Evolved Multimedia Broadcast

THE EVOLUTION OF MOBILE TV: EVOLVED MULTIMEDIA BROADCAST

MULTICAST SERVICE - EMBMS

A thesis presented to the faculty of As San Francisco State University 3G In partial fulfilment of The Requirements for The Degree

Master of Science In Engineering: Embedded Electrical and Computer Systems

Geraldo Tasso de Andrade Rocha Neto

San Francisco, California

May 2016 CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL

I certify that I have read THE EVOLUTION OF MOBILE TV: EVOLVED

MULTIMEDIA BROADCAST MULTICAST SERVICE - EMBMS by

Geraldo Tasso de Andrade Rocha Neto and that in my opinion this work meets the criteria for approving a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree: Master of Science in Engineering:

Embedded Electrical and Computer Systems at San Francisco State Uni versity.

Hao Jiang Ph.D. Associate Professor of Engineering

Hamid Shahnasser Ph.D. Professor of Engineering THE EVOLUTION OF MOBILE TV: EVOLVED MULTIMEDIA BROADCAST

MULTICAST SERVICE - EMBMS

Geraldo Tasso de Andrade Rocha Neto San Francisco State University 2016

This work focus on providing mobile TV services through an evolved Multimedia

Broadcast Multicast Services (eMBMS) system, and its comparison with an Inte grated Services Digital Broadcasting Terrestrial (ISDB-T) network in the Ultra High

Frequency (UHF) band. Simulation of its compatibility and benefits are done. The conclusion is that both systems can coexist. This is proved using Multi-Coupling

Loss (MCL) and Monte Carlo simulations, with the use of the SEAMCAT tool.

I certify that the Abstract is a correct representation of the content of this thesis.

3 / \ r / 2 0 / 6

Chair, Thesis Committee Date ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all I thank my advisor, Dr. Hao Jiang, for giving me this op portunity to work on this project and for his patience throughout the research. I would also like to thank Dr. Luiz da Silva Mello, for being my co-advisor in Brazil, and providing important guidance. Special thanks go to Diana Tomimura, for the endless support to get this work done.

Insights and technical documentation were gratefully provided by Dr.

Carlos Rodriguez and MSc. Andre Cintra. Finally, I would also like to thank my family for the support they have provided as I worked towards my graduate degree. TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction...... 1

2 Comparison of Mobile TV Networks ...... 4

2.1 Unicast vs. Broadcast Networks...... 5

2.1.1 Unicast ...... 5

2.1.2 B roadcast...... 6

2.1.3 e M B M S ...... 6

2.2 Broadcast Networks...... 7

2.2.1 Integrated ServicesDigital Broadcasting - Terrestrial (ISDB-T) 8

2.3 eMBMS Characteristics...... 9

2.3.1 e M B M S ...... 9

2.3.2 Protocol L ayers...... 10

2.3.3 Functional Layers...... 10

2.3.4 Physical Layer...... 12

2.3.5 Architecture...... 14

2.3.6 MBSFN Transmission ...... 15

2.3.7 Quality of Service (Q o S )...... 16

2.3.8 System C a p a c ity ...... 16

3 Compatibility Simulation...... 18

3.1 Simulation Param eters...... 19

v 3.2 Propagation Models...... 23

3.2.1 Free Space Path L o s s...... 24

3.2.2 Okum ura-H ata...... 24

3.2.3 ITU-R P. 1546-4 ...... 25

3.2.4 Longley Rice ...... 25

3.3 Multi-Coupling Loss (MCL) Simulation...... 26

3.3.1 MCL simulation results...... 27

3.4 Monte Carlo S im u lation ...... 29

3.4.1 Monte Carlo simulation results ...... 31

3.5 Coverage Comparison...... 36

3.6 Spectrum Availability in B r a z il ...... 39

3.7 Summary of Results ...... 40

4 Conclusions...... 41

5 A p p e n d ix ...... 43

5.1 Appendix A: SEAMCAT...... 43

5.2 Appendix B: CloudRF ...... 44 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

2.1 eMBMS system ca p a city ...... 17

3.1 eMBMS eNB unwanted emission lim its...... 20

3.2 eMBMS simulation parameters ...... 21

3.3 ISDB-T simulation parameters...... 22

3.4 MCL results: eMBMS eNB interfering in the ISDB-T R X ...... 27

3.5 MCL results: ISDB-T TX interfering in the eMBMS U E ...... 29

vii LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Mobile TV standards in different re g io n s...... 7

2.2 ISDB-T band segmentation ...... 8

2.3 eMBMS protocol layers...... 10

2.4 eMBMS functional layers...... 11

2.5 LTE frame stru ctu re...... 13

2.6 Time multiplexing of eMBMS and u n ic a s t...... 13

2.7 eMBMS architecture...... 14

2.8 OFDM reception of SFN transmission...... 16

3.1 ISDB-T TX spectrum m ask ...... 20

3.2 Cell topology for a coverage radius of 10 k m ...... 23

3.3 eMBMS eNB interfering in the ISDB-T RX ...... 27

3.4 ISDB-T TX interfering in the eMBMS U E ...... 28

3.5 SEAMCAT link definitions...... 30

3.6 System map when VLT is centralized with IL T ...... 31

3.7 eMBMS eNB power vs interference probability when VLT is central

ized with I L T ...... 32

3.8 System map when VLT is 10 km from I L T ...... 33

3.9 eMBMS eNB power vs interference probability when VLT is 10 km

from IL T ...... 33

3.10 System map when VLT is 15 km from I L T ...... 34

viii 3.11 eMBMS eNB power vs interference probability when VLT is 15 km

from IL T ...... 34

3.12 System map when VLT is 20 km from I L T ...... 35

3.13 eMBMS cell network of 19 s i t e s ...... 36

3.14 System map when VLT is centralized with IL T ...... 37

3.15 ISDB-T coverage of Campo Grande, B razil...... 37

3.16 eMBMS coverage of Campo Grande, Brazil...... 38

3.17 ISDB-T stations in Brazil ...... 39

5.1 SEAMCAT screen example...... 45

5.2 SEAMCAT screen example...... 46 1

Chapter 1

Introduction

People want to watch T V on their mobile phones

As technology evolves, the convergence of different applications in a single device becomes more notorious, and mobile devices become central pieces in everybody’s

life, playing also an important role as an entertainment central. In the current trend,

content should be available on multiple screens for use at anytime or anywhere. More

and more users have access to mobile broadband, and this creates an increasing

demand for audio-visual content with a higher-quality experience. Thus, with the possibility of new business models, the distribution of television for fixed or mobile reception in a transparent way for the user is necessary [1].

