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The Role of the Arctic Council Observer States in the Arctic

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The Role of the Arctic Council Observer States in the Arctic FACULTY OF SOCIAL STUDIES The Role of the Arctic Council Observer States in the Arctic Bachelor's Thesis ANETA ROTHOVÁ Supervisor: Mgr. Barbora Padrtová, Ph.D. Department of International Relations and European Studies International Relations Brno 2019/2020 THE ROLE OF THE ARCTIC COUNCIL OBSERVER STATES IN THE ARCTIC Bibliographic Record Author: Aneta Rothová Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University Department of International Relations and Euro- pean Studies Title of Thesis: The Role of the Arctic Council Observer States in the Arctic Degree Programme: International Relations Supervisor: Mgr. Barbora Padrtová, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2019/2020 Number of Pages: 71 Keywords: Arctic, Arctic Council, Observer States, Arctic Po- licies, Asian States, European States, Climate Change, Northern Sea Route, Energy Resources THE ROLE OF THE ARCTIC COUNCIL OBSERVER STATES IN THE ARCTIC Abstract Since the establishment of the Arctic Council (AC) in 1996, thirteen non- Arctic states and numerous inter-governmental and non-governmental organisations have joint the forum as Observers. Although the impact of the thirteen Observer States on the decision-making in the Arctic is limi- ted, they are invited to participate on the regular Arctic Council ministe- rial meetings as well as in the AC working groups. Despite the remo- teness from the Arctic of some Observers States, eg. Italy, India or Sin- gapore, they try to pursue their own strategies and interests there. The aim of this thesis is to explore comprehensively what is the role of these AC Observers, what are their interests and strategies, as well as their actual activities in the Arctic. THE ROLE OF THE ARCTIC COUNCIL OBSERVER STATES IN THE ARCTIC Statutory Declaration I hereby declare that I have written the submitted Bachelor's Thesis con- cerning the topic of The Role of the Arctic Council Observer States in the Arctic independently. All the sources used for the purpose of fi- nishing this thesis have been adequately referenced and are listed in the Bibliography. In Brno 6 December 2019 ....................................... Aneta Rothová THE ROLE OF THE ARCTIC COUNCIL OBSERVER STATES IN THE ARCTIC Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Mgr. Barbora Padrtová, Ph.D. for her professional, yet sympathetic approach, her patience, and her very valu- able pieces of advice. I would also like to thank my mum and my friends for their support. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents List of Maps 9 List of Terms and Acronyms 11 1 Introduction 13 2 Metodology 16 2.1 Literature rewiev ....................................................................................... 16 2.2 Goals and research question ................................................................. 17 2.3 Conceptualisation of the Arctic ............................................................. 17 2.4 Metodology .................................................................................................. 18 2.5 Data collection ............................................................................................ 18 3 The Role of the Observer States within the Arctic Council 20 4 Federal Republic of Germany 23 4.1 To assume more responsibility – German Arctic Strategy ........ 23 4.2 German Arctic science: Understanding of the effects of processes in the Arctic on global cimate ...................................... 24 4.3 Arctic gas to reduce the negative impact on the environment? ...................................................................................................................... 26 4.4 Summary ....................................................................................................... 27 5 French Republic 28 5.1 “The Great Challenge of the Arctic” – French Arctic Strategy .... 28 5.2 French-German cooperation and the military ............................... 29 5.3 LNG and tourism ........................................................................................ 30 5.4 Summary ....................................................................................................... 31 6 Italian Republic 32 6.1 Italian strategy: Sustainable development ...................................... 32 6.2 Scientific diplomacy .................................................................................. 33 6.3 Arctic business ............................................................................................ 34 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.4 Summary ....................................................................................................... 35 7 Japan 36 7.1 Japan’s outlook – The Northern Sea Route ...................................... 36 7.2 Japan and sustainability .......................................................................... 37 7.3 Japan’s never-ending hunt for energy resources? ........................ 38 7.4 Summary ....................................................................................................... 39 8 The Netherlands 41 8.1 The Netherlands – The “niche operator” ........................................... 41 8.2 Research and diplomacy ......................................................................... 42 8.3 LNG and Chinese Belt and Road ........................................................... 43 8.4 Summary ....................................................................................................... 44 9 People’s Republic of China 45 9.1 China as a “Near-Arctic State”, the “Polar Silk Road” and Greenland’s minerals ........................................................................... 45 9.2 Research, diplomacy and the military ............................................... 47 9.3 Summary ....................................................................................................... 48 10 Poland 49 10.1 Policy without policy guidelines .......................................................... 49 10.2 International cooperation in polar research ................................... 49 10.3 The “mediator” ............................................................................................ 50 10.4 Economic interests .................................................................................... 51 10.5 Summary ....................................................................................................... 51 11 Republic of India 52 11.1 The importance of monsoons ............................................................... 52 11.2 Scientific engagement .............................................................................. 53 11.3 “Environmental stewardship” of the third largest oil consumer in the world? ........................................................................................... 54 11.4 Summary ....................................................................................................... 55 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS 12 Republic of Korea 56 12.1 The Northern Sea Route – South Korea’s Arctic Policy ............... 56 12.2 South Korea’s regional cooperation ................................................... 58 12.3 Summary ....................................................................................................... 59 13 Republic of Singapore 60 13.1 Flooding as a result of global warming ............................................. 60 13.2 The “Global City” approach .................................................................... 61 13.3 The “Arctic export” .................................................................................... 62 13.4 Summary ....................................................................................................... 63 14 Spain 64 14.1 “Guidelines for a Spanish Polar Strategy”: science diplomacy .. 64 14.2 Spanish research, fishing and Russian LNG..................................... 65 14.3 Summary ....................................................................................................... 66 15 Switzerland 68 15.1 The “vertical Arctic” and the climate change .................................. 68 15.2 Summary ....................................................................................................... 69 16 The United Kingdom 71 16.1 The UK government’s “vision of a Global Britain” and environmental protection ................................................................. 71 16.2 Britain’s active Arctic research and defense ................................... 72 16.3 Oil, diamonds and minerals ................................................................... 73 16.4 Summary ....................................................................................................... 74 17 Conclusion 75 Bibliography 77 7 LIST OF MAPS List of Maps Map no. 1 - Map of Arctic Council Member and Observer States Source: Arctic Portal, 2016, https://arcticportal.org/maps-arctic-coun- cil. 9 LIST OF MAPS Map no. 2 - Map of the Arctic boundaries Source: GRID-Arendal, 2013, http://grid-arendal.herokuapp.com/re- sources/8387. 10 LIST OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS List of Terms and Acronyms AC – Arctic Council ACAP – Arctic Contamination Action Programme AEPS – Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy AMAP – Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme ASFR – Arctic Security Forces Roundtable AVI – Advisory Council on International Affairs AWI – Alfred Wegener Institute BEAC – Barents Euro-Arctic Council CAFF – Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna CBSS – Council of the Baltic Sea States EPB – European Polar Board EPPR – Emergency, Prevention, Preparedness and Re- sponse EU
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