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Page numbers in bold refer to illustrations.

‘A God, and yet a man?’ 25 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, The 83 Aegidius Romanus: De regimine Anglo-Saxon England: books in 100; principum, Hoccleve’s use of 136 Normans and 77, 83, 93, 147, Ælfric 147 166; in romances 83 ages of man: symbolism of 10 Anne, Queen (wife of Richard II): Agnes, St 62 and Legend of Good Women 73, Alan of Lille: quoted 9 220 Albertanus of Brescia: and original Annunciation: images of 15–16 of Chaucer’s Tale of Melibee 180 antifeminism: and defences of women Alliterative Morte Arthure, The 175 68; literature of 54–5, 60 Ancrene Wisse 39, 64, 71, 107–8; Apollonius of Tyre: English adaptations adapted for lay use 221; of 177 chivalric allegory in 65, 71; architecture: symbolism of 11 revision of 220; and romance Aristotle: theories of, on causation 71–2; Tolkien’s edition of 212; 123; ~ , on poetry 247; ~ , translation of Bible in 35 on women 55 Anglo-Norman dialect of French 100, Arnold, Matthew: on Chaucer 247 148, 166; wordsCOPYRIGHTED from, in English Art of Good MATERIAL Lywyng and Deyng, The: 152 woodcut from 14 Anglo-Norman literature 148, 166; artes memorativae 102 chronicles 77–8, 79, 83, 85; Arthur of Brittany 82 poetry 112, 166; romances 80; Arthurian legend 78, 79; see also ~ , in translation 174; translations Malory, Sir Thomas, Le Morte into 170; for women 107, 170; Darthur; romances; Sir Gawain women in 89 and the Green Knight

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Arundel, Archbishop Thomas: Bible: accessibility of 34, 109–10; approves Love’s Mirror...173; and apocrypha 36; Authorized Constitutions of, against Version of 37; ‘consumption’ heterodoxy 47–8, 49, 110, 200; of 33–4; English translations of interrogation of suspected heretic 171, see also Wyclif, John, Bible by see Thorpe, William, Testimony translation; French translation of of 171; and history 77–8; Hoccleve’s Ascham, Roger: views of, on Chaucer use of 136; interpretation of 32; and Malory 235, 237 printed 35; in Protestant tradition Ashby, George: on Chaucer, Gower 37; as source for stories 167–8; and Lydgate 233 Latin text of, revered 171; Assembly of Ladies, The 73 translated from Latin 34–5, 173; astrology: and symbolism 11 translations of 170–2; teaching of Athelstan, King 83 35, 36 Audelay, John: anthology ascribed Biblia pauperum 35 to 223; requests readers’ prayers Boccaccio: and Chaucer 133–4, 181; 127 and cult of the author 129; De Augustine, St: De doctrina Christiana, casibus virorum illustrium, and quoted 10; Hoccleve’s use of 136 Lydgate’s Fall of Princes 135; authors: and concept of ‘authority’ Decameron 181; Il Filostrato, and (auctoritas) 123–4; cult of, in Italy Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde 129; medieval views on 120–38; 133–4, 181; Teseida 181; ~ , self-naming by, in request for commentary on 137 prayers 126–7; unidentified in Boethius: De consolatione philosophiae medieval manuscripts 125 48, 133, 134, 182; ~ , and Awntyrs off Arthure, The 19–20 Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde 179–80; ~ , translations of 169, Bartholomaeus Anglicus: encyclopaedia 177 of, referred to 227 Bokenham, Osbern: female readership Battle of Maldon, The 147 of 73; Legends of Holy Women, Beaufort, Margaret: as patron of as laywomen’s reading 67 printed texts 113 Bonaventure, St: Meditationes vitae Beaumont, Francis: and Chaucer 235, Christi wrongly attributed to 173 236, 237, 238 Book of the Knight of La Tour-Landry, Bede 78, 79; Ecclesiastical History 78; The 67 Life of St Cuthbert 78 Book of Ghostly Grace, The 41 Benedeit: Voyage of Saint Brendan, book production 99–101, 103–5, The 170 110, 116; bureaucracy and 114; Beowulf 147, 150, 166: Heaney’s centralization of 115; and translation of 248 Christian education 108–9; Berthelette, Thomas: edition of commercialization of 114; Gower’s Confessio Amantis 234, commissioning of 104; costs 236 of 103–4, 105; courts as focus bestiaries: symbolism in 10–11 for 110–11; guilds relating to Bevis of Hampton: popularity of, 114; lay involvement in 108; in seventeenth century 239 monasteries and 106–7, 108;

