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(And Misreading) the Draft Constitution in China, 1954
Textual Anxiety Reading (and Misreading) the Draft Constitution in China, 1954 ✣ Neil J. Diamant and Feng Xiaocai In 1927, Mao Zedong famously wrote that a revolution is “not the same as inviting people to dinner” and is instead “an act of violence whereby one class overthrows the authority of another.” From the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 until Mao’s death in 1976, his revolutionary vision became woven into the fabric of everyday life, but few years were as violent as the early 1950s.1 Rushing to consolidate power after finally defeating the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang, or KMT) in a decades- long power struggle, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) threatened the lives and livelihood of millions. During the Land Reform Campaign (1948– 1953), landowners, “local tyrants,” and wealthier villagers were targeted for repression. In the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries in 1951, the CCP attacked former KMT activists, secret society and gang members, and various “enemy agents.”2 That same year, university faculty and secondary school teachers were forced into “thought reform” meetings, and businessmen were harshly investigated during the “Five Antis” Campaign in 1952.3 1. See Mao’s “Report of an Investigation into the Peasant Movement in Hunan,” in Stuart Schram, ed., The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung (New York: Praeger, 1969), pp. 252–253. Although the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) was extremely violent, the death toll, estimated at roughly 1.5 million, paled in comparison to that of the early 1950s. The nearest competitor is 1958–1959, during the Great Leap Forward. -
The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2012 Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier Wai Kit Wicky Tse University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian History Commons, Asian Studies Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Tse, Wai Kit Wicky, "Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier" (2012). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 589. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier Abstract As a frontier region of the Qin-Han (221BCE-220CE) empire, the northwest was a new territory to the Chinese realm. Until the Later Han (25-220CE) times, some portions of the northwestern region had only been part of imperial soil for one hundred years. Its coalescence into the Chinese empire was a product of long-term expansion and conquest, which arguably defined the egionr 's military nature. Furthermore, in the harsh natural environment of the region, only tough people could survive, and unsurprisingly, the region fostered vigorous warriors. Mixed culture and multi-ethnicity featured prominently in this highly militarized frontier society, which contrasted sharply with the imperial center that promoted unified cultural values and stood in the way of a greater degree of transregional integration. As this project shows, it was the northwesterners who went through a process of political peripheralization during the Later Han times played a harbinger role of the disintegration of the empire and eventually led to the breakdown of the early imperial system in Chinese history. -
The Ideology and Significance of the Legalists School and the School Of
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 351 4th International Conference on Modern Management, Education Technology and Social Science (MMETSS 2019) The Ideology and Significance of the Legalists School and the School of Diplomacy in the Warring States Period Chen Xirui The Affiliated High School to Hangzhou Normal University [email protected] Keywords: Warring States Period; Legalists; Strategists; Modern Economic and Political Activities Abstract: In the Warring States Period, the legalist theory was popular, and the style of reforming the country was permeated in the land of China. The Seven Warring States known as Qin, Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Wei and Zhao have successively changed their laws and set the foundation for the country. The national strength hovers between the valley and school’s doctrines have accelerated the historical process of the Great Unification. The legalists laid a political foundation for the big country, constructed a power framework and formulated a complete policy. On the rule of law, the strategist further opened the gap between the powers of the country. In other words, the rule of law has created conditions for the cross-border family to seek the country and the activity of the latter has intensified the pursuit of the former. This has sparked the civilization to have a depth and breadth thinking of that period, where the need of ideology and research are crucial and necessary. This article will specifically address the background of the legalists, the background of these two generations, their historical facts and major achievements as well as the research into the practical theory that was studies during that period. -
