bomb ripped through a crowd of devotees, killing 83 and injuring hundreds (Khan and Akbar 2017).2 Seven years prior, in January 2010, I was witness to another dhama\l performance in the same courtyard of this 13th- century Sufi saint’s shrine (fig. 2). On that evening, the courtyard, which faces Qalandar’s tomb, 1. Dhama\l is a ritualized expression of love, desire, and connection with a saint as well as a celebration of the saint’s powers and miracles. It can take the form of dance or music. For treatments of the ritual sensibilities of this genre see Frembgen (2012) and Abbas (2002:33–35). For an analysis of its musical form and style see Wolf (2006). 2. Sehwan is a small city in the southeast province of Sindh that is best known as the site for Shahbaz Qalandar’s tomb and shrine. TDR: The Drama Review 62:4 (T240) Winter 2018. ©2018 New York University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 23 Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/dram_a_00791 by guest on 24 September 2021 was also crowded with human bodies — but those bodies were very much alive.
    [Show full text]
  • Women Performing Artists in Colonial India There Were Few Women Painters in Colonial India
    I. (A) Personal Details Role Name Affiliation Principal Investigator Prof. Sumita University of Allhabad Parmar Paper Coordinator Prof Rekha Pande University of Hyderabad Author Dr. Archana Verma Independent Scholar Content Reviewer (CR) Prof Rekha Pande University of Hyderabad Language Editor (LE) Prof. Sumita University of Allhabad Parmar (B) Description of Module Items Description of Module Subject Name Women’s Studies Paper Name Women and History Module Name/ Title, Women performers in colonial India description Module ID Paper- 3, Module-30 Pre-requisites None Objectives To explore the achievements of women performers in colonial period Keywords Indian art, women in performance, cinema and women, India cinema, Hindi cinema Women Performing Artists in Colonial India There were few women painters in Colonial India. But in the performing arts, especially acting, women artists were found in large numbers in this period. At first they acted on the stage in theatre groups. Later, with the coming of cinema, they began to act for the screen. Cinema gave them a channel for expressing their acting talent as no other medium had before. Apart from acting, some of them even began to direct films at this early stage in the history of Indian cinema. Thus, acting and film direction was not an exclusive arena of men where women were mostly subjects. It was an arena where women became the creators of this art form and they commanded a lot of fame, glory and money in this field. In this module, we will study about some of these women. Nati Binodini (1862-1941) Fig. 1 – Nati Binodini (get copyright for use – (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Binodini_dasi.jpg) Nati Binodini was a Calcutta based renowned actress, who began to act at the age of 12.
    [Show full text]
  • Mahira Khan, Pakistani Actress, Talks What She Dreams About Now That She's Hit the Pinnacle of Stardom, Her Upcoming Film
    Community Community Richard US-based Russo’s Pakistani P7new novel P16 tech expert Chances Are... lays stress on need is a beguiling for mentoring young reunion of entrepreneurs and college friends. building startups. Thursday, August 8, 2019 Dhul-Hijja 7, 1440 AH Doha today: 350 - 450 COVER STORY Mahira Khan, Pakistani actress, talks what she dreams about now that she’s hit the pinnacle of stardom, her upcoming film and more. PP4-64-6 2 GULF TIMES Thursday, August 8, 2019 COMMUNITY ROUND & ABOUT PRAYER TIME Fajr 3.40am Shorooq (sunrise) 5.05am Zuhr (noon) 11.41am Asr (afternoon) 3.09pm Maghreb (sunset) 6.16pm Isha (night) 7.46pm Parey Hut Love of commitments when it comes to relationships. His life takes USEFUL NUMBERS DIRECTION: Asim Raza a twist when he meets a strong-willed, gorgeous girl and falls CAST: Sheheryar Munawar Siddiqui, Maya Ali, Zara Noor in love with her. Abbas, Faheem Azam, Ahmed Ali Butt SYNOPSIS: The story of a guy who is carefree and afraid THEATRES: The Mall, Landmark, Royal Plaza Emergency 999 Worldwide Emergency Number 112 Kahramaa – Electricity and Water 991 Local Directory 180 International Calls Enquires 150 Hamad International Airport 40106666 Labor Department 44508111, 44406537 Mowasalat Taxi 44588888 Qatar Airways 44496000 Hamad Medical Corporation 44392222, 44393333 Qatar General Electricity and Water Corporation 44845555, 44845464 Primary Health Care Corporation 44593333 44593363 Qatar Assistive Technology Centre 44594050 Qatar News Agency 44450205 44450333 Q-Post – General Postal Corporation 44464444