Current solutions do not address it properly

In Order to deliver multimedia streaming to mobile devices, multiple technologies

have been proposed. Some were based on third an fourth generations (3G/4G) cellu lar networks, and others on digital terrestrial TV broadcasting (DTTB) [2]. Mobile 2

TV is a television transmission service for mobile and handheld devices, which can be obtained through a cellular or broadcast network. Broadcasting Television is one of the latest services that went digital. This advance brought a whole new world of possibilities, from high-definition or ultra high-definition television (HDTV/UHD) to mobile TV. The different broadcast standards have advantages and disadvantages, but they are all focused on the fixed reception, which limits the mobile reception in terms of throughput, mobility, and the need to add a specific receiver to the device.

Cellular networks are used nowadays to distribute video on unicast mode, meaning that the network load increases with the number of users, thus limiting the service.

evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (eMBMS) and its advantages eMBMS is a point-to-multipoint (PMP) broadcast mode in Long Term Evolution

(LTE) cellular networks, which uses single-frequency network (SFN), and allows for the same content to be transmitted to multiple users. It is available since Release

9 of the 3GPP LTE standards. With the growth of video on demand on mobile devices, eMBMS offers advantages to mobile network operators (MNOs) in order to manage network assets better. It allows broadcast of the popular content demanded by multiple users, which includes linear TV and live events. It also improves the

Quality of Service (QoS) of delivering audio-visual content. Since it is part of the

LTE standards, there is no need to add an extra receiver to the user device [1].

This work focus on the comparison of an eMBMS network with an Integrated 3

Services Digital Broadcasting Terrestrial (ISDB-T) network in the Ultra High Fre quency (UHF) band, through the simulation of its compatibility and coverage. The results are used to check the possibility of using this technology in Brazil and its benefits. Chapter 2 is dedicated to give an overveiw of the current solutions for mo bile TV, as well as to explain the characteristics of the eMBMS technology. Chapter

3 shows all the parameters, simulations and results of this study. Finally, the con clusions are in chapter 4. 4

Chapter 2

Comparison of Mobile TV Networks

Over the past years, portable digital devices became mainstream, from mobile phones to MP3 players. Video content began to be available in new formats, as in DVDs, PVRs, and video on demand. Since digital camcorders were incorporated to everyday’s life, user’s contents were more developed, bringing new cases of success as in the example of YouTube and Netflix.

Mobile TV is not a new concept, but a good quality reception could not be achieved until the digital transmission technologies were developed. There were analog portable TVs before, but when the user was moving, the reception was poor, greatly because of Doppler effect. Indeed, the service had its appeals, for example, to mass transit systems.

In the late 1990s, the first digital systems for fixed TV reception were deployed, and some of those new technologies envisioned mobile services. It was a first ap proach by the broadcasters, and the new service would be complementary to the 5

fixed reception. Also, with the advance of 3G/4G cellular networks, the bandwidth to start offering video-on-demand made possible an approach by the telecom oper ators.

In spite of the different technologies’ approaches, the creation of a viable business model for mobile TV was of great importance. An emblematic case was the paid linear TV offered by Media FLO, which did not have the consumer appeal it was looking for, so the service was discontinued in 2011. The new generation is keen of video on demand everywhere, where most of the content can be found through

Internet services such as YouTube. With that, it is of great importance for the telecom operators to have a technology that could help them monetize on this wave, not depending on over-the-top (OTT) services. LTE networks, also known as 4G networks, were able to give them enough bandwidth to offer video with quality. eM

BMS is a technology that optimizes the distribution of multicast content, specially video, over LTE networks and open new possibilities for the telecom operators.

2.1 Unicast vs. Broadcast Networks

2.1.1 Unicast

In unicast systems, the broadband used for data transmission is shared with the delivering of the video content to a specific user, thus the traffic in the network increases with the number of users. In this case, the available bandwidth limits the 6

number of users. The advantage for the telecom operators would be that they could use their actual networks, with no need of new licensed spectrum.

2.1.2 Broadcast

The broadcast (or multicast) systems concept is the transmission from one to many.

Networks using this approach have a single transmitter covering a specific geographic area, such as the limits of one municipality, and that provides services to every receiver within its boundaries. In this case, the service limit is the covered area, independent of the number of users.

2.1.3 eMBMS

The advantage of the eMBMS technology is to mix the strengths of both models. It is adjusted to use the same LTE network and licensed spectrum that the operators already have as in unicast systems, with a coverage area that can be adjusted as needed, from one to many cells, as in broadcast systems. Using the multicast mode to distribute the content, it also has the capacity to provide service to various users within the coverage area. With eMBMS multiple users can have the same QoS, defined at the beginning of each session, with a more efficient use of the network resources. 7

2.2 Broadcast Networks

Several technological standards were developed for Mobile TV based on Terrestrial

Digital Television standards, and, despite having distinct visions, most of them share the same main concepts. eMBMS was developed to be deployed in any LTE network, thus could be used worldwide. Figure 2.1 shows the standards adopted in different parts of the world.

Figure 2.1: Mobile TV standards in different regions

This thesis focus on the comparison of an eMBMS with an Integrated Services

Digital Broadcasting Terrestrial - ISDB-T network in the Ultra High Frequency -

UHF band, through the simulation of its compatibility and benefits. The study between eMBMS and ISDB-T was chosen as it focus in Brazil, and no study has been carried out yet. 8

2.2.1 Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting - Terrestrial (ISDB-T)

The ISDB-T is a standard originally developed in Japan, that later had some im provements added in Brazil, originating the variation ISDB-Tb. It is a broadcast system similar to DVB-T/H, targeted as an evolution of analog TV, meaning a free over the air reception. In addition, it shares the same characteristics regarding video compression, MPEG2 transport stream encapsulation and OFDM modulation. The key difference is the Band Segmented Transmission (BST) that divides the channel in 13 segments. The HDTV transmission uses 12 segments, whereas the mobile reception is obtained in the one central segment (that is why the commercial name is lseg), as shown in Figure 2.2 [3].

UHF band

{5,617 carriers/ch.)

13 segments •

4- guard band 5 .5 7 MHz bandwidth / ch. B1“rdba"d (6.50 MHz bandwidth / ch.) JJJJJJ, (7.42 MHz bandwidth / ch.) (Max. 432 carriers / segment)

lseg program (single segment)

Figure 2.2: ISDB-T band segmentation 9

Compared to eMBMS:

ISDB-T is also a single tower model requiring specific receiver at the user device. eMBMS is more flexible due to adjustable bandwidth, and cellular network topology.

