Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Index More information

Index

This index uses Slovak alphabetical order. 22nd Congress of Communist Party of Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party 163 Soviet Union 299, 300 SlovakRepublic182,184,185,187,188–90 see also Jews Academy of Music and Drama 152 anti-state conspiracy 289, 290, 292 Achenwall, Gottfried 90n. 9 Antonescu, General Ion Victor 216 Act for the Defence of the State 154 Antonius Cassoviensis, Ja´n 66 Act no. 93 304 Antonov, General Alexei I. 209, 213 Act no. 247 294 appeasement policies 154 Act on National Committees 304 Apponyi laws 131n. 17 Act on the Autonomy of the Slovak April Agreement 238, 238n. 6 Land 169 Aribos 18 Act on the Czechoslovak Federation 358 Army Group North (Ukraine) actors, union 339n. 22 (Heeresgruppe Nord-Ukraine) 211, Adalbert, St see Vojtech, St 216–17, 219 Adalram 31 A´ rpa´d dynasty 19, 32, 36 Adlman, Erasmus 57 art 70, 341, 342 Agnes de Posonio 58 artillery 52, 53 Agrarian Party 143, 144, 146, 160, 161, artistic organisations 339, 339n. 21, 348 167, 169, 202–4, 211, 252 Aston, Francis 372–3, 372n. 5 Agreement on the Stationing of Soviet astronomy 69, 84 Forces 351 atlases 84 Agricola, Georgius 69 Augsburg Confession 73, 80 agriculture 98, 187, 332 Austro-Hungarian Empire 122, 130–3, 137 collectivisation 281–2, 297, 331, 334 attitudes to Slovak nationalism 126, Czechoslovak Republic (1918) 149–50 127, 129 employment during Communist period Autonomist Bloc 153 330, 331, 331n. 2, 333, 334 auxiliary technical battalions 295, 296 Warsaw Pact invasion 346, 347 Avars 16, 30 Alba Iulia (Gyulafehe´rva´r) 19 Aventinus 25 alchemy 372 Alexander the Great 104 Bach, Alexander 128 Alexandri, Pavol 86 Bacha 34 A´ lmos 29 Bacı´lek, Karol 300 Altaich Annals 24 Bahna, Vladimı´r 341 Anabaptists 73 Bajza, Jozef Igna´c 94 Andrew I 23, 24, 25, 26 Bakosˇ, Mikula´sˇ 344 Andrew II 37 Balbus, Hieronymus 59 Andrew III 40, 51–2 Banska´ Bala´ 45, 73 Anna 60 Banska´ Bystrica 45, 69, 70, 81, 84, 153, anti-Semitism 178 217, 221, 373n. 7, 374

391

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Index More information

392 Index

Banska´ Bystrica (cont.) as leader of Czechoslovak government- army headquarters occupied by Military in-exile 191, 195, 196–7 Centre 205 legislative powers 229 centre of Slovak National Uprising proposals for provincial national 220, 222 committees 224n. 34 cultural influence (late Middle Ages) 57 protests at German occupation of German occupation 227 Czechoslovakia 193 liberation 228 resigns as president 169 participation in Confessio Heptapolitana 73 signs Soviet–Czechoslovak treaty 200 population (Middle Ages) 43 Slovak–Czech question 155, 156, population (sixteenth century) 55 159, 233 printing presses 82 Slovak National Council’s recognition town charter 39 of 207 Banska´ Sˇtiavnica 45, 63, 66, 69, 70, 84, understanding of Slovak National 373, 373n. 7, 374 Council 210 cultural influence (late Middle Ages) 57 Beniak, V. 342n. 31 Mining Academy 375 Benicky´, Peter 85 participation in Confessio Beran, Rudolf 172 Heptapolitana 73 Berger, Gottlob 216, 219 population (Middle Ages) 43 Beria, Lavrenti P. 292 population (sixteenth century) 55 Bernola´k, Anton 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 261 town charter 39 codification of Slovak language 94n. 17, see also Schemnitium (Schemnitz) 121, 123, 125, 125n. 8 Bara´k, Rudolf 300, 300n. 2 Gramatica slavica 107 Bara´k Commission 300 Berzevici, Henrich 84 Bardejov 47, 72, 81, 82, 85 Beskydy mountains 217 population (Middle Ages) 43 Bethlen, Gabriel 76 population (sixteenth century) 55 Bezprim 21 participation in Confessio Pentapolitana 73 Bible kralicka´ sˇestidilna´ (Bible of Kralice in superintendency 75 six parts) 65, 91, 123 township status (Middle Ages) 43 biblicˇtina 65, 91, 94 Barnabite Commission 301 Bielik, Pal’o 341 Baroque 56, 85 Bihar, Duchy of 26, 27, 28 Baroque Slavism 66 Biheller, Bedrich 390n. 44 Bartolini, Riccardo 60 Bil’ak, Vasil’ 304, 356 Basilius de Deutschenberg, Daniel 66, 69 Bıńa 35 Basˇt’ovansky´,Sˇtefan 338 black market economy 358, 359 Bayer, Jań 84 Blaho, Jań 65 Bazovsky´, Milosˇ 342 Blatnica 33 Beatrix 57 Board of Commissioners 230 Bedna´r, Alfonz 311, 345n. 36 Communist control 245 Bel, Matej (Matthias) 1, 83, 107 composition and control 242, 242n. 11 Be´la (duke of Nitra and Bihar; king of and federalism 317 Hungary) 23, 24, 25 forced resignation of opposition Be´la (son of Almos) 29 members from 286 Be´la IV 51 legislative powers 235, 236, 237 Belvedere Group 132 Magyar policies 275, 277, 281 Belz 21 powers reduced 239, 240 Bencsik, Miha´ly 121 Bobula, Jań 62, 68, 130 Benedictines 84 Bocskay, Stephen 74 Benedikt Nudozierinus, Vavrinec 65, 66, 68 Boguchwal 19, 27 Benesˇ, Dr Edvard 139, 204, 223, 226, 229, Bohemia, Kingdom of 4, 57, 150, 155, 249 240, 245 Magyars’ relocation 279–80, 281 Czechoslovakism 264 Bohemia and Moravia, Protectorate of 179 Decrees 274 Bohemia in History 9, 370–1, 388

Index 393

Boleslaw I the Brave 19, 21 Bylica, Martin 57 Boleslaw II the Bold 26 Bzovı´k monastery 34, 35 Bologna University 57 Bonfini, Antonio 56 Caban, Iza´k 83, 84, 85 Borˇivoj I 258 Cace 34 Born, Ignaz (Inigo) von 375, 375n. 12 Calendarium Tyrnaviense 84 Borso´d 36 calendars 69 bourgeois nationalists 292, 301, 343, Calvinists 73, 79 345, 381 Capuchins 84 Bratislava 1, 1n. 1, 8, 31, 49, 54, 74, 83, Caraffa, General Antonio 79 153, 175, 324 Carinthia 15, 23 1620 Diet 76 Carpathian Basin 5, 15, 16 1687–8 Diet 79 Cassoviensis, Ja´n Antoninus 64 captured by Brˇetislav I 23 castles 36, 39 cultural importance (inter-war years) 153 Alba Iulia (Gyulafehe´rva´r) 19 cultural influence (late Middle Ages) 57 Bratislava 324 Danubian trade 290 Devı´n 124, 165 demography (sixteenth century) 55 Dobra´ Niva 46 fortifications 42n. 11 Esztergom 19, 21 liberation 228 Kolodeˇj 321 non-participation in Slovak National L’ubovnˇa 45 Uprising 218 Marosva´r (Cenad; Csana´d) 19 population and township status (Middle Moson 26, 28 Ages) 43 Nitra 26, 33 printing presses 58, 82, 85 Sˇa´sˇov 46 schools 66, 84, 124 Slovenska L’upca 46 social structures 48 Vı´gl’asˇ 46 town charter 39, 40 see also fortresses Bratislava Greens 362 CDP see Civic Democratic Party Bratislava nahlas 362 Cengler, Ondrej 83 Bratislava 152 censorship 312, 340, 351n. 1 bratrı´ks (‘little brethren’) 51 censuses Brencˇicˇ,Sˇtefan 328 Czechoslovak Republic (1918) 254, Brˇetislav I 23–5 263n. 29, 270 Brezhnev, Leonid I. 312 Hungary, Kingdom of 377n. 16 Brezno 46, 215 post-war 266–8 Broklova´,Eva253 Central Economic Office 178 Brown, Martin D. 380, 388–9 Central Intelligence Agency, US (CIA) 290 Brown(e), Edward 373 Central National Committee (U´ stredny´ Bruso, Antonio 62 na´rodny´ vy´bor) 204 Buda 43, 54, 55n. 3, 56 Centre for State Security 178 Buga´r, Milosˇ 242, 289 CF see Civic Forum Bukven 34 Chamberlain, Neville 157 Bulcsu 32 Charlemagne the Great 16, 30 Bulgaria 193 Charles I (king of Hungary) 44 Bulle, Johannes 57 Charles IV (king of Bohemia; Holy Roman Bu¨rckel, Otto 173 emperor) 104 burghers 73, 80, 88, 96, 121 Charles XII (king of Sweden) 105 military obligations 51, 52 Charles Robert (king of Hungary) 56 Privilegium pro Slavis 103 Charter 77 356, 362 social standing 47, 48–9 chemical industry 346 Bush, President George snr 369 Christianity 30, 33, 258, 259 Butchery of Presˇov 79 Christmas Agreement 203, 264 Buzalka, Michal 293 churches 79, 92, 179, 360 Buzuluk 203 CIA see Central Intelligence Agency, US

