Gregory Crewdson, “Production Still : Forest Gathering #2,” 1991

Digital Photography

• History • Concepts • Some works

Yoon Joong Kim Hanbat National University First Photography • When was photography invented? 1826 • By whom? Niepce – Exposure time? 8 hours – Heliography

• William Henry Fox Talbot invents the calotype in 1834 which pretty much invents the negative

First production camera? • 1839. Daguerrotype

5-30 minutes in 1939 Beginning of hobby photography? • 1900 Kodak Brownie

Beginning of hobby photography? • 1900 Kodak Brownie

Instant photography? • 1947, Edwin Land (Polaroid founder) Autofocus • 1978, Konica

• 1981 Pentax ME-F.

• Canon T80 1985 – Canon AL1 had focus assist but no actuator • Minolta Maxxum 1985 (AF in body) First scanned photo? • 1957, Russell A. Kirsch of the National Bureau of Standards, 176x176 CCD technology? • 1969, Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith, Bell Laboratories CCD in astronomy

• In 1979, an RCA 320x512 Liquid Nitrogen cooled CCD system saw first light on a 1-meter telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. Early observations with this CCD quickly showed its superiority over photographic Computer Graphics? Computers to create image • Sketchpad, 1961, Ivan Sutherland’s MIT PhD thesis

Paint program • Dick Shoup: SuperPaint [1972-73] – 8 bits – http://www.rgshoup.com/prof/Supe rPaint/ • Alvy Ray Smith (Pixar co-founder): Paint [1975-77] – 8 bits then 24 bits – http://www.alvyray.com/Awards/A wardsMain.htm – http://www.alvyray.com/Bio/BioM ain.htm • Tom Porter: Paint Photoshop • Thomas Knoll and John Knoll began development in 1987 • Version 1.0 on Mac: 1990 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoshop#Development • http://www.storyphoto.com/multimedia/multimedia_photoshop.html

Internet photo browsing • (Web browser that can display photos) • Mosaics, NCSA, Urbana Champaign, 1992

Still video camera • Sony Mavica 1981 – Electronic but analog Completely Digital Commercial camera • 1991 first completely digital Logitech Dycam 376x240

http://www.g4tv.com/l Digital • 1994 Apple quicktake, first mass-market color digital camera, 640 x 480 (commercial failure)

http://www-users.mat.uni.torun.pl/~olka/l First megapixel sensor • Of reasonable size? • (Kodak) Videk 1987, 1.4MPixels Digital SLR? • 1992 Kodak DCS 200, 1.5 Mpixels, based on Nikon body Pros adopt digital? • Nikon D1 1999, 2.7MPixels Consumer digital SLR? • Canon D30, 2000 3MPixels

Summary • 826 Heliography, The first photography • 1839 Daguerrotype Camera, The first camera • 1900 Kodak Brownie, The first camera

• 1946, ENIAC, The first computer • 1969, CCD by Boyle and Smith, at Bell Lab. • 1990, Memory Card • 1961, Computer Image, MIT PhD thesis – 1990 on Mac, Photoshop by Thomas Knoll and John Knoll(from 1887) • 1992, Web browser, Mosaics, NCSA Summary • Digital Camera – 1975, First Digital Camera, Kodak, 23sec., digital cassette – 1981, Sony Mavica, Still video camera – 1991, Complete Digital Camera, Logitech Dycam, 376x240 – 1992, DSLR, Kodak DCS 200, 1.5M, based on Nikon body – 1999, DSLR Nikon D1, 2.7M – 2000, DSLR for consumer, Cannon D30, 3M Traditional Photography • XVIth century (drawing by da Vinci) Camera Obscura • XVIIth century Robert Boyle finds that silver chloride darkens under exposure, but he believes it's due to air. • Angelo de Sala figures out it's the sun • early nineteenth century, Thomas Wedgwood captures silhouettes but they disappear • 1825, Niepce makes first photo (8 hour exposure!) • Daguerre reduces this to half an hour (development) Daguerreotype, public in 1839. Impossible to reproduce. • William Henry Fox Talbot invents the calotype in 1834 which pretty much invents the negative • Frederick Scott Archer in 1851 reduces exposure to a couple seconds • 1855 beginning of stereo mania • 1861 Maxwell shows the fist color photograph • 1877 Edweard Muybridge photographs running horses • 1893 Flash bulb, invented for underwater photography • 1906 Panchromatic film that truly enable color photography • 1924 Leica 35mm interchangable camera • 1930 flash bulb (Paul Vierkotter) • 1936 Kodak SLR camera • 1948 Pentax introduces automatic diaphragm • 1949 Zeiss developes the Contax, the first SLR with pentaprism for uninversed image • 1963: Polaroid instant film • 1964 Pentax TTL (through the lens) metering • 1981 Pentax autofocus camera Refs

