A Rationalist Argument for Libertarian Free Will

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Rationalist Argument for Libertarian Free Will A rationalist argument for libertarian free will Stylianos Panagiotou PhD University of York Philosophy August 2020 Abstract In this thesis, I give an a priori argument in defense of libertarian free will. I conclude that given certain presuppositions, the ability to do otherwise is a necessary requirement for substantive rationality; the ability to think and act in light of reasons. ‘Transcendental’ arguments to the effect that determinism is inconsistent with rationality are predominantly forwarded in a Kantian manner. Their incorporation into the framework of critical philosophy renders the ontological status of their claims problematic; rather than being claims about how the world really is, they end up being claims about how the mind must conceive of it. To make their ontological status more secure, I provide a rationalist framework that turns them from claims about how the mind must view the world into claims about the ontology of rational agents. In the first chapter, I make some preliminary remarks about reason, reasons and rationality and argue that an agent’s access to alternative possibilities is a necessary condition for being under the scope of normative reasons. In the second chapter, I motivate rationalism about a priori justification. In the third chapter, I present the rationalist argument for libertarian free will and defend it against objections. Several objections rest on a compatibilist understanding of an agent’s abilities. To undercut them, I devote the fourth chapter, in which I give a new argument for incompatibilism between free will and determinism, which I call the situatedness argument for incompatibilism. If the presuppositions of the thesis are granted and the situatedness argument works, then we may be justified in thinking that to the extent that we are substantively rational, we are free in the libertarian sense. 2 Table of contents Abstract 2 Preface 5 Acknowledgements 6 Author’s declaration 7 Introduction 8 Chapter I 15 Section A: Reason, reasons and rationality 16 A.1 Reason 16 A.2 Kinds of reasons 19 A.3 Reasons and normativity 23 A.4 The double threshold theory of normative responsibility 32 A.4.1 OIC and PAP 38 A.4.2 Rationality as reasons-responsiveness 43 Section B: Rationality and the normative question 49 B.1 What is the normative question? 50 B.2 Divorcing rationality from normative reasons 52 B.2.1 Structural requirements 52 B.2.2 Substantive and structural rationality 57 B.2.2.1 The first reply 61 B.2.2.2 Coherence and conspiracy 65 B.3 The error theoretic objection 66 Conclusion 74 Chapter II 76 Section A: the concept of a priori Justification 76 A.1 Internalism and externalism about justification 77 A.2 Experience, sense-experience and independence 80 Section B: Deficiency arguments 86 B.1 Rationale 86 B.2 Possible reactions 91 B.2.1 Rationalism 94 B.2.2 Kantianism 96 B.2.3 Logical empiricism 98 B.2.4 Radical empiricism 100 Section C: the case for a priori justification 103 C.1 A priori justification and the law of non-contradiction 104 C.1.1 Contradictions and radical empiricism 105 3 C.1.2 Contradictions and fallibility 110 C.1.3 Inadequacy and occultness 115 Conclusion 122 Chapter III 125 Section A: the argument 126 Section B: objections 134 B.1 Reducing normative facts to evaluative facts 135 B.2 A compatibilist account of OIC and PAP 140 B.3 The objection from chance 145 B.4 Problems with alternative possibilities 149 B.4.1 Yaffe’s objection to the derivation of PAP from OIC 150 B.4.2 The semi-compatibilist objection 152 B.4.3 The asymmetrical objection 155 B.5 Lack of voluntary control over belief 161 B.6 The possibility of a-rationalism 164 Conclusion 166 Chapter IV 169 Section A: What would make free will impossible? 169 A.1 The concept’s constituent notions 170 A.2 The conditional analysis of ability 180 A.2.1 Traditional criticisms of the conditional analysis of ability 182 A.2.2 Reformed conditional analyses of abilities 184 A.2.3 The situatedness argument 191 Section B: Is determinism committed to what would make free will impossible? 