    [Show full text]
  • Presidency of America up in The
    Soon From LAHORE & KARACHI A sister publication of CENTRELINE & DNA News Agency www.islamabadpost.com.pk ISLAMABAD EDITION IslamabadThursday, November 05, 2020 Pakistan’s First AndP Only DiplomaticO Daily STPrice Rs. 20 Bosnian president Zahida Parveen Armenia must be supports Pakistan’s again appointed held accountable stand on Kashmir info secretary for its crimes Briefs Presidency Pak to work together with US of America president DNA up in the air ISLAMABAD: Foreign Of- fice Spokes- Both Donald Trump and Joe Biden person Za- hid Hafeez claim victory; results show massive Chaudhri on Tuesday polarization among the voters; Trump said Pakistan looks forward to working announces to go to Supreme Court with whoever wins the Unit- US President Donald Trump carried the ed States election — Re- prized battleground of Florida, then he and publican President Donald Democrat Joe Biden shifted their focus ear- Trump or Democratic presi- ly Wednesday to three Northern industrial dential candidate Joe Biden. states — Wisconsin, Michigan and Pennsylva- While speaking to Arab nia — that could prove crucial in determining News, the FO spokesperson who wins the White House. conveyed the country’s best By early Wednesday, neither candidate wishes to Americans who had the 270 Electoral College votes need- voted in the record-setting ed to win. Electoral College votes are election on Tuesday. He add- assigned to each state, in part based on ed that the election was an their population. ISLAMABAD: Prime Minister Imran Khan meeting with Šefik Džaferović, “internal matter” of the US. WeB Desk / DNA Trump made premature claims of victories Chairman of Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
    [Show full text]
  • Actress Ashley Clements
    Community Community Swasthi Japanese Academy for artist P7 Excellence P20 Masakatsu promises to focus Sashie’s solo on honing fine exhibition will go on talents to their display at the Anima utmost limits. Gallery on May 9. Friday, April 29, 2016 Rajab 22, 1437 AH DOHA 25°C—38°C TODAY PUZZLES 14 & 15 LIFESTYLE/HOROSCOPE 16 JJane,ane, a hhurricaneurricane Centuries later, the famous writer continues to inspire books, clubs, movies and more. P2-3 COVER STORY 2 GULF TIMES Friday, April 29, 2016 COMMUNITY COVER STORY No plain Jane The writer’s fiction is the basis for many film and TV adaptations as well as the template for countless PRAYER TIME rom-com movies or romance novels. Also, unlikely Fajr 3.38am Shorooq (sunrise) 5.00am mashups into the Austen universe, writes Tom Beer Zuhr (noon) 11.31am Asr (afternoon) 3.00pm Maghreb (sunset) 6.05pm Isha (night) 7.35pm USEFUL NUMBERS Emergency 999 Worldwide Emergency Number 112 Kahramaa – Electricity and Water 991 Ooredoo Telephone Assistance 111 Local Directory 180 International Calls Enquires 150 Time 141, 140 Doha International Airport 40106666 Labor Department 44508111, 44406537 Medical Commission 44679111 Mowasalat Taxi 44588888 Qatar Airways 44496000 Weather Forecast 44656590 Hamad Medical Corporation 44392222 44393333 Qatar General Electricity and Water Corporation 44845555 44845464 Primary Health Care Corporation 44593333 44593363 Qatar Assistive Technology Centre 44594050 Qatar News Agency 44450205 44450333 Q-Post – General Postal Corporation 44464444 Qatar University 44033333 ote Unquo Qu te The pen is mightier than the sword if the sword ane Austen (1775-1817) Metropolitan High School, dubs her Cher Horowitz is very short, and the pen is isn’t just for English majors Whit Stillman’s indie-fi lm gem from (Alicia Silverstone) and puts her in a anymore.