394 Index

Ciano, Count Galeazzo 166fig. 11 political representation 146 cinema 311, 341, 348, 349 press censorship 343 Cinkota 28 purges 314 Cı´sarˇ,Cˇ estmı´r 324, 325 reactions to attempted reforms of Citizenship Act 269 socialism 299 ‘Civic bloc’ 203 rehabilitation of ‘bourgeois nationalists’ Civic Democratic Party (CDP) 366, 302 368, 386 totalitarianism 371 Civic Forum (CF/Obcˇanske´ fo´rum) 364–5 trials of ‘traitor bishops’ 293 civil rights, Communists abolish 285 Twelfth Congress 305 civitates and civitates muratae 41 Union of Czechoslovak Writers 344 classicism 68 Communist Party of Hungary 281 Clement XIV 55n. 3 Communist Party of Slovakia (CPS) 230, Clementis, Vladimı´r 302, 343 230n. 1, 243, 338, 381 Cleveland Agreement 134n. 23, 250 discredits reformists 352 Club of Engaged Non-Party Members and federalism 304–7 (KAN) 313 membership of national committees 288 Club of Slovak Deputies 141 Ninth Congress 343 coinage, Duchy of Nitra 27 parliamentary elections 237–9 collectivisation 284 political trials of members 292 colonists (hospes) 39, 44 press censorship 343 Colotka, Peter 324 rehabilitation of ‘bourgeois nationalists’ COMECON see Council for Mutual 301 Economic Assistance re-Slovakisation policies 278 Comenius University (Bratislava) 10, 151 and Slovak National Council 211 communism 3, 266–7, 330–46, 363–4, and Slovak National Uprising 202–4, 371, 387–8 214, 221 Communist International 200, 356 subordination to Communist Party of Communist Manifesto 377 Czechoslovakia 246 Communist Party of Czechoslovakia totalitarianism 371 (CPC) 202, 207, 230, 243–6, 284, Communists 229, 243–6, 284–5, 286, 297, 303, 304, 305, 381 285–97, 297 Action Programme 312, 352 exclusion from Zˇ ilina Agreement 160 ‘asymmetric model’ 300n. 6 influence on Slovak–Magyar relations banned in Slovakia 161, 168 280–3 and Barnabite Commission 302 opposition to Democratic Party 241–3 Central Committee 280, 308, 312, 324, resistance movement, Slovak 326, 340 Republic 191 control of local government 287–9 see also reformist Communists cultural/science censorship 310, Communitas Saxonum de Scepus 340, 344 (Community of the Saxons of Spisˇ) on Czech–Slovak relations 234, 236 42n.11, 44 and Czechoslovakism 251, 265 Communitas XI regalium civitatem terrae discredits reformists 352–6 Scepusiensis (Spisˇ province of eleven Dubcˇek addresses on economic Spisˇ royal towns) 45 reforms 336 composers, unions 339n. 22 exploitation of economic problems 149 concentration camps 178 federalism 316–17 ‘concentration’ monasteries 296 forced to halt social reforms by Warsaw Conference on Security and Cooperation in Pact 351 Europe (CSCE) 360, 361, 369 Fourteenth Conference 351n. 1 Confessio Heptapolitana 73 and Kolder Commission 299, 300 Confessio Pentapolitana 73 Ninth Congress 338 Confessio Scepusiana 73 parliamentary elections 238–9 Congress of Works’ Councils 242, 245 and perestroika 361, 362 Conseil national des pays tche`ques 134

Index 395

consolidation see normalisation Czech Lands 140, 253–4, 262, 264, 267, Constance, Council of 256n. 18 292, 297, 308–9, 310, 314, 318, 331, Constantine 117 331n. 2, 336, 350, 354–5, 356–7, 368 Constituent National Assembly 240 Czech language 91, 94, 107, 123, 124, 254 Constitutional Act on Autonomy of grammar books 65n. 20 Slovakia 160 and Language Act (1920) 252, 253 Constitutional Act on Constitutional literary Czech, and Czechoslovakism 259 National Assembly 237 Slovakised Czech language 65 Constitutional Act on Czecho-Slovak Czech National Assembly 144n. 10 Federation 322, 323–4 Czech National Council (1940) 197 Constitutional Act on Position of Czech National Council (1968) 318, 323 Nationalities in Czechoslovak Socialist Czech national identity 257 Republic, no. 144 283 Czech–Slovak National Council 263 Constitutional Acts Czecho-Slovak Republic (Second importance for Slovak National Republic, 1938–9) 3, 14, 161–3, 272 Council 325 constitutional amendments 264 no. 32/1948 342n. 30 continued international recognition 193 no. 38/1968 327 creation 160 no. 43/1968 326 geopolitical importance for Nazi no. 77/1968 318, 320 Germany 158 no. 117/1968 328 independence, Nazi policies 171–4 no. 125/1968 329 Czechoslav Unity (Cˇ eskoslovanska´ no. 133/1968 329 jednota) 249 no. 143/1968 329 Czechoslovak government-in-exile 191, no. 171/1968 326, 329 206–7 no. 542/1992 367 Allies’ recognition of 198 Constitutional Court 229 Benesˇ establishes 193 Copernicus, Nicolas 69 and Czechoslovakism 264–5 copper not recognised by Great Britain and mining 45, 47, 54n. 1 France 196 trade, Slovakia 374 population transfer policy 273 Cosma 35 relations with Slovak National Council Council for Art and Science 343n. 32 222–7 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Slovak National Uprising 207, 212 (COMECON) 330 Soviet Union’s recognition of 202 Council for Theatre and Drama 342n. 30 Czechoslovak language Counter-Reformation 71, 73–6, 86 official status in Czechoslovak Republic County Act 146 (1918) 270, 271 Coxe, Leonhard 59 as political fiction 141, 143 CPC see Communist Party of Czechoslovak nation, as political fiction 142 Czechoslovakia Czechoslovak National Committee CPS see Communist Party of Slovakia 195, 250 Cracow 47 Czechoslovak National Council 137, 139–40 Cracow University 58, 58n. 11, 80, 82, 102 Czechoslovak National Democrats 252 craft guilds 49 Czechoslovak National Socialist Party Croats 6, 103, 110, 127 (Cˇ SNS) 143, 146, 230, 238, 243, 244, Csa´k, Matu´sˇ (Matthew) 7 251, 265 CSCE see Conference on Security and Czechoslovak People’s Party (Cˇ SL) 143, Cooperation in Europe 146, 230, 238, 243, 244, 252, 265 currency reforms 148, 332 Czechoslovak reciprocity 248–9 Cyril, St 7, 95 Czechoslovak Red Cross 153 Czech Agrarians 144 Czechoslovak Republic (First Republic, Czech and Slovak Federative Republic 1918–38) 136, 138map 4, 140–4, (1991–2) 14, 267 153–6, 167–8, 272 Czech emigrant communities 134 agriculture 149–50

396 Index

Czechoslovak Republic (First Republic, Presidential Decree no. 88 279 1918–38) (cont.) Slovak and Czech economic life censorship 344, 345n. 36 compared 331–6, 331n. 2 Constitution 140, 141, 169–70, Slovak–Czech relations 232–5, 381–6 252–4, 266 Slovak question post-Second World War Czechoslovakism 247, 251–2, 252–63 203 economy 147–51 social structure 334 education and cultural life 151–3 southern Slovakia 275, 278, 282 formation 137, 139–40 Czechoslovak–Soviet Agreement (1943) Magyar population 269–72 208, 209 Ministry with Full Power to Administer Czechoslovak–Soviet Agreement (1944) Slovakia 141 208 Nazi destruction of 173–4 Czechoslovak–Soviet treaty (1935) Nazi Germany’s policies towards 157–9 199n. 23 political fragmentation 143–7 Czechoslovak Union of Youth 311 political system 144, 161–3, 164, 229 Czechoslovakism 136, 163, 201, 239, 247, population (1921) 263n. 29 255–6, 258, 266–8 Slovak demands for autonomy 370 Communist Party of Czechoslovakia’s Slovak national identity during 3, 5, 8 support for 303 Slovakia 140–3, 147–53 conflicts with federalism and economic territorial integrity 165–7 reforms 309 unemployment 150 Czechoslovak Republic (1918) 251–62 Czechoslovak Small Traders’ Party 252 and First World War 249–51 Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party 143, late 1930s 263–4 238, 251 nineteenth century 123 Czechoslovak (Socialist) Republic/ Second World War 264–6 Federation of Czech and Slovak Czechs 102, 103, 125, 141, 175, 179 Socialist Republics (1945–90) 3, 227n. and Czechoslovakism 247 40, 243–6, 265, 284–5, 297, 302, employment by Slovak Republic 177 309–11, 324–6, 337n. 18, Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party 163–5 351n. 1, 354 national consciousness 248, 370 becomes Soviet satellite 199 national identity 4, 8 break-up 364–9 Slavic relationships with, early censorship 344 nineteenth century 110 collapse 363–5 Communist takeover 243–6 Cˇ alfa, Maria´n 364 Communists’ use of political persecution Cˇ arnogursky´, Pavol 379n. 20 284–97 Cˇ as 221 Czechoslovakism 266–8 Cˇ atlosˇ, General Ferdinand 200, 211, 218, democratic reforms under Dubcˇek 218n. 23, 223, 379n. 20 311–13 Cˇ epicˇka, Alexej 295, 300 economy 297, 299, 307–9, 346 Cˇ erna´k, Matu´sˇ 160, 169, 170 federalism 315–24, 331n. 3 Cˇ ernı´k, Oldrˇich 317, 324 Magyar population 272–6, 280–3 Cˇ ervinka, Antonı´n 318 mass screenings 354, 355 Cˇ ierna nad Tisou 290 national sovereignty 320 Cˇ SL see Czechoslovak People’s Party normalisation 326–9, 356 Cˇ SNS see Czechoslovak National Socialist Office for Supervision of the Press 340 Party parliamentary elections 237–40 perestroika 361–3 Daladier, E´ douard 157 political standing 231–2 Danube region 6, 19, 24 political system 229–31 Danuvius 68 311 Prague Agreements 236–7 DAV (Crowd) 344n. 33 Prague Spring 315, 321–2, 346–50 Daxner, Sˇtefan Marko 128 Presidential Decree no. 33 275, 277, 278 de Gaulle, General Charles 199