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patronage and 105; secular French, Italian and Latin poets institutions and 110–13; technical 129; as ‘makere’ 99–100; innovations in 103, see also manuscripts of 113; ~ , omissions/ printing; town-centred 113–16 insertions in 223–4; ~ , parallel Brendan, St: voyage of 170 text editions of 217; monographs Brook, G.L.: The Harley Lyrics 213 on 247; and Ovid 177; and Brunanburh, Battle of: OE poem on patronage 99–100, 111, 115, 196; 83 and Peasants’ Revolt 191; plays Brut (prose): historical material in 85 based on 237; Renaissance views Bury, Richard: Philobiblon 104 on 93, 235–6, 237; reputation of 233–6; ~ , modern 248; ~ , Cannon, Christopher: on anchoritic pre-eminent 237, 238; spurious literature 71 additions to œuvre of 236; as Canterbury Cathedral: windows of, translator 4, 178–86; transmission typologically explained 11–12 of, and printing 1, 233–4; and Capgrave, John 112: life of St Virgil 177, 184–5; and women 3, Katherine 62, 173 54, 60–2, 89–90 carols 25–6, 28; omissions/insertions —: An ABC 185 in 224; religious poetry made into —: Boece see translations of Boethius’ 221–2; variant wording of 222–3 De consolatione philosophiae Caxton, William 101, 211; edition of —: Book of the Duchess, The: and Canterbury Tales 233; edition of Le patronage 196 Morte Darthur 176, 234; Eneydos —: Canterbury Tales, The: Chaucer’s 177; Recuyell of the Historyes of self-effacement in 128; constancy Troye 177; as translator 176 as theme in 59; manuscripts of Cazelles, Brigitte: on virgin martyr 116, 217, 218, 221, 222; ~ , legends 71 marginalia/apparatus added to Cecilia, St 62 226, 228; patience as theme Celtic languages: in medieval Britain in 60–1; printed copy of 109; 148 revisions of, authorial 221; Cerquiglini, Bernard: on scribal input synonymous with lies 240; to texts 222 translated by Dryden 241; Wife ‘Chandos Herald’ 112 of Bath, character of 60, 61–2, Chandos, Sir John 112 69–70, 89 Charles d’Orléans: lyrics by 112 —: —: Canon’s Yeoman’s Tale: Chartier, Alain: Le Traité de l’Espérance, omitted from Hengwrt textual variants in 217 manuscript 218 Chaucer, Geoffrey 2; and authorship —: —: Clerk’s Tale: character of 122, 123–4, 129–34; and Griselda in 60–1, 68 Boccaccio 129, 181–2; career of —: —: Friar’s Tale: and Dante 182 111, 115; considered as Church —: —: Knight’s Tale: and Boccaccio’s reformer 236; and Dante 182–4; Teseida 181; as source for Fletcher as ‘early modern’ writer 249; and Shakespeare’s Two Noble editions of, early printed 233–4, Kinsmen 238 237; ~ , later 242; ~ , modern —: —: Melibee, Tale of: original of scholarly 246; influenced by 180–1

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Chaucer, Geoffrey (cont’d) —: Romaunt of the Rose, The: Fragment —: —: Merchant’s Tale: paraphrase of A, as translation of Le Roman de la Song of Songs in 172, 180 Rose 178–9 —: —: Miller’s Tale: ‘inciuilitie’ of —: translation of Boethius’ De 235 consolatione philosophiae (Boece) —: —: Monk’s Tale: and Dante 182, 169, 177, 179; presentation of 183 manuscripts of 226 —: —: Nun’s Priest’s Tale 206; and —: Troilus and Criseyde 54; and Gower’s Vox Clamantis 192–3; Boccaccio’s Il Filostrato 133–4, and Peasants’ Revolt 191–2 181, 182; and Boethius’ De —: —: Pardoner’s Tale: as anti- consolatione philosophiae 179–80; gambling tract 235 character of Criseyde in 54, 89, —: —: Parson’s Tale: source material 90; and Dante 182–3; history and for 185 the individual in 85–6; ‘Lollius’ —: —: Physician’s Tale 59 as authority for 132, 181–2; —: —: Reeve’s Tale: different dialects marginalia/apparatus added to used in 161 manuscripts of 226; narrator/ —: —: Second Nun’s Tale 62, 182, 183; author figure in 132–3; scribal and legend of St Cecilia 185 input into Huntington Library —: —: Sir Thopas, Tale of 180, 181 (MS HM 114) manuscript of —: —: Wife of Bath’s Tale 68–9; and 224; poet’s farewell to 99–100; Dante 182 problem of ending of 90–1; sexual —: Complaint of Venus, The 179 morality in 58; sources for 133, —: Complaint to His Purse 113 181–2; translated into Latin 239; —: Former Age, The: and Boethius’ Usk’s use of 115 poetry 179 Chaucer Society 244; and America —: Gentilesse: and Boethius’ poetry 246 179 Chesterton, G.K.: and Chaucer 248 —: House of Fame, The 115, 129–31, Chrétien de Troyes 70–1; Grail story, 190; and Dante’s Divine Comedy source claimed for 175; Yvain, 184; ending of 131, 134; and and Ywain and Gawain 168 historical events 189–90; and Christ: as feeding the faithful 23–4, Latin authors 129; marginalia/ 41, 43, 48; as knightly hero 20, apparatus added to manuscript 21, 65; as lover 64–5; Passion of of 226; narrator/author figure in see Passion of Christ; patience of, 129–30, 131 as exemplar 60; wounds of 12, —: Legend of Good Women, The 54, 111; 26 Alceste as model of constancy in chronicles 77–8, 83; and documentary 58–9; audience of 73–4; and authority 78–9; Latin 78–9, 83 concept of authority 123–4; Church (Roman Catholic): and Medea as character in 91–2; confession 43, 200–1; Eucharistic Ovid’s Heroides as source for 185; doctrine of 43; in Middle Ages 32, textual variation in Prologue to 33; and Reformation 77; 220–1 teachings of 42, 43–51, 200–1 —: Parliament of Fowls, The 113, 214; Church Fathers: Hoccleve’s use of and concept of authority 123–4 136; see also Augustine, St

