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El Ártico, Nuevo Mar De Oportunidades. Análisis Medioambiental Y Socieconómico De La Ruta Del Ártico

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El Ártico, Nuevo Mar De Oportunidades. Análisis Medioambiental Y Socieconómico De La Ruta Del Ártico El Ártico, nuevo mar de oportunidades. Análisis medioambiental y socieconómico de la ruta del Ártico Trabajo Final de Grado Facultad de Náutica de Barcelona Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña Trabajo realizado por: Óscar Requejo Cruañas Dirigido por: Santiago Ordás Grado en Ingeniería de Sistemas y Tecnología Naval Barcelona, 10 de octubre de 2020 Departamento de Ciencia e Ingeniería Náutica Resumen El Ártico es un espacio en el cual concurren diversos Estados bajo determinadas condiciones ambientales y dentro de un marco legal que se encuentra en plena evolución. Los Estados e instituciones con intereses en el Ártico actúan y se posicionan de diferente manera, ya sea por razones de seguridad, motivos económicocomerciales o preocupaciones por el frágil ecosistema ártico y sus poblaciones indígenas. El futuro del Ártico dependerá en gran medida de las prioridades políticas y decisiones adoptadas por los distintos Estados. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo consiste en identificar y evaluar posibles escenarios de gobernanza que podrían desarrollarse en la región ártica. Índice Resumen.............................................................................................................................................ii Índice de figuras.................................................................................................................................v Índice de tablas..................................................................................................................................ix Índice de gráficos..............................................................................................................................ix INTRODUCCIÓN..................................................................................................................................1 CAPÍTULO 1: ANÁLISIS MEDIOAMBIENTAL ....................................................................................2 1.1. CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO EN EL ÁRTICO .............................................................................................2 1.2. RECURSOS ENERGÉTICOS, MINERALES Y PESCA..............................................................................5 1.2.1. PETRÓLEO Y GAS ........................................................................................................5 1.2.2. MINERALES ..............................................................................................................6 1.2.3. PESCA .....................................................................................................................6 1.3. TRAGEDIAS ECOLÓGICAS SUCEDIDAS EN EL ÁRTICO ........................................................................7 1.3.1. FUGA EN EL RÍO DALDYKÁN ..........................................................................................7 1.3.2. EXXON VALDEZ..........................................................................................................9 1.4. PREVENCIÓN DE LA CONTAMINACIÓN EN AGUAS ÁRTICAS ............................................................. 12 1.5. TURISMO ........................................................................................................................... 14 1.6. MECANISMOS DE COOPERACIÓN EXISTENTES EN EL ÁRTICO ............................................ 15 1.6.1. CONVENCIÓN DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE EL DERECHO DEL MAR ............................... 15 1.6.2. EL CONSEJO DEL ÁRTICO ............................................................................................ 17 1.6.3. ORGANIZACIÓN MARÍTIMA INTERNACIONAL (OMI) ........................................................ 19 1.6.4. AGENCIAS Y PROGRAMAS PARA LA PESCA (FAO) Y (PNUMA) ........................................... 20 1.7. TRATADO ANTÁRTICO ........................................................................................................... 26 A1.7.1. RESUMEN DEL ARTICULADO DEL TRATADO ANTÁRTICO ...................................................... 28 CAPÍTULO 2: ANÁLISIS SOCIOECONÓMICO ................................................................................. 31 2.1. PASO DEL NOROESTE Y RUTA DEL MAR DEL NORTE (NSR) .................................................................. 31 2.1.1. COMPARACIÓN DE LAS DOS RUTAS .................................................................................. 38 A2.1 NUEVA RUTA POR EL MAR DE BERING ........................................................................................... 41 2.2. DIFERENTES POSTURAS DE LOS PAÍSES CON TERRITORIOS EN EL ÁRTICO: ................................................. 