A Global Contest for Power and Influence
CHAPTER 1 U.S.-CHINA GLOBAL COMPETITION SECTION 1: A GLOBAL CONTEST FOR POWER AND INFLUENCE: CHINA’S VIEW OF STRA- TEGIC COMPETITION WITH THE UNITED STATES Key Findings • Beijing has long held the ambition to match the United States as the world’s most powerful and influential nation. Over the past 15 years, as its economic and technological prowess, dip- lomatic influence, and military capabilities have grown, China has turned its focus toward surpassing the United States. Chi- nese leaders have grown increasingly aggressive in their pur- suit of this goal following the 2008 global financial crisis and General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Xi Jinping’s ascent to power in 2012. • Chinese leaders regard the United States as China’s primary adversary and as the country most capable of preventing the CCP from achieving its goals. Over the nearly three decades of the post-Cold War era, Beijing has made concerted efforts to diminish the global strength and appeal of the United States. Chinese leaders have become increasingly active in seizing op- portunities to present the CCP’s one-party, authoritarian gover- nance system and values as an alternative model to U.S. global leadership. • China’s approach to competition with the United States is based on the CCP’s view of the United States as a dangerous ideologi- cal opponent that seeks to constrain its rise and undermine the legitimacy of its rule. In recent years, the CCP’s perception of the threat posed by Washington’s championing of liberal demo- cratic ideals has intensified as the Party has reemphasized the ideological basis for its rule. -
Where Was the Western Zhou Capital? a Capital City Has a Special Status in Every Country
Maria Khayutina [email protected] Where Was the Western Zhou Capital? A capital city has a special status in every country. Normally, this is a political, economical, social center. Often it is a cultural and religious center as well. This is the place of governmental headquarters and of the residence of power-holding elite and professional administrative cadres. In the societies, where transportation means are not much developed, this is at the same time the place, where producers of the top quality goods for elite consumption live and work. A country is often identified with its capital city both by its inhabitants and the foreigners. Wherefore, it is hardly possible to talk about the history of a certain state without making clear, where was located its capital. The Chinese history contains many examples, when a ruling dynasty moved its capital due to defensive or other political reasons. Often this shift caused not only geographical reorganization of the territory, but also significant changes in power relations within the state, as well as between it and its neighbors. One of the first such shifts happened in 771 BC, when the heir apparent of the murdered King You 幽 could not push back invading 犬戎 Quanrong hordes from the nowadays western 陜西 Shaanxi province, but fled to the city of 成周 Chengzhou near modern 洛陽 Luoyang, where the royal court stayed until the fall of the 周 Zhou in the late III century BC. This event is usually perceived as a benchmark between the two epochs – the “Western” and “Eastern” Zhou respectively, distinctly distinguished one from another. -
China-Venezuela Economic Relations: Hedging Venezuelan Bets with Chinese Characteristics1
Latin American Program | Kissinger Institute | February 2019 Chinese President Xi Jinping, right, shakes hands with Venezuela’s President Nicolás Maduro, Sept. 22, 2013. © Lintao Zhang / AP Photo China-Venezuela Economic Relations: 1 Hedging Venezuelan Bets with Chinese Characteristics LATIN AMERICAN PROGRAM LATIN AMERICAN PROGRAM Stephen B. Kaplan and Michael Penfold KISSINGER INSTITUTE Tens of thousands of Venezuelans raised their hands toward the sky on January 23, 2019, to offer solidarity to legislative leader, Juan Guaidó, who declared himself interim president of LATIN AMERICAN PROGRAM Venezuela during a rally demanding President Nicolás Maduro’s resignation. Refusing to rec- ognize the legitimacy of Maduro’s May 2018 re-election, Guaidó cited his constitutional duty as the head of the National Assembly to fill the presidential vacancy until new elections were called. Hand in hand with Guaidó, the United States unequivocally supported his declaration, recognizing him as Venezuela’s head of state. Backed by Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Co- lombia, Israel, and Peru, President Trump said he would “use the full weight of United States economic and diplomatic power to press for the restoration of Venezuelan democracy.” More recently, Spain, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany also recognized Guaidó as interim president after Maduro failed to call new elections. The United States also backed its position with some economic muscle, imposing sanctions on Venezuela’s state-owned oil company, Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PdVSA), saying that all PdVSA assets, including its oil sale pro- ceeds, will be frozen in U.S. jurisdictions. 1 The authors would like to thank Cindy Arnson and Robert Daly for their insightful commentary about China-Latin American relations, Marcin Jerzewski, Beverly Li, and Giorgos Morakis for their superb research assistance, and Orlando Ochoa, Francisco Monaldi, and Francisco Rodríguez for invaluable conversations about the current state of the Venezuelan economy and oil sector. -