201 B.1 Issues in defining determinism 203 B.1.1 Traditional formulations 205 B.1.2 Two versions of determinism 207 B.2 The question of compatibility 209 B.2.1 Free will and RCD 210 B.2.2 Free will and NHD 215 Conclusion 217 Conclusion of the thesis 220 Bibliography 227 4 Preface This is a thesis about libertarian free will and normative reasons. It aims to show that beings that are under the scope of normative reasons, are free in a robust libertarian sense. It takes insights from transcendental arguments against determinism and reframes them in a rationalistic framework, in order to free them from the frequently Kantian nature in which they are argued for and the restrictions it poses for the ultimate status of ontological claims. Instead of focusing predominantly on moral reasons, this thesis focuses on epistemic reasons as well. It is held that the conditions for being under the scope of normative reasons in the moral domain are structurally the same with the conditions for being under the scope of normative reasons in the epistemic domain. It is argued that such conditions have to involve the agent’s access to alternative possibilities of action. Assuming that knowledge requires our access to epistemic reasons, we are led to the conclusion that to hold each other accountable to reasons, as well as beings capable of knowing that such and such is the case, we have to hold ourselves and others as beings with libertarian free will. Due to the limited amount of space that a PhD project allows for, certain presuppositions are made, which are not defended. Unfortunate though this may be, it is a necessity for a project of this sort. Such presuppositions are: i) the falsity of global epistemic skepticism, ii) an internalist conception of justification, iii) The Kantian OIC principle (OIC), iv) a verification transcendent conception of truth and v) a conception of reasons as irreducibly normative. The topics that this thesis deals with are many and some are treated in an inconclusive manner. All that I aim to achieve in this project is to develop the outlines of a philosophical position, according to which, rather than beings its enemies, rationalism and human situatedness are free will’s greatest allies. 5 Acknowledgements This work is dedicated to my parents, Matthew Panagiotou and Vicky Kolintza, and my partner Stella Antoniou. First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Prof Tom Stoneham. He gave me the benefit of the doubt at a time few were willing to and even fewer did. His support throughout the years, his willingness to discuss a wide range of philosophical topics and his emphasis on logical precision have made his contribution to my intellectual development, indispensable. Without any reservation, I can proudly call him ‘teacher’. More than anyone, he knows the gravity that this term has. Second, I wish to express my gratitude to several members of faculty, the administrative staff at the Department of Philosophy, as well as other PhD researchers at the University of York. Special thanks go to members of faculty for whose courses, I taught seminars and with whom we collaborated for administrative tasks. In alphabetical order, they are Dr Stephen Everson, Dr David Ingram, Dr Chris Jay, Dr Nick Jones, Dr Barry Lee, Prof Mary Leng, Dr Christian Piller and Dr David Worsley. Special thanks go to Dr Janet Eldred for providing me with moral support throughout these years. On several occasions, one of them crucial for this thesis, she was willing to listen to what troubled me and offered her advice in a manner that shows she did and does care. Third, I want to thank my friend, John Blechl. He has always been there for me and our philosophical discussions have always been breaths of fresh air. Finally, I want to thank Prof Derk Pereboom (Cornell University) and Prof Alan Thomas (University of York) for agreeing to examine this thesis. 6 Author’s declaration I declare that this thesis is a presentation of original work and I am the sole author. This work has not previously been presented for an award at this, or any other, University. All sources are acknowledged as References. 7 Introduction This thesis defends libertarian free will. Its goal it to show that free will is a necessary requirement of substantive rationality –the ability to think and act in light of reasons- and our ability to know things to be the case. Various arguments have been given to that effect which are loosely called ‘transcendental’ and build on the insight that beings capable of reasoning must have a kind of freedom. Nevertheless, they are frequently argued for in a Kantian manner. Such a Kantian treatment of the argument seems to me to be quite restraining when it comes to claims about free will, due to the status of ontological claims in the context of critical philosophy. They are reduced to claims about how we must perceive the world; not how the world is. To do so would be to violate the very tenets of the critical project, according to which, pure reason cannot give us knowledge when it escapes the domain of sensible intuitions. It seems to me though, that those in the business of making ontological claims, such as claims about free will, do seem to make claims of a sort that Kantianism is in tension with. Precisely for that reason, I aim to reframe the insights of such arguments in a rationalistic framework which is more suitable to incorporate ontological claims about reality, among its confines.