The lseg transmission maximum video resolution is 320x240 pixels, while in eMBMS it can be HDTV or adjusted accordingly.

2.3 eMBMS Characteristics

2.3.1 eMBMS

The eMBMS is available since Release 9 of the 3GPP standards for LTE, and consists of a point-to-multipoint (PMP) broadcast mode for LTE networks. Its main function is to enable the same content, which could be mobile television, offline video or any kind of data file, to be transmitted to multiple users within one or various cells of the network. It is possible to synchronize different cells in a SFN, and in this case establish a multicast broadcast single-frequency network (MBSFN) [1, 4]. This is the case considered in this study.

The capacity of the network is dinamycally allocated between the unicast and broadcast modes. The main advantage is to adjust the broadcast capacity as needed, for example when there is a sports event. In the current release, up to 60% of the bandwidth can be configured for the broadcast mode [4]. In Release 13, a full broadcast mode is envisioned, with 100% of the bandwidth, and this is the case 10

Figure 2.3: eMBMS protocol layers

considered for this study The eMBMS technology employs internet protocol (IP) packets, and can be added to an existing LTE network by upgrade of hardware and software, with no need for a separate receiver in the user devices [1].

2.3.2 Protocol Layers

The eMBMS protocol layers are shown in Figure 2.3, as described in Figure 9 of [6].

2.3.3 Functional Layers

In eMBMS, there are three distinct functional layers: bearer, delivery method and user service. Figure 2.4 depicts these layers with examples of bearer types, delivery methods and applications, as described in Figure 1 of [6].

The eMBMS user service enables applications, which can have different require ments for delivering content [6]. It addresses service layer protocols and procedures 11

Figure 2.4: eMBMS functional layers

above the IP layer.

Some applications would use the download delivery method, while others would use the streaming delivery method. The download delivery method increases the efficiency of file distributions, and can also be used for dynamic adaptive stream ing over HTTP (DASH), which is an adaptive bitrate streaming technique. The streaming delivery method is intended for continuous reception such as in mobile

TV applications. Data can be encoded in different formats for both methods [4, 7].

Bearers provide the trasport mechanism for IP data. eMBMS and unicast bear ers may be used jointly in offering complete service capabilities, including other metadata [6].

The download delivery method includes three packet error recovery schemes.

The application layer forward error correction (AL-FEC) code is the main one, and permits the recovery of lost packets. Others are file repair procedures that may be point-to-point or point-to-multipoint, and its bearers. [4, 7]. 12

The user service description (USD) defines each transmission session, with the necessary information for the user equipment (UE) to find the content. Electronic program guide (EPG) and digital rights management (DRM) can also be imple mented [4, 7].

2.3.4 Physical Layer

The LTE downlink uses OFDM modulation, which among other benefits allows for flexible carrier bandwidth (1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz) and robustness to propagation delays. This modulation allows the use of SFN. Single mode or a combination of frequency-division duplex (FDD) and time-division duplex (TDD) is supported [4, 8]. In this study, it is considered a bandwidth of 20 MHz in TDD mode.

A subframe can carry several transport blocks, each having a checksum attached

(CRC) for error detection, with a trasmit time interval (TTI) of 1 ms. Signals received within the cyclic prefix (CP) duration are added as useful signal energy, while those received outside the CP will be seen as interference. The normal CP and extended CP (4.7 ps and 16.7 ps) are defined depending on the cell sizes to be deployed. Figure 2.5 shows the LTE frame structure [4].

eMBMS is time multiplexed with LTE unicast traffic. The current release allows in FDD mode that up to 6 out of 10 subframes, and in TDD mode up to 5, to be used for eMBMS. MBSFN transmission is used for the eMBMS subframes. The 13

Radio frame = 10 ms

eMBMS permissible eMBMS non* subframes permissible subframes

Subframe = 1.0 ms *------» Slot = 0.5 ms Slot = 0.5 ms

eMBMS OFDM symbol 3j -66.67 us | 16.67 |js (for extended CP used by eMBMS)

Figure 2.5: LTE frame structure

Time f 1 TTI perspective Unicast transmission Full Bandwidth I « j . MEJMS transmission (optional) One radio frame

Figure 2.6: Time multiplexing of eMBMS and unicast

unicast subframes can transmit different types of data. When using FDD, those subframes used in the downlink for eMBMS can be used for unicast uplink. eMBMS subframes without content can be used for unicast. The UE can receive eMBMS and unicast services simultaneously [4, 7]. Figure 2.6 shows the time multiplexing between eMBMS and unicast transmissions. 14

2.3.5 Architecture eMBMS has an evolved architecture in order to support MBSFN, which requires the upgrade of the mobility management entity (MME) and the evolved node B (eNB).

New entities and interfaces have been introduced for eMBMS, such as: broadcast- multicast service center (BM-SC), MBMS gateway, and multi-cell/multicast coor dination entity (MCE), which can be separate or integrated to the eNB [9]. Figure

2.7 shows the eMBMS architecture. This architecture is required when allocating the radio resources across different cells when implementing a MBSFN [4, 7].

Figure 2.7: eMBMS architecture

The functional elements of the eMBMS architecture include [9, 4]:

BM -SC: The BM-SC is the entry point for transmissions arriving from the content 15

provider.

M BM S G W : The MBMS gateway is located between the content provider and the eNBs, and is part of the evolved packet core (EPC). The gateway is part of the eMBMS session start/setup on the LTE radio access network (RAN).

M M E: The MME is responsible for session control signaling.

M CE: The MCE defines the radio allocation for the services (subframe, modulation and coding scheme) and coordinates the SFN transmission in the same MBSFN area. eNB: The eNB is the evolved base station in LTE responsible for multiplexing, framing, channel coding, modulation and transmission.

2.3.6 MBSFN Transmission eMBMS can transmit in SFN in one or various cells. Transmitting the same content in multiples cells forms a MBSFN, as shown in Figure 2.8. If an MBSFN with multiple cells is established, the same information for the muticast channel (MCH) should be transmitted in all of them, using identical characteristics. The MCH received by the UE from multiple cells will appear as a single one. The content should also be synchronized, ensuring that the IP packet in MBSFN subframes is the same in all cells [4, 7].

Different MBSFN areas can overlap and coexist to form regional and nationwide coverage. Among other benefits, it brings a more consistent user experience, and 16

Figure 2.8: OFDM reception of SFN transmission

higher spectral efficiency [4, 7].

2.3.7 Quality of Service (QoS)

The QoS defines the throughput, latency, packet loss rate, and priority requirements for the multicast bearer. These requirements are ensured by the LTE RAN through the setting of prioritization and retransmission rate. eMBMS subframes are separate from unicast ones, not competing for the radio resources. The sum of all bitrates for the services provided is achieved by the correct density of eMBMS subframes allocated by the MCE [4, 7].