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Clanchy, Michael: on development of Domesday Book: written in Latin 148 written French in England 148 Donatus: Ars grammatica 157 Claudian: eulogy translated 177–8 Douglas, Gavin: translation of Virgil’s Cleanness: biblical material in 37–8, 42; Æneid (Eneados) 89, 177 quoted 37, 38; rediscovered 243 Dream of the Rood 166 Cloud of Unknowing, The: and religious Dryden, John: and Chaucer 241, 242; images 13 Fables Ancient and Modern 241 colour symbolism 11 Dunbar, William: ‘Done is a Copland, William: edition of Le Morte battell . . .’ 20 Darthur 234 Cornburgh, Avery 67 Early English Text Society (EETS) 244; Corpus Christi: drama performed at and America 246 feast of 93, 114, 167; see also East, Thomas: edition of Le Morte mystery play cycles Darthur 234 Corpus Christi Carol, The 20 Easter Sepulchres 18 Court of Sapience, The: marginalia in Ecclesiological Society: promotes 227 medieval architecture 243 Crowley, Robert: edition of Piers education 102, 106; of clergy 106; Plowman (B-text) 234 of laity 108 Crucifixion: images of 15, 17, 20–1, Edward I: and land rights 78 26; as joust 21; meditations on Edward III: glorified by Minot 194–5 38 Edward IV: oral culture in court of Cursor Mundi 35, 108–9; differing 101–2, 105; and Wars of the dialects in manuscripts of 159–61; Roses 202–3 subject of 35, 36, 170–1 Eleanor of Aquitaine 81 Elizabeth I: translation of Boethius Dance of Death (‘danse macabre’) 19; 177 at St Paul’s (London) 19 Elizabeth of Spalbeck, St: contemplates Dante: and cult of the author 129; devotional image 15 Divine Comedy 182; La Vita Nuova, Ellesmere manuscript of Canterbury commentary on 137 Tales (San Marino, CA, De arte lacrimandi 17 Huntington Library, MS Ellesmere De custodia interioris hominis 39 26.C.9) 116, 217, 218, 221; De heretico comburendo 47, 200 marginalia in 227 De institutione inclusarum 26 English literature: periodization of 1, Deschamps, Eustache: calls Chaucer a 249 great translator 178 Eve 60; as opposite of Virgin Mary devotional literature 172; in 55 translation 173 Everyman 48; priesthood and devotional practices 13–17, 21 sacraments supported in 48–9 Diodorus Siculus: Bibliotheca historica, Skelton’s translation of 138 Fèvre, Jean le: Le Livre de Leesce 54; Dissolution of monastries: and translation of Lamentations of destruction of medieval heritage Matheolus 54 237; see also Reformation Fèvre, Raoul le: prose history of Troy Dives and Pauper 44, 107 177