Index 397

de la Rameé, Pierre 64 perestroika 361 de Nadasd, Thomas 67 press freedom 309, 310 Declaration of the Slovak Nation 135fig. 6, Slovak demands for federalism 303–4 136, 143 Dubcˇek, Julius 383 Deda 34 Dubcˇek, Sˇtefan 383 Defence Training Act 154 Ducove´ 31, 33 Demands of the Slovak Nation (Zˇ iadosti Duchonˇ,Jań 83 slovenske´ho na´roda)(1848) 5, 126 Dukla Operation 217 Demec 201 Dˇ urcˇansky´, Ferdinand 160, 170, 173, democracy and democratisation 229, 318 193, 197 see also parliamentary elections Democratic Party (DS; Demokraticka´ Eastern Front 181, 203, 203n. 40 strana) 230, 230n. 1, 243 Eck, Valentin 59, 61 advocates federalism 302 economic life 330–6, 368 Communist opposition to 241–3, centralisation under normalisation 358 286–8, 289 under neo-Stalinism 363 ministers resign from government 244 Slovak–Czech experiences post-Second parliamentary elections 237–9, 240 World War 382 policies 221 Warsaw Pact invasion effects 346–7 political exiles persecuted 291 Edict of Toleration 92, 94, 123 re-Slovakisation policies 278 education 271–2, 282 on Slovak–Czech relations 236 influence on Slovak nationalism 89–93 Demokraticka´ strana see Democratic Party international investment in 350n. 42 De´rer, Ivan 146, 156, 265 Magyarisation 131n. 17 Dernschwam, Johann 69 Platonism 93 de-Stalinisation 299–301 post-Warsaw Pact invasion 349–50 Detvan 249 Reformation influence 80, 81 Deutsche Partei 169, 172, 179, 181, 183 Renaissance 60, 69 devotio moderna 57, 59 seventeenth century 83–4 Dezider 27 Slovak National Council’s policies 275 Diet of Slovak Land (Snem Slovenskej Slovak Republic, Magyar population krajiny) 160, 161, 169, 175 273 Dilong, R. 342n. 31 textbooks 90n. 9, 91n. 13 Dirlewanger brigade 219 universities (late Middle Ages) 58 Dlouhy´, Juraj 291 see also schools Dobra´ Niva 46 Education Act no. 95/1948 349 Dolezˇal, Pavol 107 Einsatzgruppe H 216 Domoslav 23, 24–5 Einsatzkommando squads 190 Dra´bik, Mikula´sˇ 77 elections see parliamentary elections Drevena´ dedina 341 Elia´sˇ, General Alois 172 DS see Democratic Party employment 347 Dual Alliance 130 Communist influence on 330, 331, Dual Monarchy 118 333, 334 Dualism 130–3 under normalisation 358, 359 Dubcˇek, Alexander 306fig. 16, 309, 310, Empowering Act, no. 117/1969 326, 328 311, 315, 364 Enlightenment 88–93, 120 democratic reforms 311–13 entertainments (medieval period) 49 discreditation 314, 352 environmentalists 362 economic reforms 336 Erasmus, Desiderius 55, 64–5, 68 normalisation 326, 356, 356n. 7 Esterha´zi, Paul 86 opposition to neo-Stalinism 360–1 Esterha´zy, Jańos 179, 273 participation in commission on Esztergom 19, 21, 55 Constitutional Act 324 ethnography, and patriotism 66 as personification of Slovak–Czech European Union 4 relations 382–4, 384n. 29 exchange rates 187

398 Index

executions 49 Banska´ Sˇtiavnica 70 extermination camps 189 Kapuva´r 28 Koma´rno 42n. 11, 70 Fakan, Jean 291 Krupina 70 Fall Gru¨n 157 Nove´ Za´mky 70 Falt’an, Samuel 328 Pukanec 70 Fańdly, Juraj 93, 97, 100 Zvolen 70 fascism 371 see also castles Federal Assembly 324–5, 327 Fourastie´, Jean 334n. 12 Federal Parliament 367 Fradelius Schemnicenus (Schemnicensis), federalism 318–21, 365–9, 382 Peter 62–3, 66, 68 economic reforms 309 France 154, 193, 194, 195, 196 demands for 315–18 Francis Ferdinand 132 Democratic Party advocates 302 Francis II Ra´koćzi 79 Slovak nationalist demands for 302–7 Francis Joseph I 128, 129 under normalisation 358 Francisci, Jań 128 Warsaw Pact invasion effects 346 Freedom Party 230, 230n. 1, 237, 239, see also normalisation; ‘velvet divorce’ 242n. 11, 288 Federation of Czech and Slovak Socialist French Committee of National Liberation Republics see Czechoslovak (Socialist) 199 Republic/Federation of Czech and French consulate 291 Slovak Socialist Republics (1945–90) Frisˇ, Edo 310 Felbiger, Johann Ignaz von 91n. 13 Fro¨hlich, David 83, 84 Ferdinand I (king of Bohemia and Fugger, Jakub 45 Hungary; Holy Roman emperor) 46, Fugger family 69, 374 60, 250 Fulla, L’udovı´t 342, 342n. 29 Ferdinand III (Holy Roman emperor) 76 Futa ´k, Jań 197 Ferdinand V (king of Bohemia and Hungary; Holy Roman emperor) 124, Ga´l, Fedor 385, 385n. 33 124n. 7 Galanda, Mikula´sˇ 342, 342n. 29 Ferjencˇ´ık, Lieutenant-Colonel Mikula´sˇ Galeotti, Marzio 56 213, 214, 240n. 9 Gasˇpar, Tido J. 342n. 31 feudal subjects (poddany´) 73, 78 Gatti, Giovanni 56, 57 feudalism 47, 125, 126, 127, 376 Gdan´sk 45, 47 Fierlinger, Zdeneˇk 196, 235 Gelnica 39, 47, 373n. 7, 374 Filicky´,Jań 62, 66, 68, 85 Gemer 36, 37, 75 Finland 193 General Seminary (Bratislava) 92, 93 firearms and artillery (medieval) 52 George I Ra´koćzi 76 First Congress of Slovak Painters, German colonisation 44, 55, 103, 258, Sculptors and Architects 341 259, 376n. 14, 377n. 16 First Prague Agreement 236–7, 243, 265 effects on urbanisation 39 First World War 137, 249–51, 378 incursions into Hungary 66 Slovak national identity during 5, social standing in towns 50, 51 133, 250 see also German population Fischer-Piscatoris, Jań 104 German language 90, 98, 376–7 Five-Year Plans 307, 332 German political parties 221 Flo´ra 201 German population 230, 295, 297 Florentino, Antonino 57 Czechoslovak Republic (1918) 140, 263 forced labour camps 294–5, 296 Reformation’s effects in mining towns 72 Forgaćh, Francis 75 Slovak Republic 175, 179, 273, 274, 275 Forgaćh, Sigismund 76 see also German colonisation Forman, Milosˇ 348n. 40 German universities 80 fortresses Germany Babo´t 28 defeat of Slovak National Uprising 205, Banska´ Bystrica 70 206, 207, 214, 216–19, 227–8

Index 399

invades Soviet Union 198 Habsburgs 4n. 5, 8, 54, 71–2, 74–80, 121, as nation-state 121 256, 371, 376 recognition of Slovak Republic 193 Haćha, Emil 170, 172, 196 Slovak Republic’s dependence on 379 Hadrian II 17n. 8 support for Magyarisation 130 Hain, Jań Peterson 84 see also Nazis Hajdu´szoboszlo´, Assembly of 78 Ge´za (grand duke of Hungary) 32, 33 Hamada, Milan 345n. 36 Ge´za I (duke of Nitra; king of Hungary) 19, Hań, Jań 58 26, 27–9 Hana´k, Dusˇan 348, 349 Ge´za II 25 Harmanec 222 Gide, Andre´ 340 Harminc, Milan 194, 195, 198 girls, education 82 Hatala, Vojtech 319, 328 Gizela 33 Havel, Vaćlav 364, 365, 369, 384 Glosius, Jań 85 Havetta, Elo 348, 349 Godfrid 35 Hecˇko, Frantisˇek 341 Goebbels, Joseph 174 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Frederick 108, 112 Gojdicˇ, Pavol 293 Henkel, Jań 64 gold mining 45, 54n. 1, 372 Henlein, Konrad 154 Golden Bull 37 Henry III 23–5 Goldstu¨cker, Eduard 384n. 28 Henry IV 26 Golian, Lieutenant-Colonel Jań 204, 210, Herder, Johann Gottfried von 93, 108, 211, 212, 213, 216, 218n. 23, 112, 127 220, 223 Heriman 24 Gorbachev, Mikhail S. 361–2 Herkel’, Jań 108, 377 Go¨ring, Hermann 170, 171 Hiebner, Izrael 84 Gosiorovsky´, Milosˇ 302, 303 High Tatra mountains (Vysoke´ Tatry) 167, Gottwald, Klement 240 219 Gra´f, Sˇtefan 342n. 31 Hildesheim Annals 24 Graff, Anton 83 Himmler, Heinrich 216, 219 Graus, Frantisˇek 388 history Great Britain Czechoslovakist and Slovak autonomist diplomatic relations with Slovak interpretations 257–62 Republic 181, 193, 194, 196 importance for Czech–Slovak relations recognises Czech government-in-exile 387–8 197, 199 interpretation (post-1968) 357 recognises Czechoslovak National and nationalism 95–8 Committee 195 and personality 383 strategy regarding Slovak National understanding 389–90 Uprising 208 Hitler, Adolf 157–9, 171, 186fig. 12, Great Moravia 2, 7, 95–7, 103, 250, 256, 258 198, 205 demise 257, 260 Hlinka, Andrej 135, 144, 145fig. 9, 155, foundation by Duke Mojmı´r 16–18 215, 390 Magyarisation 122 Hlinka Guard 161, 172, 177, 178, 179, 228 Slovak ethno-genesis 6 Hlinka Youth 178, 228 Slovak national consciousness 370 Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party 167–8, 171, see also Moravia 172, 238 Grecˇner, Eduard 349 alliance with Slovak National Party 153 Greek Catholic Church 313 anti-Jewish and anti-Czech policies Grospicˇ, Jirˇ´ı 319 163–5 Gruber, Matthias 57 autonomy proposals 264 guilds 49 constitutional views 169–70 gymnasia 10, 59, 82, 83, 89, 129, 130, 271, control of Slovak Republic 175, 177, 178 273, 337n. 18 exploitation of economic problems 149 Gyo¨ ngyo¨si, Jańos 280 and Magyar question 165 Gyo¨rffy, Gyo¨rgy 32 nationalism 200