• http://www.digicamhistory.com/

• http://www.photo.net/history/timeline • http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blphotography.htm • http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/ • http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAphotographers.htm • http://www.eyeconart.net/history/photography.htm • http://www.scphoto.com/html/history.html • http://www.g4tv.com/callforhelparchive/features/44534/Witness_to_History_The_D igital_Camera.html • http://www.digicamhistory.com/ • http://www-users.mat.uni.torun.pl/~olka/ • http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/Photography.htm • http://www.ted.photographer.org.uk/camera_designs_3.htm • http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/timeline.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_single- lens_reflex_camera

디지털사진

• (본질)재현의 매체에서 표현의 매체로 – From • 기계적 제한성 - 객관성 , 진실성 • 언외의 계약, Taking Photo. 스트레이트, – To • 상상력 창작성 - 표현성, • 언외의 계약파기,Making Photo. Creative Photography, Surreal … • 구성사진, 개념사진, Jeff Wall, Cindy Sherman, Pedro Meyer • 디지털사진 – Digital Engineering + Photography – 어떠한 제약의 한계로부터도 탈피하여 오직 작가의 창작성에만 의존하여 만들어지는 사진 – 디지털기술을 적극적으로 활용하여 창작영역을 확대 – 디지털사진의 문화 창출 • 하드웨어 + 소프트 완비 • 앨범, 타이틀, 패러디, 사이버갤러리 – (협의) • 디지털사진기로 촬영하여 포토샵으로 처리하여 완성한 사진 Earliest Photographic Images • Registering Light (“Photography” = “Light Writing”)

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce First Daguerreotype, 1837 "View from the Window at Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre, Le Gras" (circa 1826) To Here • Nicholas Kahn and Richard Selesnick, Card Game, • from Eisbergfreisdtadt (2007) (digital montage from multiple photographs, no digital imagery, more)

David LaChapelle, “Cat House,” 1999

(staged studio shots, digital montage) Jeff Wall, “After ‘Invisible Man’ by Ralph Ellison, the Prologue 1999-2000” (studio set, props)

• Ralph Ellison's 1952 novel Invisible Man centres on a black man who, during a street riot, falls into a forgotten room in the cellar of a large apartment building in New York and decides to stay there, living hidden away. The novel begins with a description of the protagonist's subterranean home, emphasising the ceiling covered with 1,369 illegally connected light bulbs Postmodern photography cut the link to the moment and the index of reality

• Cindy Sherman, Untitled Film Still, 21. 1978. Gelatin silver print. • Staged and shot in studio. No “there there” before or after the shot. A photograph uses the codes of “the real” that we’ve learned from a long history of photographic mediation.

• Gregory Crewdson, “Production Still : Forest Gathering #2,” 1991. C-print. • Forest Gethering #2 is a production still from Gregory Crewdson's series Beneath the Roses, demonstrating his ability to capture beauty and mystery in a mundane space typically overlooked. Photography is now our projected psyche: images of fantasy, desire and fear

• Annie Leibovitz / Vanity Fair. The Hollywood issue of Vanity Fair, March, 2006. Keira Knightley, Scarlett Johanssson and Tom Ford. Andreas Gursky / Rhein II(1999) • $4,338,500 / Nov. 8, 2011 / Christie's New York. • factory and dog-walker Cindy Sherman / Untitled #96(1981)

• $3,890,500 / May 2011 / Christie's New York.[2] • A seventh print of Untitled #96 sold for $2.88 million at Christie's in May 2012. Jeff Wall / Dead Troops Talk(1922)

• A vision after an ambush of a Red Army patrol, near Moqor, Afghanistan, winter 1986(1992) • $3,666,500 / May 8, 2012 / Christie's New York The End