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Home , City of David, David, Hezekiah, Jerusalem Law, Judea (Roman province), Kingdom of Jerusalem

Biblos Foundation® Timeline

David unites the Kingdom • brought the Ark of the to Jerusalem • Purchased

950 BCE ’s Reign st The routes to and from 1 Temple Built • 930 BCE (Solomon’s Period of Canaanite City Excavation of son) split the kingdom into two to the Settlement Period of sections • , , 1000 BCE captures the - Kingdom of (North)

CANAANITE• PERIOD City ended up in hands of ISRAELITE city.PERIOD It’s called the “City of David” - Kingdom of (South)

2000–1200 BCE 1000–586 BCE 1006–930 BCE

Drawing of City of David Excavation of City of David

The route of 1 Jerusalem Timeline

Destruction of Kingdom From exile of Babylon until of Israel return to Israel • King • Israelites exiled for 70 years prepares • Cyrus, King of Persia allowed for battle with King Hezekiah prays in sackcloth Destruction of them to return

Assyria Kingdom of Judea Exile to Babylon • Rebuilt 2nd Temple, completed • King of () failed and 1st Temple in 516 BCE to besiege Jerusalem • Jerusalem captured in 586 BCE by • and (457-424 • Israel, the northern Kingdom, was Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon BCE) helped rebuild the city destroyed in 722 BCE and its • 1st Temple burned and destroyed • Nehemiah, representative of residents (ten tribes) exiled to Assyria • Aristocratic exiled to Babylon Persian city, came to build the wall EARLY PERSIAN PERIOD

722 BCE 586 BCE 537–332 BCE

Nehemiah builds the wall

Destruction and exile Wall of Nehemiah today

2 Jerusalem Timeline

From “War of Hellenistic Inheritance” until “Revolt of Maccabean Revolt Hasmoneans” • Antiochus IV imposed religious sanctions, defiled • 332 BCE captured Israel from the Temple, cancelled religious ceremonies Persians • Antiochus IV ordered an altar of Zeus built on the • After Alexander’s demise, fight over succession temple site – House of Seleucus • outlawed – House of Ptolemy – () • Hasmoneans revolted, led by Mattathias (Priest and his – House of Judea 5 sons) – During this period Jerusalem flourished, religious • 164 BCE fought fierce battles, captured Temple Mount center once again and purified Temple • Anticochus III (House of Seleucus) resided in , • Hannukkah Commemorates this event captured Jerusalem – 198 CE granted rights to Jews • 129 BCE Jerusalem won independence after more in Jerusalem (allowed to practice their religion) battles, and became an independent capital

333–164 BCE

Alexander the Great 3 Jerusalem Timeline

Jerusalem capital of Hasmonean Kingdom Established by Simon Maccabaeus • ruled independently – 2nd Temple in Israel from King Herod’s Rule 140-37 BCE 63 BCE Pompey (head of Roman • Reconstruction of 2nd Temple • Jerusalem Army) captured Jerusalem • Beautiful thriving city, becomes regained previous • Hasmonean Kingdom collapses, the seat of the Kingdom ROMAN PERIOD

HASMONEAN PERIOD stature Jerusalem flourishes • Very wealthy

167–63 BCE 64–63 BCE 37 BCE–4 CE

Hasmonean Dynasty Map of the

Herod the Great – 2nd Temple

4 Jerusalem Timeline

The Great Jewish of Herod Revolt • Power transferred to Roman • Destruction Procurators (until 66 CE) of Jerusalem Bar Kokhba Revolt • Residence in and not • 66-70 CE • Roman Caesar Adrianus decided Jerusalem in Jerusalem to transform into Roman city • 30 CE on , Pontius • Jerusalem fell after heavy • After Rebellion put down, Pilate condemned fighting of Jerusalem changed to “Aelia • of Jesus • Temple destroyed (except for Capitolina”