Recommended publications
  • At Least in Biophysical Novelties Amihud Gilead
    The Twilight of Determinism: At Least in Biophysical Novelties Amihud Gilead Department of Philosophy, Eshkol Tower, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838 Email: [email protected] Abstract. In the 1990s, Richard Lewontin referred to what appeared to be the twilight of determinism in biology. He pointed out that DNA determines only a little part of life phenomena, which are very complex. In fact, organisms determine the environment and vice versa in a nonlinear way. Very recently, biophysicists, Shimon Marom and Erez Braun, have demonstrated that controlled biophysical systems have shown a relative autonomy and flexibility in response which could not be predicted. Within the boundaries of some restraints, most of them genetic, this freedom from determinism is well maintained. Marom and Braun have challenged not only biophysical determinism but also reverse-engineering, naive reductionism, mechanism, and systems biology. Metaphysically possibly, anything actual is contingent.1 Of course, such a possibility is entirely excluded in Spinoza’s philosophy as well as in many philosophical views at present. Kant believed that anything phenomenal, namely, anything that is experimental or empirical, is inescapably subject to space, time, and categories (such as causality) which entail the undeniable validity of determinism. Both Kant and Laplace assumed that modern science, such as Newton’s physics, must rely upon such a deterministic view. According to Kant, free will is possible not in the phenomenal world, the empirical world in which we 1 This is an assumption of a full-blown metaphysics—panenmentalism—whose author is Amihud Gilead. See Gilead 1999, 2003, 2009 and 2011, including literary, psychological, and natural applications and examples —especially in chemistry —in Gilead 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014a–c, and 2015a–d.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Philosophy Rev
    Designed by John Cornet, Phoenix HS (Ore) Western Philosophy rev. September 2012 The very process of philosophy has been a driving force in the tranformation of the world. From the figure who dwells upon how to achieve power, to the minister who contemplates the paradox of the only truth (their faith) yet which is also stagnent, to the astronomers who are searching the stars for signs of other civilizations, to the revolutionaries who sought to construct a national government which would protect the rights of the minority, the very exercise of philosophy and philosophical thought is at a core of human nature. Philosophy addresses what are sometimes called the "big questions." These include questions of morality and ethics, ideology/faith,, politics, the truth of knowledge, the nature of reality, and the meaning of human existance (...just to name a few!) (Religion addresses some of the same questions, but while philosophy and religion overlap in some questions, they can and do differ significantly in the approach they take to answering them.) Subject Learning Outcomes Skills-Based Learning Outcomes Behavioral Expectations and Grading Policy Develop an appreciation for and enjoyment of Organize, maintain and learn how to study from a learning, particularly in how learning should subject-specific notebook Attendance, participation and cause us to question what we think we know Be able to demonstrate how to take notes (including being prepared are daily and have a willingness to entertain new utilizing two-column format) expectations perspectives on issues. Be able to engage in meaningful, substantive discussion A classroom culture of respect and Students will develop familiarity with major with others.
    [Show full text]
  • Causality and Determinism: Tension, Or Outright Conflict?
    1 Causality and Determinism: Tension, or Outright Conflict? Carl Hoefer ICREA and Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona Draft October 2004 Abstract: In the philosophical tradition, the notions of determinism and causality are strongly linked: it is assumed that in a world of deterministic laws, causality may be said to reign supreme; and in any world where the causality is strong enough, determinism must hold. I will show that these alleged linkages are based on mistakes, and in fact get things almost completely wrong. In a deterministic world that is anything like ours, there is no room for genuine causation. Though there may be stable enough macro-level regularities to serve the purposes of human agents, the sense of “causality” that can be maintained is one that will at best satisfy Humeans and pragmatists, not causal fundamentalists. Introduction. There has been a strong tendency in the philosophical literature to conflate determinism and causality, or at the very least, to see the former as a particularly strong form of the latter. The tendency persists even today. When the editors of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy asked me to write the entry on determinism, I found that the title was to be “Causal determinism”.1 I therefore felt obliged to point out in the opening paragraph that determinism actually has little or nothing to do with causation; for the philosophical tradition has it all wrong. What I hope to show in this paper is that, in fact, in a complex world such as the one we inhabit, determinism and genuine causality are probably incompatible with each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Reliabilism Without Epistemic Consequentialism
    Reliabilism without Epistemic Consequentialism Abstract This paper argues that reliabilism can plausibly live without epistemic consequentialism, either as part of a non-consequentialist normative theory or as a non-normative account of knowledge on a par with certain accounts of the metaphysics of perception and action. It argues moreover that reliabilism should not be defended as a consequentialist theory. Its most plausible versions are not aptly dubbed ‘consequentialist’ in any sense that genuinely parallels the dominant sense in ethics. Indeed, there is no strong reason to believe reliabil- ism was ever seriously intended as a form of epistemic consequentialism. At the heart of its original motivation was a concern about the necessity of non-accidentality for knowledge, a concern quite at home in a non-consequentialist or non-normative setting. Reliabilism’s connection to epistemic consequentialism was an accretion of the ’80s, and a feature of only one of its formulations in that decade. 1 Introduction Recent literature conveys the impression that epistemic consequentialism has long been a domi- nant view about justified belief.1 One source of this impression is the prominence of reliabilism in the post-Gettier history of epistemology. While reliabilism has had many critics, it retains many adherents and remains a dominant perspective on the nature of justified belief and knowl- edge; indeed, it is arguably the leading form of externalism. Accordingly, if reliabilism were a form of epistemic consequentialism, one could reasonably conclude that the latter has been a major force in traditional epistemology since the late ’60s and early ’70s. But such thinking would be misguided.
