Propanidido En México: Mitos Y Realidades

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Propanidido En México: Mitos Y Realidades ISSN 2448-8771. Anestesia en México 2019, Volumen 31: Suplemento 1. Septiembre - Diciembre (24 – 39) Propanidido en México: Mitos y realidades Propanided in Mexico: Myths and realities Vicente Barraza- Espinoza, Médico Anestesiólogo. Secretaria de Salud. Hospital General de Zamora Michoacán, México. [email protected] emerged as an alternative to Cremopho. Resumen Thanks to brain monitoring (BIS) and manual enddovenous infusion techniques, using Recientemente la microemulsión llamada gravity systems, it has allowed us to resume the Macrogol HS 15 (PEG-660-12-hidroxiestearato) use of propanidide in different anesthetic ha surgido como una alternativa al Cremopho. scenarios inside and outside the operating Gracias al monitoreo cerebral (BIS) y las room, as well as in total endvenotic anesthesia, técnicas de perfusión endovenosa manual, Combined anesthesia, In 2009 Talmage D. usando los sistemas de gravedad, nos ha Egan, university of Utah, in Salt Lake City, permitido retomar el uso de propanidido en public a work titled Anesthesiology becomes diferentes escenarios anestésicos dentro y smooth? Related to trends in the fuera de quirófano, así como en anestesia total pharmacological fragility of anesthetic drugs, endovenosa, anestesia combinada, En 2009 such as a “soft drug”. Propanidid is an ultra- Talmage D. Egan, de la universidad de Utah, en short acting agent, useful in anesthesia for Salt Lake City, público un trabajo titulado ¿La induction and maintenance, has proven its Anestesiología se vuelve suave? Relacionado a safety, efficacy and versatility in short las tendencias en la fragilidad farmacológica de procedures, achieving a quick awakening. las drogas anestésicas, como una “droga Keywords. Propanidid and anesthesia. blanda”. El propanidido es un agente de acción ultracorta, útil en anestesia para inducción y Introduction mantenimiento de la misma, ha demostrado su seguridad, eficacia y versatilidad en La búsqueda de drogas anestésicas que procedimientos cortos, logrando un despertar reúnan las condiciones ideales de rapidez de rápido. acción, baja toxicidad y pronta eliminación, Palabras clave. Proponidid y anestesia. hacen que constantemente se esté investigando en el campo de la bioquímica y la Abstract farmacología (2). Recently the microemulsion called Macrogol HS 15 (PEG-660-12-hydroxyestearate) has Anestesia en México 2019; 31: suplemento 1 (24 – 39) 24 Aún no contamos con el agente hipnótico ideal, lograr una alta satisfacción para todos los que según la Sociedad Americana de Medicina pacientes que se sometan a cualquier Critica es aquel el cual posee las siguientes procedimiento anestésico ambulatorio bajo características; rápido inicio y vida media corta, anestesia general endovenosa, y/o con mínima depresión respiratoria, ningún efecto técnicas de anestesia combinada; para ello el sobre la función cardiovascular, metabolitos hipnótico es la piedra angular del manejo inactivos o carentes de ellos, metabolismo y anestésico en conjunto con analgésicos eliminación plasmática, ninguna interacción opioides y en algunos casos los relajantes con otras drogas, no producir dolor a la musculares, el propanidido fármaco utilizado inyección, no producir tolerancia o síndrome cumple con cualidades especiales para llevar de abstinencia, debe producir amnesia, debe un estado anestésico ideal (3).. ser económico (3). Ningún fármaco actualmente cumple con todas las En la mayoría de los centros hospitalarios en características, exigentes de esta definición; sin México, no se cuenta rutinariamente con embargo el propanidido posee varias de ellas equipo de monitoreo cerebral que nos indique (3). y cuantifique objetivamente el efecto hipnótico obtenido; además de poca accesibilidad a los En la Anestesiología contemporánea el per fusores endovenosos los cuales nos titulan profundo conocimiento de la farmacología es una adecuada y estable concentración de los fundamental, aunado al gran avance fármacos y nos permite dosificar en forma tecnológico en el campo de la monitorización óptima a cada paciente, evitando estados cerebral, nos permite aplicar métodos y parciales de inconciencia o excesivos (4). fármacos que suprimen el dolor, inducen hipnosis, generan amnesia, relajación muscular La manera más sencilla y clásica de realizar una y protección neurovegetativa, manejando en perfusión intravenosa continua para tal fin, es forma integral la anestesia de los pacientes que con el empleo de micro goteros y/o buretas de van a ser sometidos a un procedimiento volumen que permiten primero ajustar terapéutico diagnóstico y/o quirúrgico. El acto diferentes diluciones de medicamentos anestésico debe cumplir con ciertas empleados, posteriormente, titular gota a gota características