    [Show full text]
  • Announced on Monday, July 19, 2021
    FINAL RESULT - FALL 2021 ROUND 2 Announced on Monday, July 19, 2021 INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, KARACHI BBA, BS (ACCOUNTING & FINANCE), BS (ECONOMICS) & BS (SOCIAL SCIENCES) ADMISSIONS FINAL RESULT ‐ TEST HELD ON SUNDAY, JULY 4, 2021 (FALL 2021, ROUND 2) LIST OF SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES FOR DIRECT ADMISSION (BBA PROGRAM) SAT Test Math Eng TOTAL Maximum Marks 800 800 1600 Cut-Off Marks 600 600 1420 Math Eng Total IBA Test MCQ MCQ MCQ Maximum Marks 180 180 360 Cut-Off Marks 88 88 224 Seat S. No. App No. Name Father's Name No. 1 7904 30 LAIBA RAZI RAZI AHMED JALALI 112 116 228 2 7957 2959 HASSAAN RAZA CHINOY MUHAMMAD RAZA CHINOY 112 132 244 3 7962 3549 MUHAMMAD SHAYAN ARIF ARIF HUSSAIN 152 120 272 4 7979 455 FATIMA RIZWAN RIZWAN SATTAR 160 92 252 5 8000 1464 MOOSA SHERGILL FARZAND SHERGILL 124 124 248 6 8937 1195 ANAUSHEY BATOOL ATTA HUSSAIN SHAH 92 156 248 7 8938 1200 BIZZAL FARHAN ALI MEMON FARHAN MEMON 112 112 224 8 8978 2248 AFRA ABRO NAVEED ABRO 96 136 232 9 8982 2306 MUHAMMAD TALHA MEMON SHAHID PARVEZ MEMON 136 136 272 10 9003 3266 NIRDOSH KUMAR NARAIN NA 120 108 228 11 9017 3635 ALI SHAZ KARMANI IMTIAZ ALI KARMANI 136 100 236 12 9031 1945 SAIFULLAH SOOMRO MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM SOOMRO 132 96 228 13 9469 1187 MUHAMMAD ADIL RAFIQ AHMAD KHAN 112 112 224 14 9579 2321 MOHAMMAD ABDULLAH KUNDI MOHAMMAD ASGHAR KHAN KUNDI 100 124 224 15 9582 2346 ADINA ASIF MALIK MOHAMMAD ASIF 104 120 224 16 9586 2566 SAMAMA BIN ASAD MUHAMMAD ASAD IQBAL 96 128 224 17 9598 2685 SYED ZAFAR ALI SYED SHAUKAT HUSSAIN SHAH 124 104 228 18 9684 526 MUHAMMAD HAMZA
    [Show full text]
  • Dream and Reality
    Chapter 1 Dream and Reality First of all whatever the circumstances, we should never be despondent. It is not always possible but that is the requirement for the job this manifesto seeks to accomplish. If anybody who loves to see Punjabi flourish finds the progress unsatisfactory, the reasons that come to my mind presently can be enumerated like general human weaknesses, burden of history and new distracting ideologies for the youth. In this respect, Pakistani Punjab is mired in apparently insurmountable difficulties. But as I have said that must not deter us. What to do, there is no escape as such are the jobs of those who dare to turn history’s course. And history gives us calm and patience if we listen to it, for example: ‘Early in 1839 nearly five hundred residents of Dacca in eastern Bengal petitioned the government in favour of Persian and against Bengali. The petitioners (of whom nearly two hundred were Hindus and most of the rest Muslims) used arguments practically identical to those of the British officials who had supported Persian in the recent inquiry: the Bengali script varied from place to place, one line of Persian could do the work of ten lines of Bengali, the awkward written style of Bengali read more slowly than that of Persian, people from one district could not understand the dialect of those from another, no previous government had ever kept records in Bengali, Persian had spread over a wide area and did not vary from place to place, people of all classes could understand Persian when read to them, and both Hindus and Muslims wanted to keep Persian.’ [Christopher R.