400 Index

Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party (cont.) political situation 137 Nazi Germany’s manipulation of 158 population transfer 275–80 opposition within 201, 201n. 34 recognition of Slovak Republic 193 political domination of Slovakia 161–3 Slavism and Panslavism 102–3, 106, political influence 144, 146 113–14 Slovak nationalism 155, 155–6, 159 Slovaks 5, 6–7, 96, 121, 182, 370, 377 totalitarianism 371 social structure 43n. 12 under communism 289–91 territorial demands 165–7 Hlohovec 18, 31, 32, 218 towns 41–4 Hlozˇnı´k, Vincent 341, 348 Hunt family 31n. 6, 32–4, 33n. 7, 35, 36 Hobsbawm, Eric 383 Hurban, Jozef Miloslav 111, 115, 116 Hochhuth, Rolf 310, 310n. 23, 311 Hurban, Vladimı´r 194, 199 Hodzˇa, Michal Miloslav 115, 116 Hus, Jan 256n. 18, 259 Hodzˇa, Milan 132, 145fig. 10, 202, 260 Husa´k, Gusta´v 240n. 9, 242, 245, 286, concerns with Slovak–Czech question 155 301, 317, 324, 343, 353fig. 18, 357 corruption charges against 147 Czech criticisms of 356 Czechoslovakism 257, 257n. 20, 259 discredits reformists 352 Nationality Statute 159 on federalism 303, 319, 322, 328 opposition to Benesˇ 196–7 formation of Slovak National Council 203 political views 144 and normalisation 326, 352n. 3 Hofle, Hermann 219 opposition to Dubcˇek 360 Holdosˇ, Ladislav 301, 338, 343, 390n. 44 as personification of Slovak–Czech Holec, Roman 142, 389 relations 381, 383 Holly´,Ja´n 97, 107 rise to power after suppression of Prague Homola, General Bedrˇich 172 Spring 314 Hont family 37 on Slovak national consciousness 232 Horna´d basin 44 on Slovak question 203 Horthy, Admiral Miklo´s 220, 272 trial 292 Horva´th, Ivan 301, 338, 343 Hussitism and Hussites 50–1, 256n. 18 hospes see colonists and Czechoslovakism 256, 258, 259, 262 Hroch, Miroslav 120 hymns 68, 85 Hron river 23, 24 hyphen debate 4, 268, 268n. 40, 365 Hronsky´, Jozef Cı´gar 342n. 31 Hysko, Miroslav (journalist) 345 Hrubı´n, Frantisˇek 344 Hrusˇkovicˇ, Miroslav 348 Charva´t, Juraj 389 Hrusˇovsky´, Igor 146 Chorva´th, Michal 338, 344 humanism 67, 80 Chudı´k, Michal 303 Hungarian Chronicle 26 Hungarian Red Army 140, 141, 148 Ilava forced labour camp 294 Hungary/Kingdom of Hungary 1, 4, 8, Illesha´zy, Stephen 75 20map, 32, 54, 71, 82, 148, 151 industrial relations 190 administration of Slovakia 3 industrialisation 148, 151, 346, 347, 374–6 aristocracy 74, 76, 77–80, 376 Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 307 annexes southern Slovakia 180, 272 employment during Communist period concept 13 331, 333, 334 defence (Middle Ages) 51–3 Nazi Germany dominates Slovak Diet of 1548 73 Republic 186 Diet of 1721 121 under normalisation 358 Diet of 1861 128 industries domination of Duchy of Nitra 21–9 aluminium industry 333n. 5 historiography 10, 95 arms industry 368 Magyarisation 130, 131n. 17, 269, 271 engineering 332, 332n. 4 metal exports (fifteenth century) 54n. 1 hydro-electricity 332n. 4 one-nation Hungarian state 124, 125 investment 333 ‘patriotism’ 128 iron industry 335fig. 17

Index 401

production levels 332 Kalisky´, Roman 345 see also metallurgy, mining industries KAN (K-231; Club of Engaged Non-Party Ingr, Sergej 223 Members, Klub angazˇovanyćh Institoris, Michal (Mossoćzy/Mosˇovsky´) nestranı´ku˚) 313 100 Kanya, Ka´lmań 166 intelligentsia 354, 359 Ka´ra, L’ubomı´r 348 iobagiones castri (castle soldiers) 36 Karmasin, Franz 179 iron 47, 372, 373 Karvasˇ, Peter 311 Istropolitana University (Bratislava) Kautsky, Karl 340 56, 67 Kemej, battle (1074) 28 Italy 121, 193 Kempny´, Jozef 242, 289 Keppler, Wilhelm 173 Jakesˇ, Milosˇ 362 Kevicˇ,Sˇefik 292 Jakobeus, Jakub 66, 85 Kezˇmarok 39, 43 Jakubisko, Juraj 348, 349 Khrushchev, Nikita S. 303 James I and VI 63 ‘Kiev Minutes’ 134n. 24 Jań of Turiec 1 Kirschbaum, Jozef M. 200 JańZˇ izˇka partisan detachment 383 Kisdy, Benedict 84 Jańik, J. 307n. 16 Kla´sˇtor pod Znievom 81 Jankovicˇ, Jozef 348 Klaus, Vaćlav 366, 367fig. 19, 385, 386 Jansenism 99 Klein, Vojtech 197 Japan 193, 350n. 42 Klokocˇ, Ondrej 325 Japheth 104 Klos, Elman 348n. 40 Jaroslav the Wise 21 Koch, Laurence 57 Jena University 108 Kocˇtućh, Hvezdonˇ 309, 319, 328 Jesensky´, Janko 174 Kohnova´-Glasnerova´, Alica 390n. 44 Jesuits 55n. 3, 74–6, 79, 81, 83, 86 Kolder, Drahomı´r 300, 300n. 2 ‘Jewish Code’ 188 Kolder Commission 300, 301, 301n. 7 Jewish question see anti-Semitism Kolla´r, Adam Francis 96 Jews Kolla´r, Jań land appropriated 187 Austroslavism 116 military obligations 52 Czechoslovak reciprocity 248 persecution (1944) 227, 228 influence on Sˇtu´r and his generation population 141, 175, 179 124, 127 Slovak National Uprising 222 on Russia 112 social standing 51 and Slavic reciprocity 101, 105, 108, see also anti-Semitism 109–10, 111, 122, 122n. 16 Jicˇ´ınsky´, Zdeneˇk, on federalism 319 Koloman 29 Jilemnicky´, Petr 338 Koma´rno 36, 39, 42n. 11, 57, 70, 83, 282 Jira´sek, Josef 266 Koma´rno talks (9–13 October 1938) 166 Jiskra, Captain Jan 51 Komjatice 167 Johanides, Jań 311 Kopaj, Juraj 61, 62, 68 Jones, Gareth Stedman 387 Kopańy 33, 36 Joseph II (Holy Roman emperor) 97, Kopecky´,Vaćlav 339 123, 376 Korecky´, Lieutenant Jań 213 Josko, Matej 203 Kosˇice 47, 66, 84, 226, 389 journalists, union 339n. 22 ceded to Hungary 166 Jowett, Benjamin 377 church 74, 77 Justicia 201 cultural importance (inter-war years) 153 Juvenal 59 establishment of Magyar theatre 282 Iron Works 335fig. 17 Ka´dar, Jań 348n. 40, 349 liberation 228 Ka´dar, Jańos 328 occupation 76 Kalinka, Joachim 77, 78 participation in Confessio Pentapolitana 73 Kalinka, Zacharia´sˇ 85 population (Middle Ages) 43