    [Show full text]
  • The Value Problem of Knowledge. Against a Reliabilist Solution
    The Value Problem of Knowledge. Against a Reliabilist Solution Anne Meylan* * University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland: [email protected] Abstract. A satisfying theory of knowledge has to explain why knowledge seems to be better than mere true belief. In this paper, I try to show that the best reliabilist explanation (ERA+) is still not able to solve this problem. According to an already elaborated answer (ERA), it is better to possess knowledge that p because this makes likely that one’s future belief of a similar kind will also be true. I begin with a metaphysical comment which gives birth to ERA +, a better formulation of ERA. Then, I raise two objections against ERA+. The first objection shows that the truth of the reliabilist answer requires the conception of a specific theory of instrumental value. In the second objection, I present an example in order to show that ERA+ actually fails to explain why it is better to possess knowledge than a mere true belief. 1 Introduction: the Value Problem of Knowleddge Why is it better to know that p than to possess a mere true belief that p?1 The prob- lem of the value of knowledge constitutes one of the main issue in contemporary epistemology. The intuition2 that it is better to possess knowledge than mere true belief has an important historical precedent. It arouses Socrates’ astonishment in Plato’s Meno. As Plato notices, it is not possible to account for this intuition merely by appealing to its distinctive utility. Indeed, a true belief about the way to go to Larissa is as useful as a piece of knowledge about the way to go to Larissa.
    [Show full text]
  • Life with Augustine
    Life with Augustine ...a course in his spirit and guidance for daily living By Edmond A. Maher ii Life with Augustine © 2002 Augustinian Press Australia Sydney, Australia. Acknowledgements: The author wishes to acknowledge and thank the following people: ► the Augustinian Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel, Australia, for support- ing this project, with special mention of Pat Fahey osa, Kevin Burman osa, Pat Codd osa and Peter Jones osa ► Laurence Mooney osa for assistance in editing ► Michael Morahan osa for formatting this 2nd Edition ► John Coles, Peter Gagan, Dr. Frank McGrath fms (Brisbane CEO), Benet Fonck ofm, Peter Keogh sfo for sharing their vast experience in adult education ► John Rotelle osa, for granting us permission to use his English translation of Tarcisius van Bavel’s work Augustine (full bibliography within) and for his scholarly advice Megan Atkins for her formatting suggestions in the 1st Edition, that have carried over into this the 2nd ► those generous people who have completed the 1st Edition and suggested valuable improvements, especially Kath Neehouse and friends at Villanova College, Brisbane Foreword 1 Dear Participant Saint Augustine of Hippo is a figure in our history who has appealed to the curiosity and imagination of many generations. He is well known for being both sinner and saint, for being a bishop yet also a fellow pilgrim on the journey to God. One of the most popular and attractive persons across many centuries, his influence on the church has continued to our current day. He is also renowned for his influ- ence in philosophy and psychology and even (in an indirect way) art, music and architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Dilemmas of Objectivity
    SOCIALEPISTEMOLOGY , 2002, VOL. 16, NO . 3, 267–281 Dilemmas of objectivity MARIANNE JANACK Objectivityis a virtuein most circles.As weevaluateour students (even those we don’t like)we tryto be objective. As wedeliberateon juries,we tryto be objective about the accused and thevictim, the prosecutor and thedefence. As wetoteup theevidence for and againsta certainposition or theory, we try to separate our personal preferences fromthe argument, or we try to separate the arguer (and ourevaluation of him/ her) fromthe case presented.Sometimes we do wellat this,sometimes we do lesswell at it,but we recognize something valuable intheeffort. Considerthe following cases inwhich objectivity or its failure is at issue: (1)A professorgives his favourite student an Ainaclass inwhichthe student has done onlymediocre work. (2)A scientistoverlooks evidence that would call intoquestion a theorythat she has goneout on alimbto defend,and has investedmuch timeand energyin pursuing. (3)A scientistskews data inorder to bolster support for a favouritepolitical cause. (4)A particularphilosophy journal, which does not use a blindreview process, only publishesarticles written by men. (5)A memberof a trialjury questions evidence presented in atrialbecause it conicts withracist stereotypes. Some ofthese invocations of objectivity imply that a separationshould exist between thesource or origin of the theory or argument and theargument itself. Some imply thatour deliberations should be answerable only to ‘ theevidence’ or ‘ thefacts’ and notsimply to our own preferences and idiosyncrasies.Some implythat our emotionsor biases (broadly understood to include emotions) should not interfere withour reasoning. Inits ontological guise, the appeal toobjectivity is a wayof appealing to the way thingsare, or to the world as itis independently of our desires about howwe want it tobe.