2.3.8 System Capacity eMBMS capacity is adjustable to the size of screen, content, coverage and spectrum availability. Table 2.1 shows examples of the capacity according to [5]. 17

Videos for mobile devices Videos for public T V service

0.5 Mbps 16 Mbps Typical bit rate for sports event, Typical bit rate for sports event, 540p, HEVC (H.265) coding 4K (UHD), HEVC (H.265) coding 2 bps/H z 2 bps/H z eMBMS spectral efficiency eMBMS spectral efficiency (Mix (Venue/dense urban scenario, of dense urban, rural scenarios, with a cluster of cells using with rooftop directional antenna eMBMS) for latter) 24 Streams 5 Streams For 10 MHz spectrum, utilizing For 40 MHz spectrum, utilizing 60% of resources for eMBMS full carrier (100%) for eMBMS

Table 2.1: eMBMS system capacity

V 18

Chapter 3

Compatibility Simulation

The goal of the simulation is to find the power levels and/or minimum distances between the two systems in which they can coexist, and also to show the coverage of both systems.

The main assumption of this study is that eMBMS can coexist in the UHF band with ISDB-T. In this case, it is possible to enjoy the advantages the literature shows about eMBMS, including no need for extra receiver in the device, its cellular network deployment suitable for dense urban areas, and its spectral efficiency [1].

The main contribution of this work, as described in this chapter, is to simulate whether eMBMS can coexist with ISDB-T in the UHF band (470-698 MHz), which is heavily used in countries such as Brazil. If so, it would be possible to provide both services, and increase the offering of mobile TV.

The study is based on the theoretical evaluation of coexistence scenarios between the two systems in the UHF band. Simulations are based on the Multi-Coupling 19

Loss (MCL) and Monte Carlo methodologies. Monte Carlo evalution is done us

ing the Spectrum Engineering Advanced Monte Carlo Analysis Tool (SEAMCAT).

Evaluation of the adjacent channel interference (unwanted signal) and blocking is

done.

After that, the availibility of part of UHF band in Brazil for eMBMS is shown,

based on the current use of the band. Finally, a coverage comparison is made for a

mid size city, through the use of the CloudRF tool.

3.1 Simulation Parameters

The parameters of each system are based on the requirements of the technical stan dards. For the eMBMS system, the channel bandwidth was chosen to be 20 MHz in the upper part of the UHF band (678-698 MHz) in order to be adjacent to the mobile services in the 700 MHz band (698-806 MHz). This scenario is an initial

assessment for deployment of eMBMS, and further channels could be given to it in

a step by step manner, from the upper to the lower part of the UHF band. The parameters for this analysis, mainly the power levels, were considered as the worst case scenario, in order to guarantee the operation of the existing service, in this case, the ISDB-T.

Table 3.1 shows the unwanted emission limits for the eMBMS eNB, as defined in

Table 6.6.3.1-3 of [11]. For the ISDB-T transmitter, unwanted emissions are defined in different spectrum masks in [12], as shown in Figure 3.1. For the purpose of this 20

Separation from the central carrier of the digital signal (M Hz)

Figure 3.1: ISDB-T TX spectrum mask

study, it was used the critical mask, as this is the case of deployment when there is

adjacent channel operation. The Loffset is the separation between the channel edge frequency and the centre of the measuring filter. Considering the eMBMS channel in 678-698 MHz band, and the ISDB-T adjacent channel 47 in 668-674 MHz band, then in this case the Loffset = 7 MHz.

Frequency offset of measure Frequency offset of measure Measurement ment filter centre frequency, Minimum requirement ment filter -3 dB point, A / bandwidth f-o ffse t

0.05 MHz < f-o ffse t < 7 / f-o ffse t \ 0 MHz < A / < 5 MHz 100 kHz 5.05 MHz 7dBm I 0.05 ) dB 5 \ M H z J

5 MHz < A f < 5.05 MHz < f.o ffs e t < — 14dBm 100 kHz m in(10M H z, A fmax) min (10.05 Af if 2 , / .o ff set max) 10.05 MHz < f.o ffs e t < 10MHz < A f < Afmax —13 dBm 100 kHz f —of f Setmax

Table 3.1: eMBMS eNB unwanted emission limits 21

The parameters used in the simulations are summarized in Tables 3.2 and 3.3.

The frequency for the eMBMS operation was chosen to facilitate its deployment in

Brazil, as it is the less used part of UHF band in the country. For the ISDB-T, channel 47 is the first adjacent channel. Power levels for ISDB-T were taken from the Brazilian regulation as mentioned in [10, 12]. The maximum power for eNB was used for eMBMS [11]. The receiver characteristics for both systems were taken from the respective technical standards [13, 14]. The remaining parameters were chosen in order to have an approximate coverage area of 10 km for both systems, based on different compatibility studies analyzed [10, 15], and the availability of TV channels in Brazil [18].

eM B M S Value Central frequency (MHz) 688 Bandwidth (MHz) 20 eNB antenna height (m) 30 eNB antenna gain (dBi) 16 eNB power (dBm) 43 Number of sectors 3 Downtilt (°) 3 Number of sites 19 Inter site distance - ISD (km) 4 UE antenna height (m) 1.5 UE antenna gain (dBi) 0 UE noise figure (dB) 9 UE noise floor (dBm/20 MHz) -91.97 UE sensitivity (dBm) -94 Blocking - ACS (dB) 27 I/N (dB) -6 UE distribution uniform eNB unwanted mask at A f = 7 MHz (dB m /100 kHz) -14 Propagation model Okumura-Hata

Table 3.2: eMBMS simulation parameters

Figure 3.2 shows the cell topology to achieve the 10 km radius coverage of a 22

ISDB-T Value Central frequency - CH 47 (MHz) 671 Bandwidth (MHz) 6 TX antenna height (m) 150 TX antenna gain (dBi) 14 Power class S A B C T X ERP (kW ) 100 8 0.8 0.08 TX EIRP (dBm) 82.15 71.18 61.18 51.18 Number of sites 1 Coverage radius (km) 10 RX antenna height (m) 10 RX antenna gain (dBi) 12 RX noise figure (dB) 10 RX noise floor (dBm/6 MHz) -96.20 RX sensitivity (dBm) -77 Blocking - PR (dB) -29 C/I for 64QAM and FEC 3/4 (dB) 19 I/N (dB) -10 RX distribution uniform TX unwanted mask at A/ = 14 MHz (dBc/10 kHz) -97 Propagation model ITU-R 1546-4

Table 3.3: ISDB-T simulation parameters single ISDB-T station, considering the simulation parameters.