402 Index

Kosˇice (cont.) and national consciousness 248–9 printing presses 82, 85 use and Slovak nationalism 123 Slovak radio begins broadcasting 153 see also Latin language superintendency 75 Language Act 141, 252, 253 town charter 39 Lańi, Elia´sˇ 83, 85 township status (Middle Ages) 43 Lańi, Juraj 85 Kosˇice Government Programme 227n. 40, Latin language 4, 65, 90, 97, 123 230, 234, 235, 265, 275, 301 law codes 44 Kovaćˇ, Dusˇan 386, 388 Lazar’s Map (Tabula Hungariae) 38 Kozie mlieko 341 Lazy sa pohli 341 Kra´l’, Janko 113 legal theory 61–3 Kremnica 45, 373n. 7, 374 Le´l 32 cultural influence (late Middle Ages) 57 Lena´rt, Jozef 301n. 7, 303 participation in Confessio Heptapolitana 73 Leopold I 78, 79 population (Middle Ages) 43 Lepenshinskaja, Olga 340 population (sixteenth century) 55 Lesson from the Period of Crisis in the Party Krizˇanicˇ, Juraj 105 and Society After the Thirteenth Congress Krizˇko, Pavol 10 of the Communist Party of Krman, Daniel 85, 105 Czechoslovakia, The 329, 357 Krompachy 149 Lettrich, Andrej 341 Krum 16 Lettrich, Jozef 203, 240n. 9 Krupina 39, 46, 70 Levente 23, 24, 25 KSCˇ see Communist Party of Levice 18, 31, 166 Czechoslovakia Levocˇa 47, 373n. 7 KSS see Communist Party of Slovakia cultural influence (late Middle Ages) 57 Kultu´rny zˇivot 310, 344 participation in Confessio censorship 343, 343n. 32 Pentapolitana 73 closure 348 population (Middle Ages) 43 federalism 303 population (sixteenth century) 55 Kupec, I. 344n. 34 printing press 85 Kusy´, Miroslav 310 Reformation 72 Kvacˇala, Jań 134n. 21 school 81 Kysuće region 167 superintendency 75 township status 43 LabourParty230,230n. 1,237,239,242n. 11 Lewandowski, L. 310 Laco, Karol 317, 319 librarians, union 339n. 22 Ladislas (duke of Bihar; king of Hungary) libraries 56, 82 26, 27, 28 Lichner, Jań 160, 167, 202 Ladislas (Wladislaus) the Bald (duke of Lip(p)ai, Jań 84, 86 Nitra) 19, 21, 24 Lipta´k, L’ubomı´r 139, 303n. 11 Ladiver, Elia´sˇ 85 Liptov 37, 219, 389 Lahola, Leopold 342, 342n. 31 Liptovsky´ Sva¨ty´ Mikula´sˇ 126, 219, 389 Laluha, Milan 348 Litera´rnı´ noviny 312 Lamanskij, Vladimı´rI.117 literature Lambert (son of Hunt) 35 Communist censorship 340 Lampert (son of Be´la) 26, 27, 28 culture (late Middle Ages) 58 Lampert II (grandson of Hunt) 35 eighteenth century 89, 98–100 Land Confiscation Act 149 Reformation 68 land national committees 224, 224n. 34 seventeenth century 85 land parliaments 243n. 12 Little Education Act 151 land 150, 188 liturgies 80 reforms 270, 274 Litvinov, Maxim M. 194 Landerer, Jań Michael 91 living standards, Communist period 332 language Lo¨bl, Eugen 310 eighteenth-century views 93 Louis I the Great 6, 41, 50, 103

Index 403

Louis II (king of Bohemia and Hungary) Maria (wife of Louis II Jagiello) 46 54, 60 Maria Theresa (queen of Bohemia and Louis XIII (king of France) 63 Hungary; archduchess of Austria; Low Tatra mountains (Nı´zke Tatry) 214 empress) 89, 376 Lower Hungarian Mining Towns martial law 128, 214 (Niederungarische Bergsta¨dte) 45, Martin Declaration of the Slovak Nation 137, 46fig. 1, 374 147 L’ubietova´ 45, 73 Martini, Charles 90n. 9 Lucˇenec 18, 31, 166 Marus river 17 L’uda´ks see Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party Marx, Karl and Marxism 2, 11–12, 377 Ludin, Hans Eluard 205, 216 see also communism Lukaćˇ, Emil Boleslav 338, 343 Marzio, Galeotti 56 Luther, Martin 82 Masaryk, Jan 199, 240n. 8, 244 Lutherans and Lutheranism 80, 87, 91, 92, 94 Masaryk, Toma´sˇ (Thomas) Garrigue 132, Lysenko, Trofim D. 340 137, 221 concept of Czecho-Slovak state 134 Mach, Alexander 162, 170, 177, 184, 185 Czechoslovakism 249, 250, 250n. 6, Mader, Valeriań 66 260n. 24 Magdeburg code 39 Magyars 260 Magin, Jań Baltaza´r 1, 106, 106fig. 3, 122 signs Pittsburgh Agreement 263 Magyar Coalition 154 Slovak language 261 Magyar language 90, 282 Masnı´k, Tobia´sˇ 85 Magyar minority 124, 125–6, 179, 230, mass screening 352–6, 357 263, 295 Matejka, Peter 341 political parties 145, 221, 272, 273 mathematics, teaching 84 proto-nationalism 122 Matica slovenska´ 129, 129fig. 5, 130, question 165–7 152, 153 relations with Slovaks 269–76, 280–3 Matthias I Corvinus Hunyady (king of see also Magyars Hungary) 50, 52, 54, 56, 57 Magyar National Party (Magyar Nemzeti Matthias II of Habsburg (Holy Roman pa´rt) 272, 273 emperor) 63, 74 Magyarisation 377, 377n. 16 Matusˇka, Alexander 344 Magyars 51, 66, 103, 152, 272 Mautner, Jań 83 attitudes towards Slavs 118 Maximilian II 62 and Czechoslovakism 260, 262 Mazepa, Ivan 105 destruction of Great Moravia 250 MDS see Movement for a Democratic exploitation of economic problems 149 Slovakia Hungarian population 377n. 16 Mecˇiar, S. 342n. 31 national consciousness 370 Mecˇiar, Vladimı´r 366, 367fig. 19, 385, 386 opposition to Slovak nationalism 129, media, Communist control 339–46 131n. 17 medieval towns 38 parliamentary representation 169 definitions 41–4 population 141, 175 origins and development 38–41 see also Magyar minority unions and associations 44–7 Maisky, Ivan M. 198, 198n. 22 see also towns Ma´jek, Jozef 390n. 44 Melanchthon, Philip 55, 62, 64, 68 Major, John 369 Memorandum of the Slovak Nation, The 5, Mala´r, General Rudolf 211, 217 128, 130, 133, 134 Mala´r’s Army 211, 216–17 metallurgy 69, 372, 373, 374–6 Mally´-Dusarov, Jań 130 Methodius, St 7, 17, 17n. 8, 95 Malypetr, Jań 160 metric prosody 68 Manach, Manuel E. 291 Metternich, Prince Klemens von 114 Mannerism 56, 85 Michael (subordinate duke of Nitra) 19, Maria (granddaughter, Emperor 32, 33 Maximilian I of Habsburg) 60 Michal’any 18

404 Index

Michalovce 36 Myjova 126 Mieszko II 21, 23 Mylius, Jań 81 migration, Communist period 336 ‘migration period’ 6 Na´lepka, Captain Jań 203n. 40 Miha´lik, Vojtech 311 Napoleonic Wars 122 Mikulcˇice 17 Na´stup (Line-up) 1957 344 Mikulov, Peace Treaty of 76 Na´stup (Line-up) 1961 345 Milecz, Ivan 194 nation-states 121, 128, 136 Military Centre (Vojenske´ u´stredie) national agitation 124 204, 205 National Assembly (Parliament) 160, Minaćˇ, Vladimı´r 311, 341, 344 229, 319 mining 69, 372, 373 National Christian Socialist Party and auxiliary technical battalions 295 (Orsza´gos Kereszteńysocialista pa´rt) copper mining 45, 47, 54n. 1 272 gold mining 45, 54n. 1, 372 National Committees (na´rodne´ vy´bory) 230, iron ore mining 47 245, 304 regulations 46fig. 1 National Court 241 silver mining 45, 47, 54n. 1 National Democrats 146 Slovakia 374–6 National Front 229, 231, 234, 239, 245, mining towns 41, 43, 45–7, 55, 57, 72–3 285, 318 Miskolc 36 national renascence/awakening 87, 107 Misˇkovec family 36 National Socialist Party 146, 161, 234, 286 Misˇovic, Michal 86 National Unity Party 161 Mitis, Daniel 86 nationalism 66–7, 87–8, 301 Mlada´ tvorba 348 eighteenth-century literature 98–100 Mlynarovich, Elia´sˇ 85 Enlightenment’s effects 88–93 Mnˇacˇko, Ladislav 310, 310n. 23, 311, European nationalism 120–1 341n. 27, 345n. 36, 348 and historiography 95–8 Mogyoro´d hill, battle 28 reactions against Nazism 183 Mohaćs, battle of 54, 71, 72 Slovak language’s written forms 93–5 Mojmı´rI16, 31 Slovak Republic 190 Mojmı´rII18 see also Slovak nationalism Moldava nad Bodvou 31 ‘nationalist deviation’ 301 Molotov, Vyacheslav M. 209 Nationality Statute 155, 159 monasticism 296, 313 natural philosophy/sciences, Reformation Mongol (Tatar) invasion 38 68–9 Morava river 17 Nazi–Soviet Pact (23 August 1939) 195 Moravia 15, 16, 31n. 4, 150, 155, 320 Nazis see also Great Moravia control of Slovak Republic 177, 178, Moravia, see of 17, 17n. 8 179, 180–1, 201 Moravia magna see Great Moravia Czechoslovak policies 154, 157–9 Moravians see Czechs destruction of Czechoslovakia 173–4 Moravus, Matthias 57 occupation of Bohemia and Moravia 179 Moscow conference 234, 274 occupation of Slovak Republic 190 Moscow Protocol 314, 321, 351, 351n. 1 policies on Slovak independence 171–2 Moson 26, 28, 36 resistance movements against 191–2 Motesˇicky´, Gasˇpar 85 and Slovak anti-Semitism 188, 189–90 Movement for a Democratic Slovakia and Slovak domestic politics 183–4, 185 (MDS) 366, 368, 386 and Slovak economic life 186–7 Moyses 35 and Slovak national identity 8 Mu¨ller Regiomontanus, Johann 57 Nemec, Frantisˇek 224, 226 Munich Agreement 156, 157, 158, 165, Nemecka´ L’upcˇa 39 263, 272 neo-Stalinism, opposition to 359–61, music, Communist influence over 342 362–3 Mussolini, Benito 157 Neusohl see Banska´ Bystrica