    [Show full text]
  • January 2016 NEWS COVERAGE PERIOD from JANUARY 25TH to JANURAY 31ST 2016 GOVT BURDENS GAS CONSUMERS with RS101BN to FINANCE PIPELINES Dawn, January 29Th, 2016
    January 2016 NEWS COVERAGE PERIOD FROM JANUARY 25TH TO JANURAY 31ST 2016 GOVT BURDENS GAS CONSUMERS WITH RS101BN TO FINANCE PIPELINES Dawn, January 29th, 2016 KHALEEQ KIANI ISLAMABAD: The Economic Coordination Committee (ECC) of the Cabinet on Thursday decided to charge consumers of the two gas utilities Rs101 billion to partly finance pipeline network. At a charged meeting presided over by Finance Minister Ishaq Dar, the committee also approved Rs3 per unit reduction in future power tariff for industrial consumers previously announced by the prime minister in December. It also regularised import of first six cargoes of the liquefied natural gas (LNG) in April-May last year through a floating storage terminal, but deferred a final decision on LNG sales and purchase agreement between Qatargas and Pakistan State Oil (PSO) until Friday. “It was a bad day for member gas (Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority, or Ogra) Amir Naseem,” said a cabinet member who attended the meeting, adding that the finance minister lost his temper at the beginning of the meeting over Ogra’s written comments against petroleum ministry’s summary on Rs101bn financing arrangement for gas companies. Ogra earlier opposed the recovery of Rs101bn from consumers through tariff, saying the pipeline projects should be financed out of Gas Infrastructure Development Cess (GIDC) already being collected from consumers. The regulator believed that it could not allow under the GIDC law the “double taxation” through gas tariff. Consumers, who were already paying GIDC for pipeline infrastructure, could not be burdened again with financing for repayment of Rs101bn loan along with 17 per cent return on assets to be created by the gas companies through these loans.
    [Show full text]
  • Neo-Vernacularization of South Asian Languages
    LLanguageanguage EEndangermentndangerment andand PPreservationreservation inin SSouthouth AAsiasia ed. by Hugo C. Cardoso Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 7 Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia ed. by Hugo C. Cardoso Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 7 PUBLISHED AS A SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATION & CONSERVATION LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT AND PRESERVATION IN SOUTH ASIA Special Publication No. 7 (January 2014) ed. by Hugo C. Cardoso LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATION & CONSERVATION Department of Linguistics, UHM Moore Hall 569 1890 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822 USA http:/nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI’I PRESS 2840 Kolowalu Street Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822-1888 USA © All text and images are copyright to the authors, 2014 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License ISBN 978-0-9856211-4-8 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4607 Contents Contributors iii Foreword 1 Hugo C. Cardoso 1 Death by other means: Neo-vernacularization of South Asian 3 languages E. Annamalai 2 Majority language death 19 Liudmila V. Khokhlova 3 Ahom and Tangsa: Case studies of language maintenance and 46 loss in North East India Stephen Morey 4 Script as a potential demarcator and stabilizer of languages in 78 South Asia Carmen Brandt 5 The lifecycle of Sri Lanka Malay 100 Umberto Ansaldo & Lisa Lim LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT AND PRESERVATION IN SOUTH ASIA iii CONTRIBUTORS E. ANNAMALAI ([email protected]) is director emeritus of the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore (India). He was chair of Terralingua, a non-profit organization to promote bi-cultural diversity and a panel member of the Endangered Languages Documentation Project, London.
    [Show full text]