The upcoming release of the eMBMS standards will allow for 100% allocation of the bandwidth to the the broadcast mode, in comparison with up to 60% possible in the current version [15], so 100% allocation is considered for this study. Considering this full allocation, there is no need for uplink interference analysis. In Brazil, there are 88 stations for channel 47, of which there are 3 stations in Special power class, 19 stations in the A class, 22 stations in the B class, and 44 stations in the C class [18].

The Monte Carlo analysis is done with ISDB-T in C class, in order to guarantee its operation. Calculations are done considering outdoor use.

eMBMS can operate using QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM, together with a fine 23

Figure 3.2: Cell topology for a coverage radius of 10 km

granularity of turbo code rates. This allows optimal selection of the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for the achievable SINR. The inter site distance (ISD) of 4 km was chosen considering the 95% coverage criteria and B LE R < le -3 , for a suburban area, compared to those parameters in [15, 7].

3.2 Propagation Models

Different propagation models were used based on the type of analysis needed for the purpose of this study. The choice of the suitable model depends on the type of the system, frequency of operation, and terrain condition. The result of each calculation is the pathloss (L), either for coverage or interfering signal prediction. The different models are described in the following subsections, where d is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver in kilometers, and / is the frequency of the system in MHz. 24

3.2.1 Free Space Path Loss

The free space path loss is the loss in signal strength considered for line-of-sight path, when there are no obstacles. The result gives a conservative value for the interference level in the MCL analysis. It is calculated through the following expression [10]:

Lfs = 201og10(d) log10(/) + 32.45 dB

3.2.2 Okumura-Hata

The Okumura-Hata is the most widely used propagation model for predicting the behaviour of cellular transmissions in urban and suburban areas. This model in corporates the graphical information from Okumura model and develops it further to realize the effects of diffraction, reflection and scattering caused by city struc tures. It was obtained from a measurement campaign held in Tokyo for frequencies between 100 MHz and 1920 MHz.

Firstly Okumura, through a set of curves allowed the determination of the av erage loss on the free space varying parameters such as the distance between trans mitter and receiver, operating frequency, antenna heights and correction factors de pending on the calculation environment. Later, Hata formalized the model through mathematical relationships between the parameters and figures, these mathematical expressions are known currently as the Okumura-Hata model.

This model is valid for frequencies between 150 and 1500 MHz, height of base 25

station antennas from 30 to 200 meters, heigth of the mobile station between 1 and 10 meters, and distances between 1 and 20 km [10]. Its basic expression is the following:

Loh = 69.55 + 26.16 log 10(/) - 13.82 logw(hB) - a(hM) + b(hB) log10(d) dB

3.2.3 ITU-R P. 1546-4

The Recommendation ITU-R R 1546-4 describes a method for point-to-area radio propagation predictions for terrestrial services in the frequency range 30 MHz to

3000 MHz, for paths up to 1000 km. The method is based on interpolation/ex trapolation from empirically derived field-strength curves as functions of distance, antenna height, frequency and percentage of time. The calculation methodology includes the electric field prediction based on data obtained from measurements for different frequencies (100 MHz, 600 MHz, 2000 MHz), distances (1-1000 km), heights of transmitting station (10.20, 37.5, 75, 150, 300, 600 and 1,200 m), variability of the locations (1 to 99%) and temporal variability (1 to 50%) [10].

3.2.4 Longley Rice

The Longley Rice model is a method for predicting the attenuation of radio signals in the frequency ranges from 20 MHz to 20 GHz. It is also known as the irregular terrain model (ITM). It was created for the frequency planning in television broadcasting 26

in the United States, and has two parts: a model for predictions over an area and a model for point-to-point predictions [17].

3.3 Multi-Coupling Loss (MCL) Simulation

The MCL methodology calculates the isolation needed between the interfering and the victim system to ensure that there is no interference. The result of a MCL calcu lation is the minimum separation distance considering the appropriate propagation loss model. In this study it was considered the Free Space Path Loss model for a conservative value, and the Okumura-Hata model for a more realistic result [10].

The steps for the calculation are:

Maximum equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) that the receiver can accept from the unwanted signal:

EIRPmaxOOB ~ R X n 0 iS 6 f l 0 0 Tvictim -f- G victim

Out-of-band (OOB) EIRP from the interfering system:

EIRP,OOB = ( Pinterfering UnW(lTitcdmas^ j -|- Ginterfering

Pathloss for different distances between the systems so that:

EIRPmaxOOB — E IR P 'OOB I'pathloss 27

3.3.1 MCL simulation results

The propagation models and MCL analysis are calculated with the use of Excel.

The results in each case are shown in the following sections.

a) eMBMS eNB interfering in the ISDB-T receiver:

eNB ISOB-T RX

Figure 3.3: eMBMS eNB interfering in the ISDB-T RX

Figure 3.3 shows the example of an eMBMS eNB interfering in the ISDB-T receiver. The results of the MCL analysis for different distances in this case are in

Table 3.4.

Parameter Value ISDB-T RX EIRPrnaxOOB (dBm/6 MHz) -1 18.20 eNB E I R P o o B (dB m /6 MHz) 19.78 Distance between the interfering and victim (km) 0.1 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 L f s for Free Space Path Loss (dB) 68.98 88.98 102.96 108.98 112.50 L 0h for Okumura-Hata (dB) N/A 102.60 127.22 137.82 144.03 eNB EIRP q o b ~ L fs (dBm/6 MHz) -49.20 -69.20 -83.18 -89.20 -92.72 eNB EIRP q o b ~ L oh (dBm/6 MHz) N/A -81.81 -107.44 -118.04 -124.24

Table 3.4: MCL results: eMBMS eNB interfering in the ISDB-T RX 28

For the MCL method, there is no interference when Lpathioss > E IR P oob —

E IR Pmax0oB, which in this case is when L > 137.98 dB. Considering the Okumura-

Hata model, the minimum separation distance between the two systems to avoid interference is 10.1 km. Alternatively, applying a mitigation filter at the eMBMS eNB, with additional attenuation of 36 dB, would reduce the separation distance to less than 1 km. b) ISDB-T TX interfering in the eMBMS UE: | I

£ = 3 3

eM B M S UE

Figure 3.4: ISDB-T TX interfering in the eMBMS UE

Figure 3.4 shows the example of an ISDB-T TX interfering in the eMBMS UE.

The results of the MCL analysis for different distances in this case are in Table 3.5.