Daily Life for the Common People of China, 1850 to 1950
Daily Life for the Common People of China, 1850 to 1950 Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access China Studies published for the institute for chinese studies, university of oxford Edited by Micah Muscolino (University of Oxford) volume 39 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/chs Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Daily Life for the Common People of China, 1850 to 1950 Understanding Chaoben Culture By Ronald Suleski leiden | boston Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the prevailing cc-by-nc License at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Cover Image: Chaoben Covers. Photo by author. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Suleski, Ronald Stanley, author. Title: Daily life for the common people of China, 1850 to 1950 : understanding Chaoben culture / By Ronald Suleski. -
Phillippi Creek Water Shed Area Before Any Tnore Ex
Cou11ty Eyes Pl1illiJlJli ·'1 ' • . /lo/S--9 1Dra111age 'Officials should take a long look al lhe Phillippi Creek water shed area before any tnore ex .. tensive subdividing is done there. It \Vas stated at a county con1· inission 1neeling Tuesday, The speaker, C o nl m i s s i o n Chairman Glenn E, Poller, said the county must be asstrred flood control steps are taken befo1 e more pressure is put on the al ready hardpressed P h i 11 i p p i Creek outlet. His comments came after the board gave preliminary approval lo plaL< for Ridgewood Estates and South Ridge, practically across Bee Ridge Road from each other and in the creek's watershed area. John Grout, road supervisor. said the area's drainage is one of great concern to his depart .. rnent but added developers are a\vare that drainage problen1s 111ust be solved before any mote large scale housing can be in· stiluled. Grout recommended aerial sur· veys of critical areas, Commissioners Tuesday also: Accepted with regret the resig nation of Charles Kent from the County Zoning Board of Appeals Accepted the apparent. low bid, at 4.7 per cent, of Arch Avery for No. 4 Special Road & Bridge Tax District's $30,000 bond issue. 1-Jeld public hearings on rezon .. ing and use petitions but took no final action. Decided to invrsligale a report hy Fred Collins of Osprey that his access to his hon1e from U.S. 41 had been cut of[ because the county had opened a ditch in the area and \Vashout. -
The Geographical Names for the Sea of . ,Japan in Chinese Historical Documents
.... The Geographical Names for the Sea of . ,Japan in Chinese Historical Documents Song-di Wu (The Institute of Chinese C'xeography in Fudan University, Shanghai, China) The Sea of Japan, surround by North Korea, South Korea, Japan and Russia. IS an important sea in tile Northeast Asia. Before the Second Opium War(1854-1860), the lo\ver reachers of the Heilongjiang River, the Wusulijiang River valley and Sakhalin of now Russia were historical documents some records of how the present Sea of Japan was called during various historical times. These records will provide some helpful clues to the discussion of the naming problem of the Sea of Japan today. I. The first Chinese historical document which mentioned tile Sea of Japan was Dong Yi Lie ZhuanO;j[~J!Jfi) of Hou Han Shu(13t7:l~), which recorded Yi Lou(m:I:), which was the kingdom set up by the ancient Su ShenOlitJ)i) tribe, was more than 1,000 Ii northeast of Fu YU(7-:~); it faced the sea on the east and was bounded by the north Wo JuWi:illJ kingdom. Wo Ju was located in the northeast of tile Korean Peninsula, Fu Yu was in the central part of the Northeast Plain of China: Yi Lou was in the \Vusulijiang River valley and the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River which now belong to Russia, so "the sea" Yi Lou faced on tile east could only be the northern area of the Sea of Japan today. It was also recorded in the same book that. to the north of the Wei kingdom \vere Gao Gou Li and Wo Ju, to tile south of it was Chen Han, to the east was "the ocean" and to the west was Le Lang. -
Section 2: the China Model: Return of the Middle Kingdom