    [Show full text]
  • Following the Argument Where It Leads
    Following The Argument Where It Leads Thomas Kelly Princeton University [email protected] Abstract: Throughout the history of western philosophy, the Socratic injunction to ‘follow the argument where it leads’ has exerted a powerful attraction. But what is it, exactly, to follow the argument where it leads? I explore this intellectual ideal and offer a modest proposal as to how we should understand it. On my proposal, following the argument where it leaves involves a kind of modalized reasonableness. I then consider the relationship between the ideal and common sense or 'Moorean' responses to revisionary philosophical theorizing. 1. Introduction Bertrand Russell devoted the thirteenth chapter of his History of Western Philosophy to the thought of St. Thomas Aquinas. He concluded his discussion with a rather unflattering assessment: There is little of the true philosophic spirit in Aquinas. He does not, like the Platonic Socrates, set out to follow wherever the argument may lead. He is not engaged in an inquiry, the result of which it is impossible to know in advance. Before he begins to philosophize, he already knows the truth; it is declared in the Catholic faith. If he can find apparently rational arguments for some parts of the faith, so much the better: If he cannot, he need only fall back on revelation. The finding of arguments for a conclusion given in advance is not philosophy, but special pleading. I cannot, therefore, feel that he deserves to be put on a level with the best philosophers either of Greece or of modern times (1945: 463). The extent to which this is a fair assessment of Aquinas is controversial.1 My purpose in what follows, however, is not to defend Aquinas; nor is it to substantiate the charges that Russell brings against him.
    [Show full text]
  • Kant on Empiricism and Rationalism
    HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY QUARTERLY Volume 30, Number 1, January 2013 KANT ON EMPIRICISM AND RATIONALISM Alberto Vanzo his paper aims to correct some widely held misconceptions concern- T ing Kant’s role in the formation of a widespread narrative of early modern philosophy.1 According to this narrative, which dominated the English-speaking world throughout the twentieth century,2 the early modern period was characterized by the development of two rival schools: René Descartes’s, Baruch Spinoza’s, and G. W. Leibniz’s rationalism; and John Locke’s, George Berkeley’s, and David Hume’s empiricism. Empiricists and rationalists disagreed on whether all concepts are de- rived from experience and whether humans can have any substantive a priori knowledge, a priori knowledge of the physical world, or a priori metaphysical knowledge.3 The early modern period came to a close, so the narrative claims, once Immanuel Kant, who was neither an empiri- cist nor a rationalist, combined the insights of both movements in his new Critical philosophy. In so doing, Kant inaugurated the new eras of German idealism and late modern philosophy. Since the publication of influential studies by Louis Loeb and David Fate Norton,4 the standard narrative of early modern philosophy has come increasingly under attack. Critics hold that histories of early modern philosophy based on the rationalism-empiricism distinction (RED) have three biases—three biases for which, as we shall see, Kant is often blamed. The Epistemological Bias. Since disputes regarding a priori knowledge belong to epistemology, the RED is usually regarded as an epistemologi- cal distinction.5 Accordingly, histories of early modern philosophy based on the RED tend to assume that the core of early modern philosophy lies in the conflict between the “competing and mutually exclusive epis- temologies” of “rationalism and empiricism.”6 They typically interpret most of the central doctrines, developments, and disputes of the period in the light of philosophers’ commitment to empiricist or rationalist epistemologies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Stoics on Identity and Individuation Author(S): Eric Lewis Source: Phronesis, Vol