For the MCL method, there is no interference when Lpathioss > EIRP oob —

EIRPmaxooB, which in this case, considering the different power classes (S, A, B,

C) is when L > (121.36,110.39,100.39,90.39) dB. Considering the Okumura-Hata model, there is no interference for class A, B and C stations. In the case of a S 29

Parameter Value UE EIRPrnax00B (dBm/20 MHz) -9 7 .9 7 Power class SA B C ISD B-T T X E IR P q q b (dBm/20 MHz) 23.39 12.42 2.42 -7.58 Distance between the interfering and victim (km) 0.1 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 L f s for Free Space Path Loss (dB) 69.20 89.20 103.18 109.20 112.72 L0h for Okumura-Hata (dB) N/A 113.70 135.12 144.35 149.74 S class ISDB-T TX EIRPqqb ~ Lfs (dBm/20 MHz) -45.81 -65.81 -79.79 -85.81 -89.33 A class ISDB-T TX EIRPqob ~ Lfs (dBm/20 MHz) -56.78 -76.78 -90.76 -96.78 -100.30 B class ISDB-T T X EIR P 0 OB ~ L fs (dBm/20 MHz) -66.78 -86.78 -100.76 -106.78 -110.30 C class ISDB-T TX EIRPqob ~ Lfs (dBm/20 MHz) -76.78 -96.78 -110.76 -116.78 -120.30 S class ISDB-T TX EIRPqqb ~ Loh (dBm/20 MHz) N/A -90.31 -111.73 -120.96 -126.35 A class ISDB-T TX EIRPqqb ~ Loh (dBm/20 MHz) N/A -101.28 -122.70 -131.93 -137.32 B class ISD B-T T X EIRP0 0 b ~ Loh (dBm/20 MHz) N/A -111.28 -132.70 -141.93 -147.32 C class ISD B-T T X EIRPqqb ~ Loh (dBm/20 MHz) N/A -121.28 -142.70 -151.93 -157.32

Table 3.5: MCL results: ISDB-T TX interfering in the eMBMS UE class station, the minimum separation distance between the two systems to avoid interference is 1.7 km. Also, further attenuation in short distances (less than 1 km) can be considered due to the antenna vertical pattern, which for the antenna in this study would be -14 dB at 0.1 km, and -1 dB at 1 km.

eMBMS is more robust to interference. So the worst case for the interference analysis is the eMBMS eNB in the ISDB-T receiver.

3.4 Monte Carlo Simulation

The Monte Carlo methodology permits statistical modelling of different radio inter ference scenarios. The SEAMCAT tool (see Appendix A), used for this simulation, is used to apply this methodology, and generates the wanted and interfering signal

at a victim receiver. With that, the probability of interference can be calculated 30

I Interfering Victim Link ^ Link Receiver -► . < — Receiver f h \ (VLR)

Victim Link ^ J[ ^ Interfering Link if Transmitter Transmitter (ILT) (VLT)

Figure 3.5: SEAMCAT link definitions

[16]-

This methodology is applied in some studies to model interference with better accuracy, mainly to consider the aggregate interference from multiple users. The locations of the victim receivers and transmitters, as well as the power transmission characteristics of the equipment and particular receptors are described in detail.

This approach reflects the statistical variations that appear when one or more inter ference is dominant. The calculation results also provide a more realistic assessment of loss of LTE network capacity [10].

Figure 3.5 shows the link definitions when analyzing the different scenarios of the simulation. 31

3.4.1 Monte Carlo simulation results a) eMBMS interfering in the ISDB-T receiver:

For this analysis, the eMBMS is the interfering link, and the ISDB-T is the victim link. The victim link transmitter (VLT) was set at different distances from the interfering link transmitter (ILT), and the probability of interference was calculated.

The two systems compatibility is proven when the probability of interference is below

1% [10]. Alternatively, in some cases, to achieve the compatibility, it is proposed a power reduction in the ILT, which can mean either the use of small cells, or the addition of an extra filter in the eNB.

The interference occurs when 7 < 19 dB for the ISDB-T receiver. The simula tion was set for 100,000 events.

I , I:

i < eMBMS >Tx • Tx Rx Rx

Figure 3.6: System map when VLT is centralized with ILT 32

Figure 3.7: eMBMS eNB power vs interference probability when VLT is centralized with ILT

In the first simulation, the results in Figure 3.6 shows the map with the eMBMS transmitters and ISDB-T receivers when the VLT is centralized with the ILT. In this case, there is a 45.50% probability of interference. As shown in Figure 3.7, the probability of interference drops to below 1% when the eMBMS eNB power is less than 14 dBm. This means either power reduction or filter of 29 dB.

In the second analysis, Figure 3.8 shows the map with the eMBMS transmitters and ISDB-T receivers when the VLT is 10 km from the ILT. In this case, there is a 28.30% probability of interference. As shown in Figure 3.9, the probability of interference drops to below 1% when the eMBMS eNB power is less than 19 dBm.

This means either power reduction or filter of 24 dB.

In the third case, Figure 3.10 shows the map with the eMBMS transmitters and

ISDB-T receivers when the VLT is 15 km from the ILT. In this case, there is a 8.37% probability of interference. As shown in Figure 3.11, the probability of interference drops to below 1% when the eMBMS eNB power is less than 25 dBm. This means 33

_...4..__ t___ i. ■ * ■ . .["*♦....<

1 ...... :♦..... ■ • • * ♦ r ♦..... i#.... * T ‘*1 M l— i Lj*—Jt.j l*...... p...... p.: :♦ ♦: f t r r i t : ♦ [***__ I_____ 4 i.... ’♦*"* l jn u -j ♦ r ♦“*' i ■ ■ : '\9 " ■ '■¥...... __ 1# l"*~#.... ♦ l Z j ; * ■ * ■ L ♦ [“♦'.... . *

{ ■ Tx • T» « < eMBMS> Rx <1SDBT> Rx|

Figure 3.8: System map when VLT is 10 km from ILT

Translation points (dBm or dB - depending on the selected ti ansmtttef parameter)

Figure 3.9: eMBMS eNB power vs interference probability when VLT is 10 km from ILT

either power reduction or filter of 18 dB.

Finally, Figure 3.12 shows the map with the eMBMS transmitters and ISDB-

T receivers when the VLT is 20 km from the ILT. In this case, there is a 0.82% probability of interference. 34

10 ]• 9 hi....t...... t...... i...... t* —»... 8 ... 1...... 1... 7 ...... f...... i * — i....-•»{- - • — |...... j.... b • r - » ...... f; ~ "_ + '& ♦ : * 1 *... ■ ■ ■ ■ 3 ...p r ~ * ? 2 . . . . . ♦ ! 1 ~ h .. * 1 $ 0 '— * - 4 ...... t * ...... T---- **4* • • S*• -i k i ..... k .... i.... -3 — .... - ..i...... ■ * ■ ; ■ ! * T 1 -4 ...... ]...... f " ■**“ ;.... -6 ...A .... T jfrriT itT rt'" ■ ■ • -8 -9 i ——J------4...... j....

