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Religija I Pogrebni Običaji Tijekom Xviii. Dinastije

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Religija I Pogrebni Običaji Tijekom Xviii. Dinastije View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Zagreb Repository SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU HRVATSKI STUDIJI Andreja Škrlec RELIGIJA I POGREBNI OBIČAJI TIJEKOM XVIII. DINASTIJE DIPLOMSKI RAD Zagreb, 2018. SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU HRVATSKI STUDIJI ODSJEK ZA POVIJEST ANDREJA ŠKRLEC RELIGIJA I POGREBNI OBIČAJI TIJEKOM XVIII. DINASTIJE DIPLOMSKI RAD Mentor: doc. dr. sc. Mladen Tomorad Zagreb, 2018. SADRŢAJ 1. UVOD .................................................................................................................................... 3 2. NOVO KRALJEVSTVO (o. 1539. - o. 1069. g. pr. Kr.) ....................................................... 6 3. NEKROPOLE ........................................................................................................................ 9 3.1. Kraljevske nekropole ..................................................................................................... 10 3.1.1. Dra Abu el-Naga ..................................................................................................... 10 3.1.1.1. Amozis - ? ........................................................................................................ 10 3.1.2. Deir el-Bahri ........................................................................................................... 11 3.2.1.1. Tutmozis II. - DB358? ..................................................................................... 11 3.1.3. Dolina kraljeva ........................................................................................................ 12 3.1.3.2. Tutmozis III. - KV34 ........................................................................................ 15 3.1.3.3. Hatšepsut - KV20? ........................................................................................... 17 3.1.3.4. Amenhotep II. - KV35 ..................................................................................... 18 3.1.3.5. Tutmozis IV. - KV43 ....................................................................................... 19 3.1.3.6. Amenhotep III. - WV22 ................................................................................... 21 3.1.3.7. Amenhotep IV. Ekhnaton - KV55? .................................................................. 22 3.1.3.8. Tutankhamun - KV62 ....................................................................................... 24 3.1.3.9. AJ - WV23 ....................................................................................................... 26 3.1.3.10. Horemheb - KV57 .......................................................................................... 27 3.1.4. Dolina kraljica ......................................................................................................... 29 3.2. Nekropole viših slojeva društva .................................................................................... 33 3.2.1. Dra Abu el-Naga ..................................................................................................... 33 3.2.1.1. Tetiky - TT15 ................................................................................................... 33 3.2.1.2. Roy - TT255 ..................................................................................................... 34 3.2.2. Sheikh Abd el-Qurna .............................................................................................. 35 3.2.2.1. Rekhmire - TT100 ............................................................................................ 37 3.2.2.2. Ramose - TT55 ................................................................................................. 38 3.2.3. Qurnet Murai ........................................................................................................... 40 3.2.3.1. Amenhotep (zvani Huy) - TT40 ....................................................................... 40 3.2.4. El-Khokha ............................................................................................................... 42 3.2.4.1. Amenemhat (zvani Surer) - TT48 .................................................................... 42 1 3.2.5. Sakara ...................................................................................................................... 44 3.2.5.1. Grobnica generala Horemheba ......................................................................... 46 3.2.6. Amarna .................................................................................................................... 47 3.2.6.1. Sjeverne grobnice - Panehesy - TA6 ................................................................ 48 3.2.6.2. Juţne grobnice - May - TA14 .......................................................................... 50 3.3. Nekropole niţih slojeva društva .................................................................................... 51 4. RELIGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 53 4.1. Religija i religiozna vjerovanja tijekom XVIII. dinastije .............................................. 53 4.2. Hramovi i svećenstvo .................................................................................................... 56 4.3. Rituali, festivali i ceremonije ......................................................................................... 60 4.4. Magija ............................................................................................................................ 62 5. POGREBNA VJEROVANJA I POGREBNI OBIČAJI ...................................................... 64 5.1. Smrt i koncept zagrobnog ţivota tijekom XVIII. dinastije ........................................... 64 5.2. Mumificiranje, balzamiranje i pogreb ........................................................................... 66 5.3. Pogrebna oprema tijekom XVIII. dinastije .................................................................... 68 5.3.1. Kovčezi i sarkofazi ................................................................................................. 69 5.3.2. Kanope i pripadajuća škrinja................................................................................... 70 5.3.3. Šauabti figure i ostali modeli i figurice ................................................................... 71 5.3.4. Pogrebni tekstovi .................................................................................................... 72 5.3.5. Amuleti ................................................................................................................... 73 5.3.6. Ostali predmeti ........................................................................................................ 73 5.4. Pogrebni hramovi .......................................................................................................... 74 6. ZAKLJUČAK ...................................................................................................................... 76 7. BIBLIOGRAFIJA ................................................................................................................ 79 7.1. Literatura ....................................................................................................................... 79 7.2. Mreţne poveznice .......................................................................................................... 89 8. SAŢETAK RADA ............................................................................................................... 91 2 1. UVOD Povijest drevnog Egipta oduvijek je intrigirala povjesničare, arheologe, putopisce, istraţivače i druge znanstvenike te laike diljem svijeta. Najzanimljiviji segment su uvjerljivo religija, pogrebna vjerovanja i običaji te pogrebna arhitektura, na što ukazuje i brojna literatura koju sam koristila u ovom radu. Stoga je tema ovog rada, na što ukazuje i sam naslov, religija i pogrebni običaji tijekom XVIII. dinastije, pošto se tada dogaĎaju velike promjene u religiji, pogrebnim vjerovanjima i običajima, kulturi i umjetnosti te općenito svim segmentima društva. Cilj rada je opisati i prikazati način i mjesto ukopa faraona te niţeg i višeg sloja društva kroz XVIII. dinastiju (Dolina kraljeva, Dolina kraljica, grobnice u Tebi i njezinoj okolici, Sakara i Amarna s opisima grobnica faraona, kraljica i kraljevske djece te nekoliko članova elite za svaku lokaciju) uz opis arhitekture i izgleda grobnice i pogrebnih dobara pronaĎenih u njima. Nakon obrade nekropola slijedi opis religije i nekih njezinih osnovnih segmenata (hramovi, svećenstvo, magija, rituali, festivali i ceremonije) te pogrebnih vjerovanja i pogrebnih običaja (koncept smrti i zagrobnog ţivota, mumificiranje, balzamiranje, pogreb, pogrebna oprema, pogrebni hramovi) i promjene koje su se dogodile na tom području tijekom XVIII. dinastije. Egipat tada postaje carstvo, a samim time i imperijalna sila uz gomilanje materijalnog bogatstva, što se najviše vidi u gore navedenim segmentima, pa ću stoga opisati kako su bogatstvo i kozmopolitizam utjecali na religiju, pogrebnu arhitekturu, vjerovanja i običaje. U radu se nalaze i pripadajuće tablice koje po raznim lokacijama nekropola navode pripadnike faraona i višeg sloja društva koji su tamo pokopani te tablice koje prikazuju hramove i posmrtne hramove izgraĎene ili nadograĎene tijekom XVIII. dinastije. Literatura o ovoj temi i ovom razdoblju je mnogobrojna (osim informacija o pojedinim nekropolama i grobnica višeg sloja društva), iako je više istraţeno cjelokupno Novo
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