Index 405

Neusohler Kupferhandel 45 Novohrad 37 New Slovak School 130 Novomesky´, Ladislav 203, 301, 310, 337n. Newcomen engines 375, 376 18, 338, 343, 343n. 32 newspapers Novotny´, Antonıń 300, 303, 310, 312, 336 eighteenth century 98 Nuremberg 39, 45 Hlas 132, 249 Na´rodne´ noviny 119, 131, 162 Obcˇanske´ fo´rum (Civic Forum/CF) 364–5 Nove´ slovo 343 Obchod na korze 348n. 40 Pesˇt’budıńske vedomosti 128 Obrana na´roda (Defence of the Nation) Pra´gai Magyar Hirlap 272 201 Pravda 221, 310 Oka´li, Daniel 301, 338, 343 Preßburger Zeitung 97, 98 Ola´h, Mikula´sˇ 64, 74, 81 Presˇpurske´ noviny 99 Old Magyars 18, 31 Pru´dy 132, 249 Old Slavs 5 Robotnıćke noviny 132 Old Slovaks 2 Slova´k 147, 155 Oldrˇich 21, 23 Slovenske´ noviny 127n. 12 Omodej family 7 Slovenskje na´rodnje noviny 125, 125n. 9 ‘On some conceptual and artistic questions’ Slovensky´ ty´zˇdennı´k 132 (conference, June 1953) 344 Tvorba 343 oppidas 41 see also press Orava 167 Newton, Sir Isaac 372–3 Orol gymnastic society 153 Nicholas (son of Lampert II) 35 Orthodox Church 313 Niederungarische Bergsta¨dte (Lower Osusky´, Samuel Sˇtefan 194, 195, 196 Hungarian Mining Towns) 45, Otto (brother of Mieszko II) 21 46fig. 1, 374 Otto of Olomouc 28 Nitra 30, 39, 153, 218 Ottoman Empire 1, 7, 54, 66, 71, 72, 74, 79 Nitra, Duchy of 7, 19, 21–9, 22map foundation 16, 18–19 Pacem in terris movement 363, 363n. 9 nobility 30 Pala´rik, Jań 117, 118, 130 Piarist schools 84 Palecˇek, J. 307n. 16 Slovak ethno-genesis under 6 Palkovicˇ, Juraj 93 Nitra river 17 Pan-Slavic Union 114 No. 1 Independent Czechoslovak Squadron Panslavism 102, 108, 109, 113–14, 377–8 220 Papańek, Juraj 2, 107 nobility 30–6, 73 Paracelsus, Philip Theophrastus 69 lower nobility 36–7 Pares, Peter 194 military obligations (Middle Ages) 52 Paris Peace Conference 280 Moravia 31n. 4 parliamentary democracy, formation of Protestantism (Reformation period) 73 political parties in Slovakia 141 and taxation 42 parliamentary elections non-judicial proceedings 293–7 1935 154 auxiliary technical battalions 295, 296 1938 169 forced labour camps 294–5, 296 1946 237–40, 381 organised religions 296–7 1968, deferred 324 normalisation 292, 314, 321, 326–9, 348, 1990 365 352–9, 352n. 3 1992 365, 366 see also federalism Communist control 285 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Czechoslovak Republic (1918) 143–7 (NATO), 369 partisans 204–6, 214, 227 Nosek, Vaćlav 244 party interviews 326 Nova´ Banˇa (Ko¨nigsberg) 45, 73, 373n. 7 Party of Slovak Renewal 288 Nova´ky forced labour camp 294 patriotism and ethnography 66 Nove´ Za´mky 70, 166 PAV (Public Against Violence/Verejnost’ Nove´ Za´mky conference 272 proti na´siliu) 364–5

406 Index

Pavlenda, Viktor 309, 318, 319 Czechoslovak Republic (1918) 141 Pavlı´k, Ondrej 338, 344n. 34 Hungarian–Czechoslovak agreement Pa´zmańy, Peter 75, 84 275–9, 279–80, 281 Peasant Farmers’ Commissions 241 medieval townships 43–4 Pećsva´rad 25 sixteenth century 55 Peilion, Milon de 194 Slovak Republic 175 Pentapolitana (Pentapolis) 46, 47 transfer, Czechoslovak government-in- personal names, place names used in 66 exile proposals 273 personality, and history 383 Posonium see Bratislava Pesˇek, Pavol 318 Potsdam talks 275 Pest 28 pottery, Prague type 15 Peter of Verona 57 Poznan family 31n. 6, 32–5, 33nn. 7, 10 Peter Orseolo 23, 25 Pozsony see Bratislava Petrańkova´, Helena 390n. 44 Praetorius, David 83, 86 Petrzˇalka 165 Prague Agreements see First Prague Petschmessingloer, Krisˇtof 59 Agreement; Second Prague Pezla´r, L’udovı´t 348 Agreement; Third Prague Agreement Piarists 84 Prague Spring 3, 311–13, 315, 384 Pietism 99 ‘socialism with a human face’ 384, Pı´ka, General Heliodor 214 384n. 28 Pinochet, General Augusto 360 Soviet suppression 313–14 Pipin 30 see also Soviet Union; Warsaw Pact Pithart, Petr 318, 384, 385, 385n. 32 Prague University 58, 58n. 11, 65, 82, Pittsburgh Agreement 134n. 23, 160, 102, 258 250, 263 Prazˇa´k, Albert 261 Plachy´, Andreas 96 Precˇan, Vile´m 380 Plavecky´ Hrad 82 press 89, 162, 309, 339, 343 poddany´ (feudal subjects) 73, 78 see also newspapers Podolinec 49, 84 Preßburg see Bratislava poetry 68, 98 Presˇov 47, 52, 83, 84 Poland and Poles 102, 103, 108, 140, 141, army base (1944) 211 165, 167, 180, 209, 379 Butchery of 79 diplomatic relations 193, 195 cultural importance (inter-war years) 153 uprising (1831–2) 111 liberation (19 January 1945) 228 uprising (1863) 117 participation in Confessio Pentapolitana 73 Pole neorane´ 341 population (Middle Ages) 43 political exiles 291 superintendency 75 political parties 221, 230–1, 230n. 1 town charter 39 political persecution 285–9, 297 township status (Middle Ages) 43 non-judicial proceedings 293–7 Presˇporok see Bratislava political trials 289–93 Presˇporok Protestant Lyceum 110 political theory, Reformation period 61–3 Pribina 6, 16, 30, 31n. 2 political trials (1948–53) 289–93 Prı´davok, Peter 197 bourgeois nationalists 292 Priehrada 341 L’uda´ks 289–91 Prievidza 84 organised religions 292 printing 57, 82, 85 partisans 291 see also publishing industry political exiles 291 Privilegium pro Slavis 6, 103 rehabilitation of victims 299–300 professional associations 100 political trials (1970s) 360 property ownership 49, 333, 334 Polla´k, P. 344n. 34 ‘Proposed principles of the federal Pomarius, Samuel 83 organisation of the Czechoslovak pop music 311 Socialist Republic, The’ 321, 322 Poprad basin, townships 44 Protestantism and Protestants 76–80, 87, population 107, 123, 248, 379n. 20

Index 407

and April Agreement 238n. 6 regional government, Communist control churches (Slovak Republic) 179 287–9 constitution at Synod of Zˇ ilina 73 religion 82, 99–100, 292, 296–7 Counter-Reformation period 74–6 freedom of 75–6, 78 and Czechoslovakism 259 preaching, use of Slovak language 65 educational policies 81–4 religious persecution 315 Habsburg policies towards 72 revival, Prague Spring 313 parliamentary successes 238 toleration, Reformation 73 political representation 238n. 6 see also individual religions school textbooks 91 Renaissance 54–60, 65, 69–70 Slovak National Uprising 379 Republican Party of Agricultural and Small see also individual Protestant religions Peasant-Farming People see Agrarian Province of twenty-four Spisˇ towns Party (Provincia XXIV oppidorum terrae Rerum novarum 132 Scepusiensis) 44 resistance movements 223, 274 Provincia Saxonum de Scepus (Community Second World War 200–5 of the Saxons of Spisˇ) 42n.11, 44 Slovak National Uprising 211 Provincia XXIVoppidorum terrae Scepusiensis Slovak Republic 191–2 see Province of twenty-four Spisˇ towns) Revolutionary Trade Union Movement 288 ‘provinciales’ 24 Rewa (Re´va, Re´vay), Peter de 66, 104 Pruno-Frasˇtacky´,Jań 83 Rezı´k, Jań 85 Ptolemy 57 Rheticus, Joachim 69 Public Against Violence (PAV/Verejnost’ Ribbentrop, Joachim von 166fig. 11, 170 proti na´siliu) 364–5 Rodobrana 147 Public Education Union for Slovakia 152 Roma 141, 175, 179, 295 publishing industry 97, 98 Roman Catholic Church and Roman see also printing Catholics 72, 92, 238 Pućˇik, Albert 290 and April Agreement 238n. 6 Pukanec 45, 70, 73 Communist persecution 292 Purkircher, Juraj 66 Counter-Reformation policies 73–80 Pushkin, Grigori 196 and Czechoslovakism 262 decline 70 queen’s dowry towns 46, 57 and Democratic Party 241 educational policies 81, 83–4, 92 radio broadcasting 153 and Hussitism 256n. 18 Radio Free Europe 362 opposition to neo-Stalinism 362, 363 Ra ´dl, Emanuel 257 Prague Spring 313 Radvan–Bogats family 36 and Slovak national identity 87, 93–4, Ra´kos 28 107, 123 Rakovsky´, Martin 61, 61–2, 67, 68 Slovak Republic 179 Ransano, Pietro 56 Romania and Romanians 193, 377n. 16 Rapant, Daniel 31 Romanticism 120 Rastislav 18 Ro¨ser, Jakub 83 Rasˇ´ın, Alois 148 Rotthal, Jań 77 Ratio educationis 91 Royal Academies 90n. 9 Rayger, Karol 84 royal free towns 38, 42, 43, 44 Ra´zi, Stanislav 325 culture 67 re-Slovakisation 274, 275, 277–9 feudalism 47 Reformation 256 population (sixteenth century) 55 cultural developments 67–70 reactions to Hungarian Diet 73 cultural impact 55, 63–5, 72–3, see also towns 80–1, 86 Rozˇnˇava 47 legal and political thought 61–3 Rubigall Pannonicus, Pavol 66 reformist Communists 351–6, 360 Rudabańya 47 ‘regeneration process’ see Prague Spring Rudavsky´, Andrej 348

