Tanya Jacobsen

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Tanya Jacobsen Green Building “Made in Denmark” An empirical analysis of Denmark’s country-of-origin image within green building in the United States Copenhagen Business School May 2010 By Tanya Jacobsen Study program: Cand.ling.merc – English and Intercultural Market Studies Advisor: Ole Helmersen, Department of Intercultural Communication and Management Number of standard pages: 80 (143,945 units) Resumé Grønt byggeri – “Made in Denmark” Dette speciale undersøger Danmarks image i USA samt hvilke konsekvenser amerikanernes opfattelse af Danmark har for den danske byggebranches mulighed for at anvende tilknytningen til Danmark som en slags ”endorser brand” på det amerikanske marked for bæredygtigt byggeri. Specialet er teoretisk forankret i teorierne omkring oprindelseslandseffekt og landebranding, der beskæftiger sig med, hvorledes et lands image har betydning for, hvordan landets produkter og services opfattes af potentielle købere på udenlandske markeder. Analysen er inddelt i tre stadier: I det første stadie undersøges den danske byggebranches selvopfattede styrker og svagheder gennem en række kvalitative interviews samt Danmarks officielle landebranding strategi for derved at fastslå det ønskede image. I det andet stadie analyseres det amerikanske byggemarked, hvorunder arkitekter og ingeniører udvælges som den mest relevante målgruppe at undersøge Danmarks image blandt. På baggrund af resultaterne i de første to analyse stadier, analyseres Danmarks image i det tredje og sidste stadie ved hjælp af en spørgeskemaundersøgelse udsendt til en stikprøve af repræsentanter fra målgruppen. Specialet viser, at Danmark generelt set har et positivt image i USA, omend kendskabsgraden til landet og dets specifikke kompetencer er relativt lav. Den amerikanske målgruppe opfatter Danmark som et land, der tager miljø- og energispørgsmål alvorligt, hvilket også afspejles i holdningen til dansk arkitektur og design, som målgruppen opfatter positivt – både æstetisk og funktionsmæssigt – men også i forhold til graden af bæredygtighed og hensyntagen til det omgivende miljø. Det faktiske image blandt målgruppen svarer overordnet set rimelig godt til den danske byggebranches selvopfattelse: Danske produkter anses for at være af høj kvalitet, men også relativt dyre. Danmarks kompetencer inden for byggebranchens selvopfattede styrkeområder vurderes alle til at ligge over USA's på disse områder. Især danske kompetencer inden for sikring af et behageligt indeklima, udnyttelse af naturligt dagslys samt effektiv isolering af bygningens klimaskærm vurderes som værende rigtig gode. Kendskabsgraden til specifikke danske brands eller virksomheder inden for byggeriet er meget lav, mens kendskabet til danske arkitekter er noget højere. Undersøgelsens resultater viser desuden, at målgruppen flere gange har svært ved at adskille Danmark fra andre skandinaviske og europæiske lande, hvilket også understreger det begrænsede kendskab. En eventuel kommende markedsføringsstrategi for dansk byggeri i USA bør således først og fremmest fokusere på at skabe opmærksomhed omkring Danmark og danske kompetencer inden for dette område. 2 På trods af det relativt lave kendskab vurderes det, at danske byggevirksomheder med fordel kan anvende tilknytningen til Danmark som ”endorser brand”, idet målgruppen har mange positive associationer om Danmark og danske kompetencer inden for grønt byggeri – også selv om de udelukkende har et overfladisk kendskab til landet. Det vurderes, at det især vil være mindre virksomheder, der endnu ikke selv har fået etableret sit eget brand på det amerikanske marked, der vil kunne få glæde af at anvende deres danske oprindelse som et parameter i deres markedsføring, mens større og mere etablerede virksomheder formentlig vil være mere tilbageholdende med at lægge sig op ad Danmarks image, idet denne strategi også medfører en række usikkerheder, som ligger uden for de enkelte virksomheders kontrol, men som gennem tilknytningen også kan påvirke deres image. 3 Table of Contents 1. Introduction and research question .................................................................................................... 6 1.1. Research question .................................................................................................................................. 7 1.2. Delimitation ............................................................................................................................................ 7 1.3. Definition of key concepts ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.4. Structure of the thesis ............................................................................................................................ 8 1.5. Methodology ........................................................................................................................................ 10 2. Theoretical framework ..................................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Country-of-Origin effect ........................................................................................................................ 14 2.2. Nation-branding and national image ................................................................................................... 17 2.3. The concept of image ........................................................................................................................... 19 3. The supply side: Denmark’s nation-brand and desired image ............................................................. 22 3.1 Denmark’s nation-brand........................................................................................................................ 22 3.2 The desired image of the Danish building industry ............................................................................... 26 4. The demand side: The U.S. green building market ............................................................................ 32 4.1 The U.S. green building market ............................................................................................................. 33 4.2. Selection of U.S. target audience ......................................................................................................... 40 5. Denmark’s image in the United States .............................................................................................. 43 5.1 Research design and purpose of the study ........................................................................................... 43 5.2 Assessment of Denmark’s image in the United States .......................................................................... 50 5.3 Relationship between desired and registered image ............................................................................ 64 6. The use of Denmark as an endorser brand ........................................................................................ 67 6.1 Areas of focus among the target audience ........................................................................................... 67 6.2 Limits and possibilities to using Denmark as an endorser brand .......................................................... 71 7. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 74 7.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 75 7.2 Further perspectives .............................................................................................................................. 77 8. Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................... 78 9. List of appendices ............................................................................................................................. 83 4 1. Introduction and research question 5 1. Introduction and research question The global challenges facing the world as a result of a changing climate has led to a great focus on countries’ responsibility to reduce their CO2 emissions through greater energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. Since buildings account for approximately 40 pct. of the world’s total energy consumption and CO2 emissions (Regeringen, 2009), energy efficiency and energy reducing solutions for the building sector are in focus like never before. This is also true for the United States, which is currently experiencing rapid growth within green building and sustainable construction. For many years, Denmark has been focusing on these issues – both in terms of continuously stricter legislature for energy requirements in the building code and product innovation by the building industry. Today, the nation has some of the world’s most stringent energy codes for buildings and even stricter codes are planned to be introduced in the future as an incentive for further product development that will make Denmark synonymous with green building. There is a general consensus among researchers within the field of nation-branding and country-of-origin effect that the image of a country has an effect on the buyers’ perceptions of products originating from this country. Given Denmark’s longstanding focus on environmental, climate and energy issues and the nation’s role as the host of the United Nations Climate Change
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