The Evolution of Nintendo Handheld Gaming Systems By Liam Kalir & Aaron Smith Agenda

• Overview of releases • Overview of mobile design concerns • Gameboy • System & CPU Layout • ISA • Memory Map • Other Systems • Gameboy Advance • DS • 3DS • Switch Timeline

Gameboy Gameboy Color Gameboy Advance DS • 1989 • 1998 • 2001 • 2004 • Sharp LR35902 • ARM7TDMI • ARM946E-S

Switch New 3DS 3DS DSi • 2017 • 2014 • 2010 • 2008 • Custom Nvidia Tegra • Quad-Core ARM11 • Dual-Core ARM11 SoC MPCore MPCore Mobile Design Concerns

Power Consumption • Entire device driven by battery power Size • All components must comfortably fit in a handheld device Cost • Devices marketed as children’s toys Gameboy

•Launch Date — April 21st , 1989 •Price — $89.95 ~$170 2016 •CPU — Sharp Corp. LR35902 •3-stage pipeline •8/16-bit architecture •Clock Rate – 4.19 MHz •CPU designed – 1976 •8 KiB+ RAM & 8KiB VRAM LR35902 Architecture

• Pipeline – 3 Stages, 4 cycles 1. Fetch 2. Decode 3. Execute/WB • Many differences from Z80 LR35902 ISA vs. Z80 ISA

• Exchange instructions gone • More addressing instructions • Stop mode • Nibble Swap Instruction Gameboy Layout Game Boy Memory Map

Address (Size) Purpose 0xFFFF (1 B) Interrupt Enable Register 0xFF80-0xFFFE (127 B) Internal RAM 0xFF4C-0xFF7F (52 B) Empty & Unusable 0xFF00-0xFF4B (76 B) I/O Ports 0xFEA0-0xFEFF (96 B) Empty & Unusable 0xFE00-0xFE9F (160 B) Sprite Attribute Memory 0xE000-0xFDFF (7.5 KiB) Internal RAM Echo 0xC000-0xDFFF (8 KiB) Internal RAM 0xA000-0xBFFF (8 KiB) Switchable RAM Bank 0x8000-0x9FFF (8 KiB) VRAM 0x4000-0x7FFFF (16 KiB) Switchable ROM Bank 0x0000-0x3FFF (16 KiB) ROM Bank 0 Gameboy Advance

•Launch Date — March 21st, 2001 •Price — $99.99 ~$140 2016 •CPU — ARM7TDMI & LR35902 •Clock Rate – 16.8 MHz •32-bit architecture •Instruction compression via Thumb •CPU designed – 1998 •32 KiB Internal SRAM, 96 KiB VRAM, 256 KiB External DRAM DS • Launch Date – November 21st, 2004 • Price – $149.99 ~$190 2016 • CPU – ARM946E-S & ARM7TDMI • Clock Rate – 67 MHz • 5-stage pipeline • Separate 4-way caches, allocate on read-miss • 8 KiB Instruction Cache • 4 KiB Data Cache (write-back or write- through) • CPU designed – 2000 • 4 MiB RAM 3DS

• Launch Date – February 26th, 2011 • Price – $249.99 ~$270 2016 • CPU – Dual-Core ARM11 MPCore • 8-stage pipeline • Hit-under-miss cache • One Core Game, One Core OS • CPU designed – 2005 • 2x64 MiB Fast Cycle DRAM, 6 MiB VRAM • Multitasking OS • GPU — PICA200 Switch

• Launch Date – March 2017 • Price – Leaked £199 ~$250 • CPU – Custom Nvidia Tegra SoC • Tegra X1 • 4x Cortex-A57 CPU • 256-core Maxwell GPU • 4K @ 60 FPS video playback References

• http://marc.rawer.de/Gameboy/Docs/GBCPUman.pdf • http://fms.komkon.org/GameBoy/Tech/Hardware.html • http://kotaku.com/5737948/how-does-the-nintendo-3ds-price-stack-up • http://www.atmel.com/Images/DDI0029G_7TDMI_R3_trm.pdf • http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.ddi0201d/index.html • http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.ddi0360f/index.html • https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2016/10/20/nintendo-switch/ • http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/new-product/game/nintendo-switch-price-release-date-specs-games-live-presentation- 3608381/ • http://www.nvidia.com/object/tegra-x1-processor.html