What makes a Transmission Grid Smart ?
Aty Edris Senior Director [email protected] ELECTRICITY is Fundamental to our Civilization
• Conveys both Energy and Information • Delivers Energy to the user with no emission at the point of use • Provides an increasing array of innovative products and services Key Characteristics of a Smart-Grid
• Self-healing , Grid rapidly detects, analyzes, responds, and restores • Empowers and incorporates the consumers , Ability to incorporate consumer equipment and behavior in grid design and operation • Tolerant of attack , Grid mitigates and resilient to physical and cyber attacks • Provide power quality needed by 21 st -century users , Grid provides quality power consistent with consumers and industry needs • Accommodates wide variety of supply and demand , Grid accommodates variety of resources (including demand response, combined heat and power, wind, photovoltaic, and end-use efficiency • Fully enables and is supported by competitive markets Edris Smart Electricity- Vision Statement
Electricity is the most versatile and widely used form of energy, global demand is growing continuously. Generation of electrical energy is currently the largest single source of carbon dioxide emissions , making a significant contribution to climate change. To mitigate the consequences of climate change, the current electrical system needs to undergo significant adjustments Any adjustments to electrical system must meet four requirements:
Capacity : Satisfying increasingly demand for electrical energy Reliability : Satisfying quality and reliability/availability of electricity
Efficiency : From production and transport to consumption of electricity, energy has to be saved
Sustainability : Integration of low carbon energy sources Smart Grid – Road-map Ideas Describing what Makes a Grid Smart Innovative Technologies are the Keys
“Auto-balancing, self-monitoring power grid that accepts any source of fuel l (coal, sun, wind) and transforms it into a consumer’s end use (heat, light, warm water) with minimal human intervention .”
“A system that will allow society to optimize the use of renewable energy sources and minimize our collective environmental footprint .”
“It is a grid that has the ability to sense when a part of its system is overloaded and reroute power to reduce that overload and prevent a potential outage situation.”
“A grid that enables real-time communication between the consumer and the utility, allowing the consumer to optimize energy usage based on environmental and/or price preferences.” Smart Grid
Smart Technological Ideas and concepts DEFINITION ?
Could be defined as:
An integrated array of technologies , devices and systems that provide and utilize digital information, communications and controls to optimize the efficient, reliable, safe and secure delivery of electricity. Smart Transmission Technology-Based Ideas and Concepts
Smart Transmission Grid Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) Technology
High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Technology
Grid Shock Absorber Concept
Dynamic Thermal Ratings Thomas Edison DC Technology
Reactive Power Management Concept
Synchrophasor Technology Nikola Tesla AC FACTS Technology
Electricity flows passively δδδ P δδδ V 1 1 V 2 2
Transm ission Line X
1 δδδ δδδ P = V 1 V 2 s in ( 1 - 2 ) Gate Turn Off X Smart Power Switches Smart control of Electricity flows Idea
Vpq Transmission line I Breaker P
GTO V Shunt Inez 138kV bus Series 1 transformer transformer V’1 Q V21 Transmission line Converter 1 (shunt) Converter 2 (series) to Big Sandy
Ish V 1 P + Vdc AC AC V2 IGBT Q
Qconv1 Pconv1 Qconv2 Pconv2
Gate signals Converter 1 Converter 2 V 1 Ish Internal converter control V’ Unified(shunt) Power Flow Controller(series) 1(UPFC) ETO I
IqRef Vdc VpqRef