-22.5 -20.0 -17,5 -15.0 -12.5 -10.0 -75 -SjO -2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 X Distance (km)

1 ■ < eMBMS > T* ♦ <1SDBT> Tx Rx Rx|

Figure 3.10: System map when VLT is 15 km from ILT

Translation points (dBm or dB - depending on the selected transmitter parameter)

Figure 3.11: eMBMS eNB power vs interference probability when VLT is 15 km from ILT

b) ISDB-T interfering in the eMBMS UE:

For this analysis, the ISDB-T is the interfering link, and the eMBMS is the victim link. The victim link transmitter (VLT) was set centralized with the interfering link transmitter (ILT). In this case, the ISDB-T transmitter considered was in C 35

i......

.... |i JfT’] j.. |...... [ - - f ...... r ....." p ' j ‘— 4 ....— l frli) ____i ...... ■ • ■ ■ * r . L J l - j ___ t ___ t ..... J ___ J____ T1 ...... ift j f cW* j L T - v ^ ______4^_...... 4.....—4*.....-4—..... i—...... jf* ~ • 1 . j...... 1 1 #

l L - U m * t — i...... t ...... L ...... s .v I : r in ! r t t * j____ j____ {..... ______7j...... ;____ ...... 7...... { ♦ j» + 4 4 P Xp* - W 4 f...... l____ L____1____ L____L____ i...... i____ i ...... i.....* j...... i..... ■ ■ ■ ■ ~r...... ■ j. .4 ... , -i...... j ..... X...... — f-— f ------\------||f— : i ± z S : z t ’ ■ m ■ m ...... L ... — ...i~— i...... 4 ...... j“..... 4...... 1...... f ...... f ....-4 ...... j...... t ...... [...... -i...... \— • __ L...... ;...... |...... L...... 1".’..... Til...... :...... 1...... 7"'*. i...... 1 ...... - •...... -275 -25.0 -225 -20-0 -175 -15.0 -125 -10.0 -75 -5.0 -25 0,0 25 5.0 75 X Distance (km)

[■ < eMBMS? T:> • T* < eMBMS > Rx F - j

Figure 3.12: System map when VLT is 20 km from ILT

power class, as it represents the majority of cases deployed in Brazil. It was used the adjacent channel selectivity (ACS) of 27 dB for the UE. The VLT network topology, with 19 sites, is shown in Figure 3.13. The simulation was set for 10,000 events.

Figure 3.14 shows the map with the ISDB-T transmitter and the eMBMS re ceivers when the VLT is centralized with the ILT. The mean results for the 19 sites cell network are: UE receiver power of -66.73 dBm, unwanted power of -162.51 dBm and blocking power of -109.16 dBm. The average bitrate loss for the system was 0.231%. This shows that there is no unwanted emissions interference, and no significant interference due to blocking. 36

Figure 3.13: eMBMS cell network of 19 sites

3.5 Coverage Comparison

The two systems have different network topologies. One way to compare them is through the predicted coverage. Through the use of the CloudRF tool (see Appendix

B), the predicted coverage for both systems is plotted. For this comparison, it was chosen a mid size city in Brazil, with suburban environment. The system parameters

are the same as those for the compatibility analysis. Both were set for a coverage

radius of 10 km. The terrain is considered, and the simulation uses the Longley

Rice propagation model.

Figure 3.15 shows the coverage of one ISDB-T transmitter. The received signal

levels are shown for the minimum reception of -77 dBm (blue), the good outdoor reception of -57 dBm (green), and indoor reception o f -37 dBm (red) [14]. 37

3 ? 2 w I 4*1 1.M k.a.. Lr * i *i < ! • ~4— .. \ . 8 -» ! - *; * ' 4 * 4 - 4 r-'J*- 4 +....

HPH 4 * r r 4-A-4 i-

-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 - 3 -2-10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 * Ostdnce (I'm)

t Tx • < eMBMS > Jx Rx Rx

Figure 3.14: System map when VLT is centralized with ILT

Figure 3.15: ISDB-T coverage of Campo Grande, Brazil 38

Figure 3.16: eMBMS coverage of Campo Grande, Brazil

Simillarly, Figure 3.16 shows the coverage for a network of 19 sites and 57 cells of an eMBMS network. The received signal levels are shown for the minimum reception of -94 dBm (blue), the good outdoor reception of -80 dBm (green), and indoor reception of -60 dBm (red) [13]. In this comparison it can be seen that the eMBMS with multiple stations has a better coverage at the edge of the covered area in comparison to the ISDB-T with a single station. 39

3.6 Spectrum Availability in Brazil

In the Brazilian National Agency of Telecomunications (Anatel) database for ISDB-

T television [18], there are 383 stations in the channels 48 to 51 range, which cor responds to the 20 MHz bandwidth proposed for eMBMS in this study. There is also 88 stations using channel 47, for which the simulation study showed that the compatibility is viable.

Figure 3.17: ISDB-T stations in Brazil

Figure 3.17 shows all the stations in this range, considering their approved service countour. In red is all the stations using channel 47, and in grey the ones in the 40

channels 48 to 51 range. With this Figure, it is possible to conclude that the 20

MHz bandwidth proposed for the eMBMS operation is widely available in Brazil, and could then be used to complement the provision of mobile TV services.

3.7 Summary of Results

The main assumption of this study was that eMBMS could coexist with ISDB-T in the UHF band. The MCL simulation showed that both systems can coexist when the eMBMS eNB is at least 10 km from the ISDB-T Receiver. Monte Carlo simulation showed that the eMBMS eNB needs to be outside of the ISDB-T TX coverage area.

Furthermore, comparing the coverage of ISDB-T and eMBMS in a mid size city in Brazil, eMBMS showed a better performance for gaps and indoor reception. A look at the TV channels distribution in Brazil shows that the assumed 20 MHz band for eMBMS is available in most parts of the country. 41

Chapter 4

Conclusions

People want to watch TV on their mobile phones, being able to consume content on multiple screens anytime, anywhere, but current solutions have limitations. eMBMS is part of LTE standards, and has the capacity to distribute the same content to pro vide service to various users within its coverage area. Compared to other standards, it is more flexible due to adjustable bandwidth, and cellular network topology, not requiring a separate receiver at the UE.