SECTION 2: THE CHINA MODEL: RETURN OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM Key Findings • The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) seeks to revise the inter- national order to be more amenable to its own interests and authoritarian governance system. It desires for other countries not only to acquiesce to its prerogatives but also to acknowledge what it perceives as China’s rightful place at the top of a new hierarchical world order. • The CCP’s ambitions for global preeminence have been con- sistent throughout its existence: every CCP leader since Mao Zedong has proclaimed the Party would ultimately prove the superiority of its Marxist-Leninist system over the rest of the world. Under General Secretary of the CCP Xi Jinping, the Chi- nese government has become more aggressive in pursuing its interests and promoting its model internationally. • The CCP aims to establish an international system in which Beijing can freely influence the behavior and access the mar- kets of other countries while constraining the ability of others to influence its behavior or access markets it controls. The “com- munity of common human destiny,” the CCP’s proposed alter- native global governance system, is explicitly based on histor- ical Chinese traditions and presumes Beijing and the illiberal norms and institutions it favors should be the primary forces guiding globalization. • The CCP has attempted to use the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic to promote itself as a responsible and benevolent global leader and to prove that its model of governance is su- perior to liberal democracy. Thus far, it appears Beijing has not changed many minds, if any. -
The Warring States Period (453-221)
Indiana University, History G380 – class text readings – Spring 2010 – R. Eno 2.1 THE WARRING STATES PERIOD (453-221) Introduction The Warring States period resembles the Spring and Autumn period in many ways. The multi-state structure of the Chinese cultural sphere continued as before, and most of the major states of the earlier period continued to play key roles. Warfare, as the name of the period implies, continued to be endemic, and the historical chronicles continue to read as a bewildering list of armed conflicts and shifting alliances. In fact, however, the Warring States period was one of dramatic social and political changes. Perhaps the most basic of these changes concerned the ways in which wars were fought. During the Spring and Autumn years, battles were conducted by small groups of chariot-driven patricians. Managing a two-wheeled vehicle over the often uncharted terrain of a battlefield while wielding bow and arrow or sword to deadly effect required years of training, and the number of men who were qualified to lead armies in this way was very limited. Each chariot was accompanied by a group of infantrymen, by rule seventy-two, but usually far fewer, probably closer to ten. Thus a large army in the field, with over a thousand chariots, might consist in total of ten or twenty thousand soldiers. With the population of the major states numbering several millions at this time, such a force could be raised with relative ease by the lords of such states. During the Warring States period, the situation was very different. -
Benjamin Wey, Et
Case 1:15-cv-07116 Document 1 Filed 09/10/15 Page 1 of 46 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK UNITED STA TES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, Plaintiff, v. BENJAMIN WEY, Civil Action No. 15-7116 NEW YORK GLOBAL GROUP, ECFCASE TIANYI WEI, (Jury Trial Demanded) MICHAELA WEY, ROBERT NEWMAN, WILLIAM UCHIMOTO, and SEREF DOGAN ERBEK, Defendants, and ADVANTAGE CONSULTANTS, LTD., YORK CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, LTD., FOUR TONG INVESTMENTS, LTD., STRONG GROWTH CAP IT AL, LTD., MEDIAN ASSETS INVESTMENTS, LTD., and HAN HUA, LTD., Relief Defendants. COMPLAINT Plaintiff United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Commission"), alleges for its Complaint as follows: SUMMARY OF ALLEGATIONS 1. This case arises out of Defendants' multi-million dollar, cross-border fraudulent scheme to obtain and profit from undisclosed, controlling ownership interests in several China- based companies that were clients of Defendant Benjamin Wey and his company, Defendant Case 1:15-cv-07116 Document 1 Filed 09/10/15 Page 2 of 46 New York Global Group ("NYGG"). Those companies include Deer Consumer Products, Inc., Clean Tech Innovations, Inc., and SmaiiHeat, Inc. (collectively the "NYGG Clients"). 2. Benjamin Wey and NYGG recruited the NYGG Clients by offering to assist them m becoming United States issuers through mergers with publicly-traded, domestic shell compames. Unbeknownst to the NYGG Clients and the investing public, however, from 2005 to at least July 2015 (the "Relevant Period"), Defendants were engaged in a fraudulent scheme that allowed Benjamin Wey, his sister, Defendant Tianyi Wei, and his wife, Defendant Michaela Wey, to secretly take and profit from control of the NYGG Clients using a network of foreign nommees.