42 2.2.1. RUSIA ...................................................................................................................... 43 A2.2.1 TRANSPORTE DE CRUDO Y GAS EN RUSIA ......................................................................... 51 2.2.2. NORUEGA ................................................................................................................. 66 2.2.3 DINAMARCA ............................................................................................................... 69 2.2.4 CANADÁ ................................................................................................................. 72 iii 2.2.5 ESTADOS UNIDOS ..................................................................................................... 77 A.2.2.5 ARGUMENTOS A FAVOR Y EN CONTRA DE EXCAVAR EN ALASKA ........................................... 89 2.2.6 PAÍSES ÁRTICOS NO RIBEREÑOS (ISLANDIA, SUECIA, FINLANDIA) .......................................... 95 2.2.7 OTROS ESTADOS EUROPEOS Y LA UNIÓN EUROPEA ......................................................... 101 2.2.8 PAÍSES ASIÁTICOS (JAPÓN, COREA DEL SUR, SINGAPUR, INDIA Y CHINA) ................................ 113 CAPÍTULO 3: CONCLUSIONES.................................................................................................... 127 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ........................................................................................................................... 129 iv Índice de figuras Figura 1. Comparación hielo en el Ártico. Fuente: elpais.com 3 Figura 2. Recursos naturales en el Ártico. Fuente: arctic.ru/resources/ 5 Figura 3. Río ruso contaminado. Fuente: elpais.com/sociedad/2020-06-04/las-autoridades- investigan-el-vertido-de-20000-toneladas-de-combustible-en-un-rio-del-artico-ruso.htm 7 Figura 4. Mapa del lugar de la fuga y la dirección en la que van los residuos tóxicos. Fuente: elpais.com/sociedad/2020-06-04/las-autoridades-investigan-el-vertido-de-20000-toneladas-de- combustible-en-un-rio-del-artico-ruso.htm 8 Figura 5. Trabajos de limpieza del río. Fuente: elpais.com/sociedad/2020-06-04/las-autoridades- investigan-el-vertido-de-20000-toneladas-de-combustible-en-un-rio-del-artico-ruso.html 9 Figura 6. Derrame del Exxon Valdez. Fuente: www.hakaimagazine.com/news/wounded- wilderness-the-exxon-valdez-oil-spill-30-years-later/ 10 Figura 7. Zona afectada por el derrame. Fuente: www.lucidityid.com/work/exxon-valdez-oil-spill/ 10 Figura 8. Trabajos de limpieza de las costas de Alaska. Fuente: www.alamy.es/imagenes/exxon- valdez-oil-spill.html 11 Figura 9. Ballena muerta a causa de la marea negra. Fuente: wtop.com/media- galleries/2019/03/ap-photos-remembering-the-exxon-valdez-oil-spill/ 11 Figura 10. La recuperación de las especies afectadas 25 años después. Fuente: oceanservice.noaa.gov/podcast/mar14/mw122-exxonvaldez.html 12 Figura 11. Disputas territoriales del Ártico. Fuente: www.ecoclimatico.com/archives/polemico- mapa-del-artico-que-detalla-las-disputas-territoriales-464 17 Figura 12. Logo del Consejo del Ártico. Fuente: arctic-council.org/en/ 19 Figura 13. Logo de la OMI. Fuente: www.imo.org/es/About/Paginas/Default.aspx 20 Figura 14. Logo de la FAO. Fuente: www.fao.org/about/es/ 21 Figura 15. Logo PNUMA. Fuente: www.un.org/ruleoflaw/es/un-and-the-rule-of-law/united- nations-environment-programme/ 22 Figura 16. Estaciones de investigación y territorios reclamados en la Antártida. Fuente: https://www.lavanguardia.com/hemeroteca/20191201/471991553234/tratado-antartico- antartida-desmiltarizacion.html 27 Figura 17. Comparación entre las rutas a través del Canal de Panama y de Suez con sus alternativas a través del Paso del Noroeste y la Ruta del Mar del Norte. Fuente: diablobanquisa.wordpress.com 32 v Figura 18. Rutas en el Ártico. Fuente: diablobanquisa.wordpress.com/2017/08/08/geopolitica-en- el-artico-rutas-maritimas-y-reclamaciones-territoriales/ 34 Figura 19. Tráfico en la NSR de Enero hasta Junio de 2020. Fuente: arctic-lio.com 36 Figura 20. Estimación de toneladas de carga por la Northern Sea Route. Fuente: www.thenational.ae/business/energy/lng-shippers-set-to-gain-as-arctic-sea-routes-open-up- 1.766139 37 Figura 21. Territorios reclamados por los diferentes países Árticos. Fuente: geopoliticalfutures.com 40 Figura 22. Ruta por el Estrecho de Bering. Fuente: https://ak.audubon.org/ 42 Figura 23. Territorios reclamados por Rusia. Fuente: www.un.org 44 Figura 24. Bandera rusa en la vertical del Polo Norte a 4261 metros de profundidad. Fuente: elpais.com 45 Figura 25. Mapa de Rusia que muestra los ríos. Fuente: es.maps-russia.com/los-r%C3%ADos-de- rusia-mapa 46 Figura 26. Ubicación de la planta de Yamal LNG. Fuente: yamallng.ru/en/project/about/ 48 Figura 27. Región de Yamalo-Nenets. Fuente: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamalo- Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug 49 Figura 28. Mapa más detallado de Yamalo-Nenets. Fuente: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamalo- Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug 50 Figura
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