408 Index

Rudolf II 74, 75 Silesia 150, 320–1 Ru´fus, Milan 345n. 36 Silvań, Jań 68 Ruskov forced labour camp 294 silver Russia and Russians amalgamation 375 attitudes towards 105, 117 mining 45, 47, 54n. 1 international fears of tsarist Russia 378 Simon of Ke´za 32n. 6 and Kvacˇala 134n. 21 Simonides, Jań 85 and Slovak Slavism 108, 109, 110 Skalica 18, 83 and Sˇtu´r 111, 112, 114, 115–17, 127 Sklena´r-Bańovsky´, Ondrej 83 Russophilism 378 Skleno/Sklenne´ Teplice 373n. 7, 375 Ruthenians 6, 102, 141, 175, 179 Slańsky´, Rudolf 292, 300 Ruttkay, Alexander 31 ‘Slav’ 5n. 6 Ruzˇomberok 214, 219, 389 Slavi 6, 103 Rycheza 23 Slavic Congress 114, 115 ‘Slavic language’ 104 Sabinov 39, 47, 52, 73, 75 Slavic liturgy 8 Sa´dovsky´, Stefan 325, 328 ‘Slavic nation’ 107 St Emeram church 33 Slavic reciprocity (slovanska´ vza´jomnost’) Saint Germain Treaty 270 101, 108–11, 117 St Martin’s Abbey 33n. 10 Slavic script 8 Salzberg Slovak–German summit 177 Sla´vik, Juraj 194 Sambuccus Tyrnaviensis, Jań 66, 68 Slavism 248 Samo 6, 6n. 7 Slavonia 15, 16, 19 Samuel Aba 23, 25 see also Nitra, Duchy of Sartorius, Andrej 86 Slavophilism 378 Sartre, Jean-Paul 311 Slnko v sieti 348n. 40 Satu Mare 79 Slovak Academy of Sciences 303 Saxons 45, 51–2 Institute of History 10–12 Schemnitium (Schemnitz) 372, 373, 373n. 7 Slovak Academy of Sciences and Arts Schomberg, George 57 10, 191 schools 81, 89–92 Slovak Agrarians 144 see also education Slovak autonomy and autonomists 159–60, Schremmel, Abraham 81 251, 257–63 Schwartz, Jań 83, 85 Slovak–Czech relations 155, 232–3, 242–6, Schwarz, Karl-Peter 376 337, 368–9, 387–8 Sclavi see Slavi constitution 243–4, 245–6 Sclavonia see Slovakia demands for federalism during Prague Scotland 375 Spring 315, 316–17 Second Language Act 270, 271 democratisation and federalisation 319 Second Prague Agreement 237, 265 negotiations over 234–5 Second Vatican Council 299 parliamentary elections 237–40 Second World War 3, 8, 181, 200–5 post-Second World War 337, 381–6 Sedla´kova´,Ma´ria 328 Prague Agreements 236–7 Seifert, Jaroslav 344 recognition of Slovak autonomy 159–60 seminaries, state control 296 Slovak emigrant communities 134 Senate 229 Slovak ethnicity 376, 378–81 Senica 85 see also nationalism Serbs 6, 110 ‘Slovak’ (ethnonym) 103 servientes sancti regis (royal officials) 36 Slovak historiography 9–13 Seton-Watson, R. W. 134 Slovak–Hungarian relations 182 Seyss-Inquart, Arthur 171, 173 Slovak Land National Committee 224 show trials 310, 343, 381 Slovak Land Representation (zastupitel’stvo) Sidor, Karol 162, 170–3, 197, 201n. 34 146 Sigismund 45, 46, 256n. 18 Slovak language 10, 254, 389 Little Decree 41 Bernola´k’s codification 94n. 17, 121

Index 409

codifications 94n. 17, 121, 123, 125, Allied military strategy 208–10 125n. 8, 249, 258, 260 defeat 219 colloquial 88 digging of anti-tank ditches 210fig. 14 educational use 90, 91, 92, 151 German occupation 216–19 and Language Act (1920) 253 preparations for 210–12 literary development 8 Slovak–Czech relations 232, 233 political standing 141 Slovak ethnicity 378–81 Renaissance 65 Soviet Union’s involvement 212–15 use 50, 127, 128 Slovak nationalism written forms 93–5 early nineteenth century 124–7 Slovak League 153 First World War 250 Slovak Learned Society 99 late nineteenth century 127–33 Slovak–Magyar relations 269–76, 280–3 proto-political phase 121–3 Slovak National and Peasant-Farmers’ religious divisions 123–4 Party see Agrarian Party Slovak Organisation for Defence of Human Slovak National Council (1848), formation Rights 313 126 Slovak People’s Party 144, 251 Slovak National Council (1917) 135fig. 6, see also Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party 136–7, 139–40 Slovak question 149, 196, 203 Slovak National Council (1943) 3, 216, Slovak reciprocity 122–3 227n. 40, 230, 239–40, 317, 325, 381 Slovak Republic (Slovak state; 1939–45) authority recognised 234 xviii map 1, 174, 175–80, 176map 5 Communist control 287 anti-Semitism 156, 158–9, 164, 182, composition 240n. 9 184, 185, 187, 188–90, 202, 337n. 17 creation 197, 204, 207, 210 armed forces reorganised 211 Czechoslovakism 264–5 Axis Powers 181 declaration of principles 225, 226 collapse 192 Decree no. 4 274 cultural and educational life 191 Decree no. 33 277 declares war on Great Britain and USA disagreements with Soviet partisans 205 199 education policies 275 domestic politics 182–5 federalism 304, 316–17, 320, 322, 323 economic developments 186–8, 190 legislative powers 235 establishment 264 Magyar and German policies 273 foreign affairs 180–2 Magyarisation 283 German occupation 184, 185, 227–8 normalisation 327–8 Great Britain’s diplomatic relations 196 Prague Agreements 236–7 historiography 13 relations with Czechoslovak government- international recognition 193–200 in-exile in London 222–7 joins German attack on Soviet Union Slovak National Uprising 192, 212–14, 198 220 martial law 205 views on Slovak–Czech relations 232–3, nationalism 190 234, 235, 236 Office of Propaganda 162, 178 Slovak National Front, Action Committees resistance movements against 191–2, 287 200–5 Slovak National Party 5, 119, 131, 133, State Secretariat for German Minority 144, 146 Affairs 179 alliance with Hlinka’s Slovak People’s strategic importance 218 Party (1932) 153 Treaty of Protection 180 opposition to Czechoslovakism 251 Slovak Republic (1993–) 7, 366, 368–9, opposition party 168 388 Slovak National Theatre 152 Slovak Slavism 101–2, 118 Slovak National Uprising 3, 8, 206–8, Kingdom of Hungary 102–3, 106 215fig. 15, 220–2 sixteenth/eighteenth centuries 104–8 abolition of Magyar National Party 273 and Slavic reciprocity 108–11

410 Index

Slovak Slavism (cont.) Solomon 26 Sˇtu´r’s views 111–15 Somogy 33, 36 Slovak Social Democrats 132 Sonnenfels, Joseph von 90n. 9 Slovak social history 13 Sopron 36 Slovak Socialist Republic 324–6 Sopron, Diet of 78, 79 Slovakdom, regionalism 389 Soukup, Frantisˇek 160 Slovakia 71, 250 Soviet Bloc, conflict with Yugoslavia, and administrative history 3–4 political trials 292 concept 372 Soviet Union 208, 221, 244, 276, 280, 305, and Czechoslovakism 267 332, 350n. 42, 351n. 1, 379 historiography 1, 2 diplomatic relations 154, 181, 193–5, within Kingdom of Hungary 54 198–200, 305–7 industrialisation 374–6 influence 286, 300, 321, 326, 352, 360 medieval townships 43 perestroika 361 nationalism 66–7 Slavic solidarity 378 Old Magyars 18 Slovak National Council sends Sclavonia 372, 373 delegation 226 settlement 15 Slovak National Uprising 204–5, 209, Slovakisation 50–1, 163–5 212–15, 217, 219, 220 Slovaks 247 suppression of Prague Spring 313–14 apologias for 1, 106 see also Prague Spring; Warsaw Pact ethnography 5–7, 8, 224 Soviet–Czechoslovak treaty (1943) 200 historical development 7–8 Soviet–Czechoslovak treaty (1944) 200 historiography 1, 2 Sovietisation 191 Hungarian population 179, 377n. 16 Spain, copper imports 374 linguistic history 6 Spanish Civil War 390 national consciousness 4–5, 232–3, 248, Sperfogel, Konra´d (Swiss humanist) 59 370–1 Spisˇ copper 47 nationalism 121 Spisˇ 39, 44–5, 51–2, 69, 73, 219 social standing in towns 50–1 Spisˇ province of eleven Spisˇ royal towns Slovan (ethnonym) 103 (Communitas XI regalium civitatem Slovenska´ L’upcˇa 46 terrae Scepusiensis) 45 Slovenska´ na´rodna´ rada see Slovak National Spisˇska´ Nova´ Ves 47 Council Spisˇske´ Podhradie, Synod of 75 Slovensky´ prestolny´ prosbopis (Slovak petition Spisˇske´ Vlachy, town charter 39 to the throne) 124n. 7 Spytihneˇv 31n. 4 Smith, Adam 387 Stalin, Iosif V. 194, 200, 292 Smolnı´k 47, 69, 373n. 7, 374 Stary´ Tekov 39 Smrkovsky´, Josef 324, 352 State Council, Slovak Republic 177 Snem Slovenskej krajiny (Diet of the Slovak State Defence Guard 154 Land) 160, 161, 169, 175 State Security 241, 289–92, 294 Social Democratic Party 143, 146, 160, Steffani, Ja´n 91 161, 211, 221, 244, 287, 313 Stein, E. 366n. 10 social engineering 330 Steinbeck, John 340 socialism, reforms 299 Steinhardt, Lawrence 194n. 5 ‘socialism with a human face’ see Prague Stephen I, St 4, 19, 21, 24, 33–4, 35, 36, 96 Spring Stephen II 35 ‘Socialist bloc’ 203 Stephen V 44 socialist realism 337, 341, 344 Sternberg, Joachim von 376 Societa¨t der Bergbaukunde, Die 375 Sto¨ckel, Leonard 61, 73, 81 sociology 340n. 25 Strmenˇ, Karol 342n. 31 Sokol, Koloman 342, 342n. 31 Sturmius, Johann 64 Sokol, Martin 169, 170, 201 Subcarpathian Ruthenia 155 Sokol gymnastic society 153 Sudeten German Party 154–5 Solan, Peter 349 suffrage 132