• Born Western Wall) LATE ROMAN PERIOD• Jews forbidden to enter city

4 BCE–70 CE 66–70 CE 132–135 CE

Map of Capitolina (Jerusalem)

Crucifixion of Jesus Destruction of Jerusalem 5 Jerusalem Timeline

Persian Emperor Constantine Occupation of Byzantium • 614 CE Byzantines Emperor Constantine • Christianity becomes Jerusalem captured by Persians official religion of Jerusalem • In 15 years Byzantines ousted from 324 CE onward the Persians • Helena (mother of Constantine) builds • Byzantines massacred Jewish Enters Jerusalem monasteries and the Church of the population and forbade Jews • Jerusalem becomes rd BYZANTINE PERIOD Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem 335 CE PERSIAN PERIOD to live in Jerusalem Islam’s 3 Holy Place EARLY MOSLEM PERIOD

324–638 CE 614–629 CE 638–1099 CE

The Byzantine-Sassanian War

Church of the Holy Sepulchre Map of 6th Century 6 Jerusalem Timeline

Caliph Omar captured Jerusalem from Byzantium Successes of -a-Din • 691 CE Caliph Abdel-Malik completed “Kingdom of • 1187 CE under Salah-a-Din Jerusalem” – Churches transformed into • Son Caliph El Waleed built Al Aksa Crusader’s Capital • 1229 CE Crusader and Moslems

• 1009 CE Caliph Al-Hakim destroyed • 1099 CE Crusaders take back Jerusalem come to agreement – Moslems synagogues/churches captured keep Temple Mount and • Jerusalem became provincial with no more city of Jerusalem Crusaders rule over rest of city than 30,000 people massacred both Moslems and Jews • Rule lasts 15 years • rule for 450 years until Crusaders • Flourished, unprecedented building • 1250 CE the Mamelukes in come • Becomes “” control

638 CE 1099–1187 CE 1187–1245 CE

Al Aksa mosque

Dome of the Rock 7 Jerusalem Timeline

British Mandate • 1917 WWI Gen. Allenby (British) entered Jerusalem, Rule of Slaves – Slaves of Turkish capturing city without battle Origin who became rulers Turkish Moslems from Ottoman • Jerusalem grew exponentially under British rule, although • Mamelukes slaves of Turkish decent Dynasty divisions between Arabs and Jews intensified ruled Egypt and surrounding • 1517 CE Ottomon Sultan Selim I Palestinian State countries 1250-1516 CE captured Jeruslaem • Nov. 29, 1947, United Nations Partition Eretz Israel • Jerusalem small and unimportant by • Present-day walks built by (“”) into a Jewish state and an Arab state this time Suleiman the Great 1538 CE • Jerusalem declared international city • Only 10,000 residents • Still small, neglected city • From the start, Jews emphatically agree, but Arabs do not • During Mameluke’s rule, Islamic • From 19th century onwards, • On May 14, 1948, England handed Jerusalem to United influence flourished as did Jerusalem’s standing changed Nations Jerusalem’s reputation as important (gradually) after Europe became • During 1st half of 1948, Jews were under siege by Arabs holy site (after , ) interested • Jewish Quarter cut off from rest of the city

1250–1516 CE 1516–1917 CE 1917–1948 CE

Mamelukes Map of British Mandate and Partition

Map of Ottoman Empire

General Allenby

Ottoman Rulers 8 Biblos Foundation® Jerusalem Timeline

Jerusalem, a divided city, reunited Jerusalem, a divided city • 1967 after 6 Day war • Lots of borders (Old City, North and • City of Jerusalem was reunited, South in , etc.) except for 1st time in 19 years Mt. Scopus • Free access to all religious sites, etc. • Jerusalem becomes the capital • July 30, 1980 passed • Knesset (Israeli Parliament) moved to have city always to city remain united • Hebrew University started • Population now 750,000 Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

1948 CE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1967– 2011 CE UNITED CITY

Six Day and Wars

Loss of Palestinian Land Israel and today

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