Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals
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GUIDE TO THE CARE AND USE OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS Volume 1 1993 Edited by: Ernest D. Olfert, DVM; Brenda M. Cross, DVM; and A. Ann McWilliam Editors: Mrs A.A. McWilliam Dr E.D. Olfert Dr B.M. Cross Information Officer Director Asssistant Director Canadian Council on Animal Animal Resources Centre Animal Resources Centre Care University of Saskatchewan University of Saskatchewan 1000-151 Slater Street Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 ©Canadian Council on Animal Care, 1993 ISBN: 0-919087-18-3 Citing certain devices or manufacturers is not to be perceived as the endorsement of the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) of one particular product over another. In keeping with the CCAC policy of revising statements and guidelines as needed, users of this Guide are encouraged to forward any comments to the Secretariat. Table of Contents DEDICATION PREFACE FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTRIBUTORS I. RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE CARE AND USE OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS A. NATIONAL LEVEL 1. Evolution of the Canadian Council on Animal Care 2. The Contemporary Council 3. CCAC's Assessment Program 4. CCAC Position Statements 5. Legislation Governing Experimental Animals 6. Pre-University Use of Animals B. LOCAL LEVEL 1. The Institutional Animal Care Committee 2. Terms of Reference for Animal Care Committees 3. The Veterinarian 4. Animal Care Personnel C. REFERENCES II. LABORATORY ANIMAL FACILITIES A. INTRODUCTION B. LOCATION C. MECHANICAL SERVICES D. DESIGN E. MAJOR FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS 1. Animal Reception Area 2. Conditioning Rooms 3. Holding Rooms 4. Quarantine/Isolation Rooms 5. Experimental and Treatment Facilities 6. Support Facilities 7. Personnel, Office and Reception Areas 8. Facilities for Personnel F. SECURITY G. CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES FOR ANIMAL ROOMS 1. Floors and Drains 2. Walls and Ceilings 3. Doors 4. Windows 5. Corridors 6. Services H. CAGING 1. Shoebox Cages 2. Larger Solid Bottom Caging 3. Suspended Cages 4. Other Cages I. REFERENCES III. THE ENVIRONMENT A. CLIMATE CONTROL 1. Temperature 2. Humidity 3. Ventilation 4. Lighting B. OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 1. Noise 2. Chemicals 3. Bedding 4. Population Density and Space Limitations C. MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTROL 1. Conventional Facilities 2. Barrier Facilities 3. Biohazard Containment D. CHEMICAL AND RADIOISOTOPE UNITS E. REFERENCES IV. FARM ANIMAL FACILITIES AND ENVIRONMENT A. FACILITIES B. SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 1. Cattle 2. Sheep 3. Swine 4. Horses 5. Poultry C. PEST CONTROL D. REFERENCES V. LABORATORY ANIMAL CARE A. INTRODUCTION B. GENERAL PRACTICES 1. Reception 2. Conditioning/Quarantine 3. Holding (Maintenance) 4. Identification and Records C. CARE OF THE ANIMAL 1. Food 2. Water 3. Exercise D. CARE OF THE FACILITY 1. Cleaning and Sanitation 2. Waste Disposal 3. Vermin Control 4. Holiday and Emergency Care E. REFERENCES VI. SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL REQUIREMENTS OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS A. INTRODUCTION 1. What is Animal Well-being or Welfare? 2. Environmental Enrichment 3. Group Formation 4. Position Statement B. ANIMALS USED IN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 1. Introduction 2. Animal Stress 3. Housing and Husbandry 4. General Principles C. ANIMALS (LARGE) HELD IN METABOLISM CAGES 1. Conditioning 2. Size of Metabolism Crates 3. Contact with Other Animals 4. Pre-, During and Post-Experiment Checks 5. Observing Changes in Behavior 6. Duration of Confinement 7. Exceptional Circumstances D. CATS 1. Introduction 2. Behavioral Enrichment 3. Social Peers 4. Enrichment Devices (Artificial Appliances) 5. Food Gathering Activities 6. Control of the Environment 7. Housing 8. Maternal Behavior 9. Random-Source vs. Purposebred Animals E. DOGS 1. Introduction 2. Breed Differences 3. Criteria for Assessing Well-being 4. Housing 5. Socialization to People 6. Enrichment Devices (Artificial Appliances) 7. Exercise F. NON-HUMAN PRIMATES 1. Introduction 2. Interpretation of the Behavioral and Morphological Postures 3. Distinctive Characteristics 4. Assessing Social and Behavioral Well-being 5. Ways of Promoting Social and Behavioral Well-being 6. Disposition 7. Summary G. RODENTS AND RABBITS 1. Introduction 2. Behavioral Enrichment and Social Peers 3. Enrichment Devices (Artificial Appliances) 4. Caging and Bedding 5. Food Gathering 6. Control of the Environment H. WILDLIFE HELD IN THE LABORATORY I. REFERENCES VII. SPECIAL PRACTICES A. ANIMAL ACQUISITION 1. Procurement 2. Transportation 3. Breeding 4. Breeding Transgenic Animals 5. Animal Models with Special Needs 6. Identification of the Sexes B. RESTRAINT AND MANIPULATIONS 1. Physical Restraint 2. Implantation, Cannulation and Sampling 3. Bleeding 4. Motivation Procedures C. REFERENCES VIII. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY A. REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS B. BILOGICAL HAZARDS C. ZOONOSES D. PROCEDURES FOR WORKING WIHT NON-HUMAN PRIMATES E. ALLERGIES F. PHYSICAL INJURIES AND CHEMICAL HAZARDS G. RADIATION AND ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT H. REFERENCES IX. STANDARDS FOR EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL SURGERY A. INTRODUCTION B. FACILITIES FOR SURVIVAL SURGERY C. PRE-OPERATIVE PLANNING AND ANIMAL PREPARATION D. SURGICAL PROCEDURES AND INTRA-OPERATIVE NURSING CARE E. POST-OPERATIVE RECOVERY AND SUPPORT F. REFERENCES X. CONTROL OF ANIMAL PAIN IN RESEARCH, TEACHING AND TESTING A. INTRODUCTION B. WHAT IS ANIMAL PAIN? C. GUIDELINES D. THE ROLE OF THE VETERINARIAN IN REDUCING PAIN E. SIGNS OF PAIN AND DISTRESS F. ANALGESIC AGENTS 1. Opioid Agonists 2. Opioid Agonist/Antagonists 3. Opioid Antagonists 4. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) 5. Analgesia provided by Local Anesthetics 6. Neuroleptanalgesics G. AREAS FOR FUTURE STUDY H. REFERENCES XI. ANESTHESIA A. MANAGEMENT OF ANESTHESIA 1. General 2. Handling the Patient 3. Fasting 4. Anticholinergics B. TRANQUILLIZERS AND SEDATIVES C. GENERAL ANESTHETICS 1. Dissociative Anesthetics 2. Barbiturates 3. Chloralose 4. Urethane (Urethan, Ethyl Carbamate) 5. SaffanTM 6. Tribomoethanol (Avertin) 7. Non-specific Injectable Anesthetic Antagonists 8. Inhalant Anesthetics D. MUSCLE RELAXANTS 1. Glyceryl Guiacolate 2. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents E. LOCAL AND REGIONAL ANESTHETICS F. ANIMAL HYPNOSIS (TONIC IMMOBILITY) G. SPECIES CONSIDERATIONS H. REFERENCES XII. EUTHANASIA A. INTRODUCTION B. CRITERIA FOR A HUMANE DEATH C. PAIN AND STRESS D. MECHANISMS FOR CAUSING DEATH E. METHODS USED FOR EUTHANASIA 1. Physical 2. Non-inhalant Pharmacologic Agents 3. Inhalant Anesthetics 4. Non-anesthetic Gases F. SPECIFIC SPECIES 1. Amphibians, Fishes and Reptiles 2. Domestic Animals Killed for Food 3. Fur-bearing Animals G. TISSUE EFFECTS OF EUTHANASIA METHODS 1. Direct Effects 2. Indirect Effects H. EFFECT ON OBSERVERS I. EUTHANASIA STATEMENTS--OTHER AGENCIES J. REFERENCES XIII. THE USE OF ANIMALS IN PSYCHOLOGY A. THE SCIENTIST B. RESEARCH C. INSTRUCTION D. REFERENCES XIV. GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF ANIMALS IN NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH A. INTRODUCTION B. FACTORS THAT RELATE TO THE DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS C. FACTORS THAT RELATE TO THE CONDUCT OF EXPERIMENTS APPENDICES I. Housing and Environment II. Breeding and Reproduction Data III. Physiological and Nutritional Parameters IV. Hematology V. Clinical Biochemistry Reference Values VI. Serum Electrolyte Reference Values VII. Zoonoses--Experimental Animals to Man A. Bacterial Diseases B. Rickettsial Diseases C. Arbovirus Diseases D. Other Virus Diseases E. Fungal and Protozoan Diseases VIII. Common Bleeding Sites IX. Tranquillizer, Sedative and Anticholinergic Drug Dosages X. Analgesic Drug Dosages XI. Injectable Anesthetic Agents--Dosage XII. Anesthetic and Sedative Drug Dosage--Amphibians and Reptiles XIII. Anesthetic and Sedative Drug Dosage--Fishes XIV. Methods for Euthanasia by Species XV. CCAC Position Statements A. Ethics of Animal Investigation B. Categories of Invasiveness in Animal Experiments C. CCAC Guidelines on Acceptable Immunological Procedures XVI. Journals Held by CCAC XVII. Glossary DEDICATION The Canadian Council on Animal Care dedicates this 2nd Edition of Volume 1 of its Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals to CCAC's founder and executive director until his retirement in 1992, Dr. Harry Rowsell. His vision and devotion to the cause of experimental animal welfare have set an example which many seek to emulate, but few achieve. PREFACE In 1961, the Committee on Animal Care of the Canadian Federation of Biological Societies (CFBS) prepared a one-page placard outlining "Guiding Principles for the Care of Experimental Animals". These principles were quickly approved by most national scientific associations and, despite their brevity, addressed essentially the same basic principles of animal care embodied in this 2nd Edition of Volume 1 of the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals. The hundreds of pages of information contained in the current two volumes of the Guide represent steps in the evolution of efforts by the CCAC to provide the means by which the use of animals in research, teaching and testing in Canada can be performed in accord with basic principles of humane treatment. The CCAC is deeply indebted to the many veterinarians, animal care employees, humane society members, administrators, scientists, and others who have willingly contributed time and expertise to its programs and projects. This edition of Volume 1 of the Guide is only one example of the many CCAC- directed activities that owe their existence and success to the tremendous generosity and good will of these Canadians. Their broad participation in animal welfare is one of the most important, and least-