System variables: Parameter System operation control Settings P,Q,V 1,V’1, etc. Smarter Power Electronics-based Dynamic Voltage Support
Smarter (Converter-Based Technology)
Converter-based Controllers
•Superior performance •Versatile functionality •Smaller footprint
Smart (Thyristor-Based Technology) Thyristor switched and/or controlled capacitors/reactors •Limited performance •Limited functionality •Large footprint Example of Field Application of Converter-Based Technology Relieving Major Transmission Bottleneck
Marcy New Bus Scotland BR12 line
TR -SE2
Coopers BR11 Corners line
TR -SE1
TR -SH LV1 LV2
MOD -1 CS -1 MOD -2 CS -2 MOD -3 MOD -4 MOD -5 MOD -6 M M M M M M
Thyristo r Thyristor Bypass Bypass # 1 #2
SWDC1
Transmission bottleneck M
at Marcy Substation 2x 100 MVA Convertible Static Compensator- a smart solution NYPA’s Marcy Convertible Static Compensator “Smart Technology” Relieving Transmission Bottlenecks
Relief of major transmission bottleneck Strong dynamic voltage support at Marcy has resulted in increase of transmission capacity by about 200 MW , approximately enough power for about 200,000 homes . Introduction of unprecedented “Smart” controllability and flexibility in transmission grids HVDC Transmission Technology
HVDC Converter Station Overhead Lines HVDC Converter Station Up to 6400 MW Two conductors Up to 6400 MW
Alt. Submarine cables
Thyristor Thyristor AC versus HV DC – Right of Way
Comparison of Towers for 800 kV AC Line a) and 500 kV DC Line b), at same Transmission Capacity 3000 MW
AC DC
Edris High Temperature Superconductors for the Grid Two Smart HVDC Technologies HVDC Classic – VSC HVDC (PLUS/LIGHT)
HVDC Classic HVDC PLUS/LIGHT Line-commutated Self-commutated current-sourced Converter voltage-sourced Converter Thyristor with turn-on Capability Semiconductor Switches with turn-on only and turn-off Capability, e.g. IGBTs VSC Back-to-Back Concept HVDC Light/HVDC Plus Technology
System 1 System 2
V 1 V 2 P12
+ + Smart - - -
- Idea
Back-to-Back Asynchronous/Synchronous Tie
Transmission line TransmissionTransmission line line Transmission line L L V V L Transformer L TransformerTransformer Transformer II inductance II inductanceinductance inductance V0 V0 V0 V0
Voltage Voltage Voltage Sourced sourcedSourced sourced Inverter inverterInverter inverter
DC DC DC DC capacitor capacitorcapacitor capacitor V V Vd c d c Vd c d c Segmentation with Grid Shock Absorbers Proof of Concept (US Eastern Interconnection)
System 1 System 2
V 1 V 2 P12
+ + - - - -
Back-to-Back Asynchronous/Synchronous Tie D Hydro E Quebec A Ontario A New England
B
System 1 System 2 New
V 1 V 2 P12 York
+ + - - -
- D
B Back-to-Back Asynchronous/Synchronous Tie
PJM C Outside World C
Eastern Interconnection Voltage supported buses Segmentation with Grid Shock Absorbers Proof of Concept (US Eastern Interconnection) 2003 Blackout
Lights on The benefits of HVDC and FACTS
“HVDC and FACTS” have the ability to help in rerouting power to eliminate transmission bottlenecks and prevent a potential of cascading outages situation.”
Increased transmission capacity Smart Transmission Grid Improved flexibility and controllability of transmission grid
Flexibility Bulk power transmission in the GW range over distances of 1,000 kilometers and more Reliability Controllability Reduction in CO 2 emissions, grid access of large wind, hydro, and Accessibility solar power plants Increased robustness and reliability of transmission grid Smart Idea Mitigating SubSynchronous Resonance (SSR) Problem
Electric Resonance Circuit Mechanical Resonance system Generator / Turbine Masses
G Exc LP MP HP SSR Electrical side Mechanical side
Energy Exchange Creating Phase Imbalance is a Smart Idea Mitigating SubSynchronous Resonance (SSR) Problem
Conventional series compensation
ωωω 0: system freq.
