Seyyahlarin Gözüyle Gümüşhane

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Seyyahlarin Gözüyle Gümüşhane SEYYAHLARIN GÖZÜYLE GÜMÜŞHANE (Osmanlı Dönemi) Kemal SAYLAN Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Yayınları, No: 32 SEYYAHLARIN GÖZÜYLE GÜMÜŞHANE (Osmanlı Dönemi) Yazar Kemal SAYLAN ISBN: 978-605-4838-15-8 Yayınevi Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Yayınları, No: 32 Birinci Baskı Trabzon, Mart 2015 © Eserin içerik sorumluluğu tamamen yazara aittir. Gümüşhane Üniversitesinin yazılı izni olmadan bir kısmı veya tamamı çoğaltılamaz veya kopya edilemez. Baskı Eser Ofset Matbaacılık Tel: 0462 321 53 38, TRABZON Seyyahların Gözüyle Gümüşhane - 3- İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................... 5 GİRİŞ ................................................................................................................... 7 I. BÖLÜM GÜMÜŞHANE’YE UĞRAYAN SEYYAHLAR ve ESERLERİ ................ 20 1. YERLİ SEYYAHLAR ............................................................................... 21 2. YABANCI SEYYAHLAR ........................................................................ 23 İngilizler .................................................................................................... 24 Almanlar ................................................................................................... 33 Fransızlar .................................................................................................. 36 Amerikalılar .............................................................................................. 40 Ruslar ......................................................................................................... 42 II. BÖLÜM SEYYAHLARA GÖRE GÜMÜŞHANE ...................................................... 44 1. COĞRAFİ VE FİZİKİ YAPI .................................................................... 50 2. İDARİ BİRİMLER VE ÖZELLİKLERİ ................................................... 55 3. EKONOMİK DURUM ............................................................................. 63 Ticaret ve Kervanlar ................................................................................ 63 Ulaşım........................................................................................................ 66 Madenler ................................................................................................... 71 Tarım ......................................................................................................... 76 4. SOSYAL VE KÜLTÜREL YAPI ............................................................. 78 Nüfus ve Toplum ..................................................................................... 78 Sosyal Hayat ............................................................................................. 80 Ermeni Olayları ........................................................................................ 83 Eğitim ........................................................................................................ 84 Tarihi Eserler ............................................................................................ 84 SONUÇ ............................................................................................................. 88 KAYNAKLAR .................................................................................................. 90 SEYAHATNAMELERDE GÜMÜŞHANE İLE İLGİLİ KISIMLAR ........... 100 İNDEKS .......................................................................................................... 357 - 4- Kemal Saylan Seyyahların Gözüyle Gümüşhane - 5- ÖNSÖZ Gümüşhane tarihiyle ilgili yapılan çalışmaların ortak amacı geçmişten günümüze bir Gümüşhane portresi çizmek olmuştur. Bu amaçla Gümüşhane tarihi hakkında birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Son dönemlerde bu tür çalışmaların sayısı artmıştır. Özellikle Osmanlı dönemi Gümüşhanesi ile ilgili çalışmalar günümüzde daha revaçta- dır. Bu çalışmaların birçoğu Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi merkezli ça- lışmalardır. Arşivde yer alan tahrir defterleri, evkaf defterleri, şeriye sicilleri, vekainameler, perakende belgeler gibi evraklar Gümüşhane tarihinin ortaya çıkarılmasında son derece önemlidir. Devletin kurum- larınca yayınlanmış salnameler, meclis kayıtları gibi kaynaklar arşiv malzemelerinin eksik bıraktığı yönleri tamamlamaktadır. Gümüşhane hakkında çalışan araştırmacılar ister istemez umumiyetle bu kaynak- lara dayalı eserler ortaya koymuşlardır. Ancak bu kaynaklarla çizilen Gümüşhane portresi Osmanlı siyasi otoritesinin çizdiği bir resim ol- maktan öteye geçmeyip, devletin Gümüşhane’yi nasıl gördüğünü biz- lere anlatacaktır. Bu çalışmamızda; bu tür çalışmalardan farklı olarak Osmanlı dönemi Gümüşhanesi’ne devletin gözüyle değil, insanların gözünden bakmanın farklı bir perspektif sunacağını düşünerek seyahatnameler- den bakmayı düşündük. Devletin eliyle değil bölgeden