The coexistence of an eMBMS network in the 678-698 MHz band, with an ISDB-

T network in the 668-674 MHz (CH 47), is possible when the eMBMS TX is outside the ISDB-T TX coverage area. eMBMS showed a better performance for gaps and indoor reception, when comparing its network coverage with an ISDB-T coverage for a mid size city. It is possible to use the 20 MHz band for eMBMS in most parts of Brazil, allowing for a phased approach in the deployment of new mobile TV networks. 42

eMBMS can share the resources with unicast sessions, meaning that eMBMS could be deployed under the existing spectrum and regulatory requirements for the

LTE bands. Under these considerations, eMBMS proves to have advantages to be considered as a next generation mobile TV technology. 43

Chapter 5

Appendix

5.1 Appendix A: SEAMCAT

“The Spectrum Engineering Advanced Monte Carlo Analysis Tool (SEAMCAT) is a free of charge software simulation tool developed at the European Communications

Office (ECO). It is based on the Monte Carlo simulation methodology, and permits statistical modelling of different radio interference scenarios. The tool allows for sharing and compatibility studies between radio systems in the same or adjacent frequency bands.

The Monte Carlo method is a statistical methodology for the simulation of ran dom processes by randomly taking values from a probability density function. A radio communication system is made up of a series of variables. Therefore, if a user defines correctly the input values of a system then by taking enough samples a real life system can be simulated. SEAMCAT has been designed to apply the Monte 44

Carlo method in order to generate the desired (wanted) and interfering signal levels at a victim receiver; the probability of interference can then be calculated.

The user defines the radio systems parameters as either constant, such as a base stations position, or as a variable, such as mobile station position. Then by running a Monte Carlo process the mobile position will vary randomly within its distribution curve and all the variables that will change with the mobiles location such as path loss will be calculated for each new position. Up to 20 functions of the radio system

- all with a range of variables - can be modelled in SEAMCAT. Reliable results are obtained by applying a large number of samples/events (> 20,000)” [16].

Figure 5.1 shows an example the tool result screen.

5.2 Appendix B: CloudRF

“The CloudRF web interface offers on demand radio planning software supported by significant reference data. It can be used on any modern device with a web browser and data from it can be exported into popular desktop GIS applications” [17].

Figure 5.2 shows an example the tool result screen. 43

Chapter 5

Appendix

5.1 Appendix A: SEAMCAT

The Spectrum Engineering Advanced Monte Carlo Analysis Tool (SEAMCAT) is a free of charge software simulation tool developed at the European Communications

Carlo method in order to generate the desired (wanted) and interfering signal levels at a victim receiver; the probability of interference can then be calculated.

- all with a range of variables - can be modelled in SEAMCAT. Reliable results are obtained by applying a large number of samples/events (> 20,000) [16].

Figure 5.1 shows an example the tool result screen.

5.2 Appendix B: CloudRF

The CloudRF web interface offers on demand radio planning software supported by significant reference data. It can be used on any modern device with a web browser and data from it can be exported into popular desktop GIS applications [17].

Figure 5.2 shows an example the tool result screen. 45

• I <>* W I I #* ^4 M 41 N it ** >1 •> #1

ti * mw w nim jljbu *» " <\

Figure 5.1: SEAMCAT screen example 46

Figure 5.2: SEAMCAT screen example 47

Bibliography

[1] Qualcomm, “LTE Broadcast - A revenue enabler in the mobile media

era,” Qualcomm, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.qualcomm.com/

d ocum ents/lte-broadcast-revenue-enabler-m obile-m edia-era [Accessed:

Apr. 4, 2015].

[2] Chari, Murali, et. al., “FLO physical layer: an overview,” IIEEE Transactions

on Broadcasting, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 145-159, Mar. 2007.

[3] Wikipedia, ISDB-T International, [Online], Available: https ://e n . w ikipedia.

org/w iki/ISD B -T_International [Accessed: Aug. 1, 2015].

[4] ITU, “Audio-visual capabilities and applications supported by terrestrial IMT

systems,” Draft New Report ITU-R M. [IMT.AV], Jul. 2015. [Online]. Avail

able: h ttp s : //w w w .itu. int/m d/R12-SG05-C-0203/_page.print [Accessed:

Jun. 26, 2015].

[5] Qualcomm, “LTE Broadcast - Evolving and going beyond mobile,” Qual- 48

comm, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.qualcomm.com/documents/

lte-broadcast-evolving-and-going-beyond-mobile [Accessed: Apr. 15,

2015],

[6] Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Multimedia Broad

cast/Multicast Service (MBMS); Protocols and codecs, 3GPP TS 26.346 V13.1.0

, Jun. 2015.

[7] EBU, “Delivery of Broadcast Content over LTE Networks,” EBU TR 027, Jul.

2014.

[8] Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Physical layer aspects for

evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), 3GPP TR 25.814 V7.1.0,

Sep. 2006.

[9] Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Multimedia Broad

cast/Multicast Service (MBMS); Architecture and functional description, 3GPP

TS 23.246 V13.1.0, Jun. 2015.

[10] Abinee, “Coexistence Test Project between the Brazilian Digital Television

System and LTE in the 700MHz band (3GPP Band 28),” Abinee Report 1,

2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.abinee.org.br/informac/arquivos/

relsim.pdf [Accessed: Apr. 20, 2015].

[11] Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Ter- 49

restrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base Station (BS) radio transmission and re

ception, 3GPP TS 36.104 V13.0.0, Jul. 2015.

[12] Digital terrestrial television - Transmission system, ABNT NBR 15601, Apr.

2008.

[13] Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Ter

restrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and

reception, 3GPP TS 36.101 V13.0.0, Jul. 2015.

[14] Digital terrestrial television - Receivers, ABNT NBR 15604, Nov. 2007.

[15] Huschke, Jrg, et. al., “Spectrum requirements for TV broadcast services using

cellular transmitters,” IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum

Access Networks (DySPAN), pp. 22-31, May 2011.

[16] SEAMCAT Handbook, European Communications Office, pp. 1-8, Jan. 2010.

[Online]. Available: http: //www. c e p t. or g /f iles/1050/documents/SEAMCAT°/0

20Handbook°/020January7o202010.pdf [Accessed: Jun. 22, 2015].

[17] CloudRF Web Interface, CLOUDRF.COM, 2015. [Online]. Available: https:

//w eb. clou drf . com /docs/web/ [Accessed: Ago. 1, 2015].

[18] ANATEL, Basic Plan of Digital Television, [Online]. Available:

http://sistemas.anatel.gov.br/siscom/consplanobasico/default.

asp?SISQSmodulo=2605 [Accessed: Jul. 26, 2015].