entre las que se incluyen: una tasa de perfusión regular que depende de control de la vía aérea evitando depresión la gravedad. Esta práctica cotidiana del médico respiratoria, hipnosis de rápido inicio de acción anestesiólogo, ha tenido un gran impacto en con una recuperación de la conciencia en el lugares donde el acceso a los modernos menor tiempo posible y con mínimos efectos dispositivos de perfusión intravenosa continua sedativos residuales, es fundamental brindar son difíciles de conseguir por diferentes causas; una analgesia intensa para un mantenimiento esto ha generado la imperiosa necesidad de estable de los signos vitales para ofrecer un que médicos anestesiólogos hayan campo quirúrgico adecuado para el cirujano implementado y publicado experiencias, evitando movimientos defensivos durante el basadas en evidencias clínicas con diferentes procedimiento, menor tiempo de estancia alternativas para titular agentes anestésicos hospitalaria, brindando una adecuada relación intravenosos de manera continua; sin olvidar costo, beneficio, seguridad para conseguir y que los avances recientes de la biología Anestesia en México 2019; 31: suplemento 1 (24 – 39) 25 molecular, relacionados a los sitios de acción de los agentes anestésicos, modifican la Figura 1. Arbol de clavo neuroplasticidad del SNC y son responsables de diferentes respuestas asociadas a pérdida y recuperación de la conciencia, antinocicepción, respuesta hemodinámica, profundidad anestésica, efectos adversos, efectos neurotóxicos, etc.; que han mostrado la importancia que implica el manejo de anestesia multimodal como objetivo prioritario Figura 2: Clavero o clavo para el manejo integral del paciente sometido a diversos procedimientos terapéuticos, diagnósticos y quirúrgicos (4). En base a los conceptos anteriores, el presente artículo relata la experiencia obtenida en un lapso de 15 años usando propanidido en diferentes escenarios clínicos en anestesiología. Usando técnicas de perfusión Antecedentes históricos manual con micro goteros y después en Éste fue introducido a la clínica por Hiltmann en perfusores, acompañado de monitoreo el año de 1963-1965; este fármaco fue utilizado cerebral y relación neuromuscular. como anestésico para procedimientos quirúrgicos menores y dentales. El principal Hipnóticos endovenosos efecto benéfico observado fue su acción ultracorta (5,6,7). Su uso fue suspendido En anestesia se emplean agentes intravenosos debido a los severos efectos hemodinámicos para inducir o mantener la anestesia: causados por el solvente Cremophor El y no por Barbitúricos como el tiopental; el propanidido mismo (5, 6, 7). Su primer benzodiacepinas, como el midazolam, nombre fue FBA 1420 (2). Este fármaco es un ketamina, propofol, etomidato, entre otros (3). ácido derivado feniloxiacético, resaltando su rápido inicio de acción y rápido despertar Propanidido comparado con tiopental (6). Los Eugenoles, así llamados porque derivan del aceite de clavo (Eugenia caryophyllata), fueron Características físicas y químicas los primeros fármacos que presentaron una Químicamente esta droga es un aceite pálido, seria competencia a los barbitúricos como de color paja con un punto de ebullición 210- anestésicos intravenosos. Tres de ellos se 212 °C; se presentaba en ampolletas de 10 mL usaron clínicamente y uno, el propanidido, como una solución al 5% en agua destilada con tiene uso en la actualidad (5) (6). la ayuda de un disolvente llamado Cremophor El (8). Anestesia en México 2019; 31: suplemento 1 (24 – 39) 26 Cada mL de la solución contiene 50 mg de 6.- Recuperación rápida por desintoxicación (5) propanidido y tiene la siguiente fórmula (6). estructural: (2,6) Mecanismo de acción Figura 3: Propyl4-(NNDiethyl carbamoyl methoxy)- Inhibidor alostérico del GABAA; Actúa a nivel 3-Methoxy-phenylacetate. mesencefálico y bulbar, puesto que neutraliza la acción de los neurolépticos centrales en estos sitios (5, 6). Farmacocinética y farmacodinamia La característica que distingue a los Eugenoles de todos los demás anestésicos intravenosos disponibles es la rapidez de la recuperación completa. Aunque todo fármaco que se da por vía intravenosa se redistribuirá en el cuerpo, la velocidad de la recuperación en este caso se Esta molécula posee las siguientes debe a su rápida destrucción por la propiedades: colinesterasa del plasma en un metabolito ácido sin propiedades anestésicas. El efecto del Rápido inicio de acción. propanidido sobre la intensidad de su propio Propiedades analgésicas. metabolismo es un fenómeno interesante; los Rápida recuperación de la conciencia. niveles sanguíneos descienden de forma más Sin irritación venosa al administrarse. aguda después de una inyección rápida (y por tanto un pico alto en la concentración) que Los usos iniciales de este compuesto fueron en después de una inyección
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