Series Resonance Phase Frequency characteristics of phase reactance 21 Imbalance Scheme 21 Smart Idea Mitigating SubSynchronous Resonance (SSR) Problem
Series Resonance Phase Imbalance Scheme
Conventional series compensation
22 Smart Idea Enhancing First Swing Stability keeping synchronous generator in synchronism
30% Series Compensation
23 Smart Idea Enhancing First Swing Stability keeping synchronous generator in synchronism
24 Transient Power Characteristic
Applying the “Smart” idea 30% Series Compensation
25 Smart Idea Enhancing First Swing Stability keeping synchronous generator in synchronism
Extremely long Fault Clearance Time (400 ms)
26 Dynamic Thermal Ratings Technology Results in 10%-15% Increase of transmission capacity
Monitoring Smart Idea
Heat Balance Equation dT Qgen +Qsun = Qrad +Qconv + mC * p dt Video Sagometer Dynamic Thermal Rating
1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 Static Thermal Rating 1000
Rating - amperes - Rating 900 Conservative Criteria, 800
low wind speed, high ambient temperature 1 33 65 97 129 161 193 225 257 289 321 353 385 417 449 481 513 545 577 609 641 NumberNumber of of 15 15 minute minutes Periods periods
Weather Only (22 deg wind angle) Tension/Weather Static Rating C3 – Conditionally Committed Capacity for Overhead Transmission Lines- “Smart idea” for time-ahead generation scheduling Power System Monitoring and Control Today
Control center SCADA / EMS
V,P,Q,T
Communication channels Measurements: - Voltage magnitude - Current magnitude - Active power - Reactive power - Breaker Status
RTUs No time stamp Measurements/sec: 2 – 10 Power System Monitoring and Control with Phasor Measurement Units (Backbone of Real-Time Monitoring)
Control center Satellite SCADA / EMS df V I,, f, dt
Communication channels
GPS signal Measurements: - Voltage vector - Current vector - Frequency Phasor - Breaker status measurement unit (PMU) Time synchronization Measurements/sec : 6 - 60 Applications
V 1 Heavy Load
V2 Loss of Local synchronization oscillations
Inter-area Reactive oscillations power Line shortage Trip
Loss of generation Transmission corridor congestion Voltage Cascading Frequency collapse outages deviation V f
t P Reactive Power Puts a Limit on Full Utilization of Transmission Grid
FOAM = Reactive Power
• Mvar Support is Exchangeable with MW • The Exchange Rate could be up to 0.5 MW/Mvar
Source: Nils Falen Smart Transmission Grid Reactive Power Investigation Issues
Cap. Cap. Ind. Ind. Ind. Cap.
System conditions and contingencies that limit operation or decrease voltage stability conditions? What are the available reactive power reserve? Where in the power system would reactive power reserve, compensation, and control be most effectively located and managed?
What are the most effective and economic reactive compensation options to reduce or eliminate these limits?
What are the ratings and other functionality required to achieve these benefits? What are the economic benefits of removing limitations? Identifying Areas Prone to Voltage Instability and Reactive Power Reserve- Smart Idea
12 1 4 13 12 1 4 12 1 4 13 13
1249 +465j 747 1224 + 465j 1249 + 1550j 14 750 +282j 731 + 375j 6 440 1224 178j 5 408 +155j 750 + 262j + 365j 6 14 + 200j 6 14 408 + 155j 250 +84j 5 2 5 15 2 2 15 7 509 + 199j 298 +149j 8 15 7 7 488 + 166j 282 +178j 8 196 +62j 300 + 100j 176 +88j 8 17 16 163 + 62jj 216 + 1597j 36 + 14j 100 +62j 17 16 17 16 200 + 300j 212 + 1297j 33 + 13j 9 130 + 8j 20 + 8j 196 + 296j 3 120 + 11j 9 9 3 488 + 203j 3 594 + 254j 11 458 + 199j 10
276 + 120j 531 + 219j 11 10 1195 + 523j 11 602 + 813j 350 + 150j 10 552 + 734j 1170 + 512j 227 + 420j 704 + 308j
Load Increase and/or Transmission Contingencies Control Area Changes Shape and size with Load Levels and/or Transmission Contingencies Smart Grid (Evolutionary Development) Driving Factors :
Grid Conditions Energy and Requirements Efficiency Increased energy trading Cost Greater network complexity pressure and vulnerability
Fluctuating infeed Aging infrastructure High supply and lack of Increasing Integration of quality distance between distributed experts generation energy and load resources
CO 2 reduction Operational Factors Exeternal Influences Turning the Entire Energy Conversion Chain into a Smart Infrastructure
Decentralized energy Communications Smart substation management system solutions automation
Condition monitoring/ Distribution Power transmission asset management automation
Smart metering Building automation THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Questions and Ideas ?
Aty Edris Senior Director [email protected]