    The Stoics on Identity and Individuation Author(s): Eric Lewis Source: Phronesis, Vol. 40, No. 1 (1995), pp. 89-108 Published by: Brill Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4182488 Accessed: 27-02-2017 20:30 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Brill is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Phronesis This content downloaded from 140.105.48.199 on Mon, 27 Feb 2017 20:30:04 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms The Stoics on Identity and Individuation ERIC LEWIS Gisela Striker opens her artful "Antipater, or the art of living" with the statement that "In reading the doxographical reports on Stoic philosophy, one gets the impression that the Stoics had a singular, and often irritating, predilection for identity statements."' She goes on to claim "that some of the arguments that have been handed down to us from the second-century controversy about the Stoic definitions of the goal of life depend on the improper use of identity-statements, which however the Stoics, by their predilection for such propositions, seem practically to invite."2 I agree with her that much confusion arises due to statements by Stoics which look like (and may in fact be) identity statements.
    [Show full text]
  • Praying and Contemplating in Late Antiquity Religious and Philosophical Interactions
    Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum Studies and Texts in Antiquity and Christianity Herausgegeber / Editors Christoph Markschies (Berlin) · Martin Wallraff (München) Christian Wildberg (Princeton) Beirat / Advisory Board Peter Brown (Princeton) · Susanna Elm (Berkeley) Johannes Hahn (Münster) · Emanuela Prinzivalli (Rom) Jörg Rüpke (Erfurt) 113 Praying and Contemplating in Late Antiquity Religious and Philosophical Interactions Edited by Eleni Pachoumi and Mark Edwards Mohr Siebeck Eleni Pachoumi studied Classical Studies; 2007 PhD; worked as a Lecturer of Classical Philology at the University of Thessaly, the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and the University of Patras; Research Fellow at North-West University; currently Lecturer at the Open University in Greece and Academic Visiting Fellow in the Faculty of Classics, University of Oxford. Mark Edwards, 1984 BA in Literae Humaniores; 1990 BA in Theology; 1988 D. phil.; 1989 – 93 Junior Fellowship at New College; Tutor in Theology at Christ Church, Oxford and University Lecturer in Patristics in the Faculty of Theology, University of Oxford; since 2014 Professor of Early Christian Studies. ISBN 978-3-16-156119-1 / eISBN 978-3-16-156594-6 DOI 10.1628 / 978-3-16-156594-6 ISSN 1436-3003 / eISSN 2568-7433 (Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum) The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbiblio- graphie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2018 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen. www.mohrsiebeck.com This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that per- mitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies partic- ularly to reproductions, translations and storage and processing in electronic systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconsidering the Theoretical/Practical Divide: the Philosophy of Nishida Kitarō
    University of Mississippi eGrove Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2013 Reconsidering The Theoretical/Practical Divide: The Philosophy Of Nishida Kitarō Lockland Vance Tyler University of Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd Part of the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Tyler, Lockland Vance, "Reconsidering The Theoretical/Practical Divide: The Philosophy Of Nishida Kitarō" (2013). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 752. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/752 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RECONSIDERING THE THEORETICAL/PRACTICAL DIVIDE: THE PHILOSOPHY OF NISHIDA KITARŌ A Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Philosophy University of Mississippi by LOCKLAND V. TYLER APRIL 2013 Copyright Lockland V. Tyler 2013 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT Over the years professional philosophy has undergone a number of significant changes. One of these changes corresponds to an increased emphasis on objectivity among philosophers. In light of new discoveries in logic and science, contemporary analytic philosophy seeks to establish the most objective methods and answers possible to advance philosophical progress in an unambiguous way. By doing so, we are able to more precisely analyze concepts, but the increased emphasis on precision has also been accompanied by some negative consequences. These consequences, unfortunately, are much larger and problematic than many may even realize. What we have eventually arrived in at in contemporary Anglo-American analytic philosophy is a complete repression of humanistic concerns.
    [Show full text]