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Hip-Hop, Medellín and Social Change Veronica Henao Posada [email protected]

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Hip-Hop, Medellín and Social Change Veronica Henao Posada Vhenao@Usfca.Edu The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Master's Theses Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects Fall 12-27-2013 Hip-Hop, Medellín and Social Change Veronica Henao Posada [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/thes Part of the Art Education Commons, Art Practice Commons, Civic and Community Engagement Commons, Community-Based Learning Commons, Entrepreneurial and Small Business Operations Commons, Growth and Development Commons, Latin American Studies Commons, Music Therapy Commons, Place and Environment Commons, and the Politics and Social Change Commons Recommended Citation Henao Posada, Veronica, "Hip-Hop, Medellín and Social Change" (2013). Master's Theses. 76. https://repository.usfca.edu/thes/76 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ! Hip-Hop, Medellín and Social Change! ! A Thesis Presented to:! The Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences! ! ! ! In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree! ! MASTER OF ARTS! In! ! INTERNATIONAL STUDIES! ! ! By! ! Verónica Henao Posada! ! December 2013! ! ! ! ! ! UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO Hip Hop, Medellín and Social Change In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS in INTERNATIONAL STUDIES by Verónica Henao Posada December 2, 2013 UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO Under the guidance and approval of the committee, and approval by all the members, this thesis has been accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree. Approved: Thesis Advisor Date Dorothy Kidd Academic Director Date Dean of Arts and Sciences Date ! Hip-Hop, Medellín and Social Change Verónica Henao Posada ! Abstract: ! ! This study explores the ways in which the Hip-hop movement is producing social change in Medellín, Colombia. Looking specifically at a Hip-hop school called Cuatro Elementos Skuela, which exists autonomously and with very little state support in the Medellín neighborhood of Aranjuez, I argue that young people are contributing to the reconstruction of the city’s social, cultural and economic fabric. I start by explaining the historical context of Medellín, describing the different sets of conflicts that unleashed high levels of violence and caused the fragmentation of the social, cultural and economic fabric. Moreover, I review the role of the government and its advances in cultural policy, identifying some gaps in state action. The study then presents a brief history of the Hip- hop movement, and its transformative elements. It compares the context of Medellín in the 1990’s with the Hip-hop movement in the South Bronx of New York in the 1970s, showing similarities in the conditions faced by urban youth. Finally, through different theories of social change, including theories about identity and culture, participatory communications and art, and culture and peace-making, the study shows how a group of young people are supporting themselves with creativity and entrepreneurial spirit, offering other young boys and girls in marginalized neighborhoods an alternative and healthy way to spend their free time and to acquire skills to become professional street artists; and helping to restore the city’s social fabric by offering cultural and meeting spaces to the community.! ! iii! ! Hip-Hop, Medellín and Social Change Verónica Henao Posada Table of Contents! Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. vi! Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1! 1.1 Rationale for the study .............................................................................................. 5! 1.2 Presentation of the theoretical framework ................................................................ 9! 1.3 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 13! Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................ 18! 2.1 Colombian context, youth and globalization .......................................................... 20! 2.2 Identity and culture ................................................................................................. 23! 2.3 Participatory communications for social change .................................................... 28! 2.4 Art, culture and peace processes ............................................................................. 36! 2.5 Cultural entrepreneurship and creative clusters ...................................................... 40! 2.6 Private public partnership model ............................................................................ 45! Chapter 3: Violence and the armed conflict ..................................................................... 51! 3.1 1940-1970: La Violencia and emergence of illegal armed groups ......................... 51! 3.2 1970-2000: Drug war, local confrontations ............................................................ 53! 3.3 Fragmentation of the city’s social fabric ................................................................ 60! 3.4 Comuna 4, Aranjuez ............................................................................................... 61! Chapter 4: Culture and peace building in Colombia ......................................................... 67! 4.1 National Cultural Policy ......................................................................................... 67! 4.2 Cultural Development Plan of Medellín, 1990 ....................................................... 70! 4.3 Urban development as a tool to promote education and culture ............................. 76! 4.3.1 Centro de Desarrollo Cultural Moravia ........................................................... 79! 4.4 Participatory Budget ............................................................................................... 80! Chapter 5: Change through Hip-Hop ................................................................................ 83! 5.1 Fundamentals of Hip-Hop ....................................................................................... 83! 5.2 Case Study: Cuatro Elementos Skuela, Neighborhood of Aranjuez ....................... 92! iv! ! Hip-Hop, Medellín and Social Change Verónica Henao Posada 5.2.1 The Model ........................................................................................................ 94! 5.2.2 Interview themes .............................................................................................. 97! 5.2.2.1 Sharing the knowledge .............................................................................. 97! 5.2.2.2 Personal and artistic training ..................................................................... 98! 5.2.2.3 Non-violent discourse ............................................................................. 100! 5.2.2.4 Changes in the neighborhood .................................................................. 101! Chapter 6: Discussion ..................................................................................................... 104! 6.1 Analysis of findings .............................................................................................. 105! 6.2 Changes in the social fabric .................................................................................. 112! 6.3 Changes in the cultural fabric ............................................................................... 113! 6.4 Changes in the economic fabric ............................................................................ 114! Chapter 7: Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................. 118! Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 122! v! ! Hip-Hop, Medellín and Social Change Verónica Henao Posada Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisor Dorothy Kidd for her great support and encouragement, her patience and the wonderful discussions we have had, which enriched my work immensely. I also, want to thank my professors Anne Bartlett, Christopher Loperena, Shawn Roberts, Cecilia Santos, and the MAIS staff Lindsay Arentz and Mary Zweifel for their teachings and support throughout the program. I thank my fellow classmates; I would not have been able to learn and grow so much without our study groups and the laughs and tears we have shared.! I am grateful for Juan, my family and friends for their love and constant motivation, and for their patience during these past few months. I especially thank my uncle Guillermo Alonso (Lito) for his help doing library research in Medellín, and for sharing with me his love for books, since I was a child.! Thank you so much to Pablo Montoya, Yeison Henao, Carlos Pradilla, José Leonardo Cataño, César Augusto Tapiad, Camilo Pérez, Xandra Uribe, Marcela Muela, Lina María Rodríguez, for their help conducting fieldwork in Medellín and for sharing the information about cultural projects.
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