gelip geçen insanların gözünden bir Gümüşhane resmi çizmenin farklı ve ilgi çe- kici olacağından hareketle bu çalışma, Osmanlı döneminde bölgeden geçen ve Gümüşhane hakkında bilgiler veren seyyahların eserlerini bir araya getirerek bir Gümüşhane portresi oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmayı lüzumlu kılan bir husus da Gümüşhane’yi değişik tarihlerde gelip görenlerin bilgileri şimdiye kadar tam anlamıyla tahlil edilmemesidir. Aslında bu durum genel itibariyle Anadolu’nun birçok şehri için geçerlidir. Şehirlerin tarihi gelişimleriyle ilgili eksik bilgileri seyahatnameler aracılığıyla tamamlamak mümkündür. Çalışmamız üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde bölge- den geçen yerli ve yabancı seyyahların isimlerini ve eserlerini tanıttık. İkinci bölümde bu seyyahların Gümüşhane ile ilgili coğrafi, idari, sos- yal ve ekonomik açıdan yaptıkları izlenimlerini değerlendirdik. Eserin ekler bölümünde ise seyyahların eserlerinde Gümüşhane’ye ayırdıkla- rı bölümleri orijinal dilleriyle verdik. - 6- Kemal Saylan Bu çalışma Gümüşhane tarihinin bütün yönlerini ortaya koyan bir eserden ziyade Gümüşhane’nin seyyahların gözündeki resmini yansıtmak amacıyla yapılmış bir çalışmadır. Uzun soluklu ve yorucu bu çalışmada yardımlarını benden esir- gemeyen herkese sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Tavsiye ve yön- lendirmelerinden dolayı değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Mehmet Alaaddin YALÇINKAYA ve Prof. Dr. M. Muhsin KALKIŞIM’a minnettarım. Ki- tabın tashihinde ve yayına hazırlanmasında yardımlarını esirgemeyen Yrd. Doç. Dr. Özgür YILMAZ’a teşekkürü bir borç biliyorum. Ayrıca Niyazi KARABULUT’a teşekkür ediyorum. Hep yanımda olan anne- babam ve hayatı bana daha anlamlı kılan iki isim, eşim Sefa Öztürk SAYLAN ile oğlum İlbey Uras SAYLAN’ı burada zikretmeden geçe- meyeceğim. Kemal SAYLAN Gümüşhane 2016 Seyyahların Gözüyle Gümüşhane - 7- GİRİŞ İnsanoğlu, doğası gereği yeni yerleri, buralarda yaşayan insanları ve yaşantılarını merak etmiştir. Bu merak insanı, buralara seyahat edip o yerleri ve insanlarını keşfetmeye itmiştir. Seyahatler, bazı insanlar- da seyahatleri boyunca gördüklerini ve duyduklarını kendi bakış açı- larına göre değerlendirerek kaleme almalarını beraberinde getirmiştir. Seyahate çıkanlar daha sonra yaşadıkları tecrübeleri başka insanlarla paylaşma ihtiyacı hissettiklerinden notlarını yayınlamışlardır. İşte bu insanların yayınladıkları yazılara genel olarak seyahatname ismi veril- mektedir. Arapça “seyahat” ve Farsça “name” sözcüklerinin bileşimiyle oluşan “seyahatname” sözcüğü, herhangi bir seyyah veya gözlemcinin ziyaret ettiği belli bir coğrafi alana ve tarihsel bir döneme dair izlenimle- rini ve topladığı bilgileri yazıya aktardığı metinlere denir. Bu metinlerde seyyah, bir toplumun yaşayışı, gelenek ve göreneklerine dair dikkatini çeken ve okurun dikkatini çekeceğini düşündüğü noktaları sergilemeye çalışır.1 Böyle metinler içerikleri bakımından çok güvenilir olmamakla birlikte tarih, coğrafya ve sosyal bilimleri destekler.2 Geçmişte seyahatnameler bir iletişim aracı olarak önem kazan- mıştır. Seyahatnameler, iletişim imkânlarının kısıtlı olduğu dönemler- de bilimsel ve kültürel gelişmelerin aktarıcısı konumunda olmuşlardır. Günümüzde ise yerel tarihçiler seyahatnameleri akademik çalışmala- rın bazı boşluklarını doldurması itibarıyla yardımcı bir unsur olarak kabul etmektedirler.3 Bu nedenle seyahatnameler, sosyal tarihçiler ve şehir tarihçilerinin sıkça müracaat ettiği kaynaklar arasında yer almış- tır. Özellikle de, arşiv belgeleri veya diğer kaynakların yetersiz olduğu durumlarda, seyyahların verdiği bilgiler daha da değerli olmakta ve araştırmacılar tarafından kullanılmaktadırlar. Ancak bu bilgiler değeri göz ardı edilmemekle birlikte, içinde bir dizi önyargıyı ve kurguyu barındırmaktadırlar.4 1 Özgür Yılmaz, “Osmanlı Şehir Tarihleri Açısından Yabancı Seyahatnamelerin Kaynak Değeri”, Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, C. XXVIII, S. 2, 2013, s. 588. 2 Baki Asiltürk, “Edebiyatın Kaynağı Olarak Seyahatnameler”, Turkish Studies, C. IV, S. 1-I, 2009, s. 912. 3 Yılmaz, agm, s. 588. 4 Fatma Acun, “Seyyah Söylemi ve Trabzon’a Gelen Yabancı Seyyahlar”, Trabzon ve Çevresi Uluslararası Tarih-Dil-Edebiyat Sempozyumu Bildirileri (3-5 Mayıs 2001), C. I, Trabzon Valiliği İl Kültür Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Trabzon 2001, s. 143. - 8- Kemal Saylan Seyahatnameler batıda başlı başına ayrı bir araştırma alanı olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu bağlamda batıdan doğuya yapılan seyahatler ve seyahatler sonucunda yazılan seyahatnameler ön plana çıkmaktadır. İlk çağlarda batılılar tarafından doğu, ötekinin yaşadığı zengin ülke olarak algılanmıştır. Bu dönemlere ait seyahatnamelerin ilk örneğini Herodot’ta görürüz.5 Gezgin bir tarihçi olan Herodot, özellikle Babil, Asur ve Hindistan anlatımlarında doğu egzotizmini öne çıkarmıştır. Ona göre
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