Index 411

Sur 32 Telga´rt 219 Sva¨topluk I 18, 258 Telkibańya 47 Sva¨topluk II 18 Temporary National Assembly 229, 237 ‘Sva¨topluk’s people’ 121 Teplansky´, Pavol 160, 167 Svoboda, General Ludvı´k 240n. 8, 313, Tesa´r, Eduard 290 324–6 Teˇsˇ´ın district, disputes over 140 Synapius-Horcˇicˇka, Daniel 104 textbooks 90, 90n. 9, 91n. 13, 97–8, 255 Szanto´, Ladislav 338 Thatcher, Margaret 387n. 38 Szatma´ry, Ladislav 195 theatre 85, 89, 311, 342, 342n. 30 Sze´kesfehe´rva´r 28 Third Prague Agreement 239, 242, Szentivańyi, Martin 84 243, 265 Szo¨llo¨si, Benedikt 85 Thirty Years War 76–7 Tho¨ko¨ly, Emerich 78 Sˇafa´rik, Pavol Jozef 10, 102, 108, 111, 122, ‘Through music to musicalness’ 342 122n. 6, 248 Thurzo, Alexi 61 Sˇafa´rik Learned Society 152 Thurzo, George 75 Sˇal’a nad Va´hom 81 Thurzo, Jań 45, 374 Sˇa´sˇov 46 Thurzo, Stanislav 64 Sˇebesta, Sˇtefan 328 Thurzo–Fugger Company 45, 54n. 1, 374 Sˇik, Ota 307, 318, 320, 335 Timon, Samuel 84 Sˇimecˇka, Milan 363–4 Tisa region 79 Sˇiroky´, Viliam 246, 302 Tiso, Franˇo 194n. 5, 196 Sˇkulte´ty, Jozef 259, 261 Tiso, Jozef 166fig. 11, 169, 171, 175, 177, Sˇmahel, Frantisˇek 388 184, 185, 200 Sˇmidke, Karol 203, 213, 214, 220, 302 anti-Semitism 163 Sˇpitzer, Juraj 344n. 34 appointed head of autonomous Sˇroba´r, Vavro 137, 141, 142fig. 8, 201, Slovakia 160 204, 220 appointed prime minister 177 Sˇtefańik, General Milan Rastislav 134, constitutional views 170 134n. 24, 137, 139fig. 7, 378, declaration of Slovak independence 173 379n. 20 dismissed as head of autonomous Sˇtefansky´,Vaćlav 380 Slovakia 172 Sˇtoˆla Monastery 59 execution 241 Sˇtrougal, L’ubomı´r 261, 357 German occupation 205, 216, 218, 227 Sˇtu´r, L’udovı´t 102, 124–5, 125n. 8, 126, and Hitler 186fig. 12, 198 249, 261, 377 Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party’s control Demands of the Slovak Nation 128 of Slovak Republic 178 Panslavismus a nasˇa krajina 113 and Magyar question 165 Slavdom and the World of the Future 112, Slovak autonomy 160 116–17, 118, 127 Slovak nationalism 155–6 Slovak language 389 Tiso, Sˇtefan 228 Slovak Slavism 111, 112, 113, tithes 41 114–15 topography 84 Sˇurany 167 Tor un´, copper trade 47 totalitarianism 371 Tablic, Bohuslav 107 To´ts 6 Tabula Hungariae see Lazar’s Map towns Tacitus 17 administration 49, 50 Tajovsky´, Jozef Gregor 174 charters 39–41 Taksony 32 defence, Middle Ages 51–3 Tatarka, Dominik 311, 341, 344, 345n. 36 ethnic composition 50–1 taxation, medieval 41, 48, 52 fortifications 41–3 Tˇazˇky´, Ladislav 311 political importance, Renaissance Teichova, Alice 384n. 29 period 70 Tekov 37 small towns, and free towns 43

412 Index

towns (cont.) Slovak National Uprising 208 social structures 43n. 12, 47–9 and Slovak Republic 193, 194, town captains 49 199n. 25 town houses, Renaissance period 70 war declared on 181 see also individual towns; medieval towns; universities 55n. 3, 56, 58, 58n. 11, 67, mining towns; royal free towns 68, 82, 84 trade unions 163, 190, 241, 288, 308 Upper Hungarian Mining Towns Tranovsky´, Juraj, Cithera Sanctorum 85 (Oberungarische Bergsta¨dte; Oppida Transylvania 127 montana Partium superiorum) Trebisˇov 31 47, 374 Trencˇ´ın (county) 37 Upper Hungary 3 Trencˇ´ın (town) 73, 83, 85 urbanisation 38 Trent, Council of (1545–1563) 64, 81 Urbanovsky´, Matu´sˇ 83 Trianon, Treaty of 140, 143 Ursıńy, Jań 203, 289 Trnava 31, 43, 50, 66, 74, 81, 84, 86 Ursulines 84 cultural importance 153 USSR see Soviet Union military obligations 51 population (Middle Ages) 43 Vać 28 population (sixteenth century) 55 Va´h river valley, industrialisation, interwar printing presses 82, 85 years 151 Slovak National Uprising 218 Vajansky´, Svetozár Hurban 131 Synod of (1560) 82 Va´lek, Miroslav 348 Synod of (1611) 75 Vatican–Slovak relations 182 town charter 39 Vazul 21, 23, 24 Trnava University 55n. 3, 75 Vegesius, Pier Paolo Vergerio 56n. 6 Tuka, Vojtech 147, 162, 170–1, 177, Velecky´, Vladimı´r 291 184–5, 198, 228 Velichko, Piotr A. 215 Tunega, Anton 290 Ve l’ k a´ Morava see Great Moravia Turcˇiansky Sva¨ty´ Martin 128, 131, 135, Vel’ky´ Sˇarisˇ 39, 52 137, 215 ‘velvet divorce’ 4, 364–9 Turiec 214 Velvet Revolution 267–8, 283 Turks see Ottoman Empire Verbo¨cius, Stephen see Werbo¨czy, Stephen Tvarozˇek, Zˇ ivodar 291 Verejnost’ proti na´siliu (Public Against typographus Confessionalis 57 Violence/PAV) 364–5 Verner (Wernher), George 69 Uher, Jań 310 Vesel, Major Milan 379n. 20 Uher, Sˇtefan 348n. 40 Vesel, Major Milosˇ 379n. 20 Ukrainians see Ruthenians Vesel, Lieutenant-Colonel Mirko 379n. 20 Una 34 Veszpre´m, battle 33 ‘undesirable’ people, resettlement 297 Viching 18 unemployment 150, 368 Vienna 79, 126 Unhosˇt meeting 172 Vienna, Treaty of 74, 76 unification congress 221 Vienna Arbitration 2, 3, 163, 166, 166fig. Union of Czechoslovak Writers 341, 11, 272 343n. 32, 344 Vienna University 58, 80, 82 ‘Union of independent Slavic communes’ Viest, General Rudolf 174, 220, 227, 114 379n. 20 Union of Journalists, congress 310 Vı´gl’asˇ 46 Union of Slovak Partisans 241 Visegra´d 33 Union of Slovak Writers 310, 348 Vite´z of Sredna, John 56n. 6, 57 United Magyar Party 272 Vladislav II Jagiello 43, 45 United Nations, Security Council 351n. 1 Voice of America 362 United States of America Vojtasˇsˇa´k, Jań 293 recognition of Czechoslovak Vojtech (Adalbert), St 21 government-in-exile 199 Vrancˇicˇ, Anton 64

Index 413

Vrancˇicˇ, Faustus 84 Yalta talks 275 Vydra, Emil 313 Year of Revolutions (1848–1849) 8, 114, 125–7 Warsaw Pact 321–3, 336, 346–50, 351, ‘Young Slovaks’ 124 352, 357 youth culture, Czechoslovak Socialist see also Prague Spring, Soviet Union Republic 311 Weber, Jań (physician) 84 Yugoslavia 292 Wends 6 Werbo¨czy (Verbo¨cius), Stephen 42 Zacchio, Laudivio 58 Wernher, George see Verner, George Za´horie (Bratislava) 82 Wesseleńyi, Francis 77 Za´polya, John 72 Western Europe 350n. 42 Zeman, Borˇivoj 341 Westphalia, Peace of 77 Zemplıń 36 White Legion 290–1 Zhukov, Marshal Georgi K. 209 white money 148 Zibrıń, Michal 291 White Mountain, Battle of the 259 Zipser Willku¨hr 44 wholesale prices, reforms 336 Zobor Abbey 33, 33n. 7, 34 Wilhelm family 30 Zobor charters 34 Winant, John G. 199 Zrak, Jozef 328 Witiska, Josef 216, 227 Zvolen 37, 39, 46, 70, 149, 153, 220 Wittenberg University 64n. 19, 80, 82 Zvolen Manifesto 153 Wladislaus see Ladislas the Bald Zvrsˇkovec, Jozef 198 Woermann, Ernst 158 Zˇ arnov, Andrej 342n. 31 women, execution 49 Zˇ arnovica 218 Work of Conciliar Renewal 313 Zˇ ilina 50, 73, 85, 103, 153, 206, 228 workers’ collectives 308 Synod of 73, 75 writers 339n. 22, 342, 342n. 31 Zˇ ilina Agreement 156, 160, 170, Union of Czechoslovak Writers 341, 171, 263 343n. 32, 344 Zˇ ingor, Viliam 292 Union of Slovak Writers 310, 348 Zˇ ivena 153