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Findern manuscript (Cambridge, Geoffrey of Monmouth 78, 79; and Cambridge University Library, giants in Britain 85; Historia regum MS Ff.1.6) 113, 214; lyrics in 73, Britanniae, French version of 82; 214 ~ , influence of 79; ~ , source Fletcher, John: Two Noble Kinsmen, book for, a fiction 174; use of and Chaucer’s Knight’s Tale 238 sources by 79 Fortune/Fortuna (goddess) 57–8; Geoffrey de Vinsauf: Chaucer and images of 19; wheel of 19 192; Poetria nova 148 Foulis, Edward: on Chaucer’s Georgianna, Linda: volume in Oxford language 239 English Literary History 249 Four Daughters of God 39 Gertrude the Great: account of St Fourth Lateran Council 43, 44, 45, Mechtild 40–1 106 Gildas 79 Francis, St 107 glosses: of vocabulary in translations Franciscans: as joculatores Dei 107; and 169; see also manuscripts, Middle meditation on Crucifixion 38 English literary, French: Anglo-Norman see Anglo- marginalia/apparatus in Norman dialect of French; Goldsmiths’ Company (London): grammar of, as influence on as patron 105 English 153–4; as language of Gospel of Nicodemus 36 cultured élite 149, 151, 166; Gospel of ‘Pseudo-Matthew’ 36 as language of record 149; and Gothic Revival 243 Middle English vocabulary 145, Gower, John: decline of interest in 149, 151–3, 169; Norman see 238; Latin marginalia prepared Norman French; romances, by 227; and patronage 115; and translated 174; teaching of 149; Peasants’ Revolt 191; reputation writings in, in ME period 80, of 233, 234; as sergeant-at-law 101 115 friars 107 —: Confessio Amantis 2, 57; and Froissart, Jean 112 Apollonius of Tyre 177; constancy Fuller, Thomas: disparages Canterbury as theme in 59; early printed Tales 240 editions of 234, 237; historical Furnivall, Frederick: promotes narratives in 86; marginalia/ medieval literature 244–5, 246, apparatus added to 136–7, 226 248 —: Cronica Tripertita: figure of Richard II in 197 Gaimar: verse history of England 84 —: Vox Clamantis: Chaucer and 192–3; Galen: views of, on women 55–6 and Peasants’ Revolt 191; rhetoric Gaunt, Simon: on virginity and of 191–3 sexuality 63 Grail romances 21, 175; see also Gawain-poet: and biblical narrative under Malory, ‘Tale of the 37–8; and French 152; and Sankgreal’ religious teaching 3; and social grapheme: defined 157 criticism 112; see also Cleanness; Great Vowel Shift 146 Patience; Pearl; Sir Gawain and the Gregory the Great: Hoccleve’s use of Green Knight 136

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Grosseteste, Robert 39: Le Château —: Testament of Cresseid, The 9 d’amour 39 —: Thre Deid Pollis, The 19 Gui de Warewic 83 heraldry: symbolism of 11 Guido de Columnis 90; De destructione Herebert, William 38 Troiae 87 heresy 3; Lollards condemned for 47, Guillaume de Machaut: and cult of 110, 200 the author 129 Hilton, Walter: on religious images Guy of Warwick: popularity of, in 13 seventeenth century 239 —: On the Mixed Life: audience of 44 —: Scale of Perfection: audience of 44; Hall, Edward: on risk of oblivion 237 pilgrimage symbolism in 27 Hanna, Ralph: on uniqueness of history: courtly poetic representations manuscripts 223 of 93; and documentation 78–9; Havelok the Dane 84; rediscovered 243 and imperial ambition 80; and Hearne, Thomas 241; edition of the individual 85–9; ‘matters’ of Robert of Gloucester 241, 242 80; in medieval literary culture Hengwrt manuscript of Canterbury 77–80, 85, 86–8; and the present Tales (Aberystwyth, National 78, 79, 80; and rights 78; and Library of Wales, MS Peniarth women 88 392D) 116, 217, 218; order of Hoccleve, Thomas: and authorship tales in 221 122; as Clerk of the Privy Seal Henry II 81; French verse and the 115, 136; Latin marginalia court of 80, 81 prepared by 227; and patronage Henry III: Proclamation (1258) in 115, 196, 220 English 162–3 —: Dialogue with a Friend 54, 220 Henry IV (Henry Bolingbroke) 196–7, —: Letter of Cupid 54; quoted 56 202; figure of, in Richard the —: Poem to Sir John Oldcastle 195; Redeless 199 Henry V in 195–6 Henry V 202; and Hoccleve’s Regement —: Regement of Princes: glosses on 136; of Princes 136, 195 and Hundred Years War 195; Henry VI: piety of 12; and Wars of marginalia/apparatus added to the Roses 202 manuscripts of 136, 226, 228; Henry VIII: censorship in reign of 235, sources of 136 236; fosters distrust of Catholic Holkham picture bible 35 Middle Ages 236–7 Horstmann, Carl: edits Middle English Henry of Huntingdon 77–8; and religious texts 246 Anglo-Saxon 83 household: concept of, in Middle Ages Henryson, Robert 2; and symbolism 111; dissemination of books by 9 113 —: Bludy Serk, The 21 Hue de Rotelande: Ipomedon, source —: Fables 10: ‘The Cock and the Jasp’ claimed for 175 10; ‘The Paddock and the Mouse’ Hull, Dame Eleanor: translation of 10 Psalms 171 —: Garmont of Gud Ladeis, The 9 Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester: —: Orpheus and Eurydice 9–10; Palladius translated for 177; Christian symbolism in 11 as patron 105, 112, 220

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Hundred Years War 194 Kynaston, Francis: Latin translation of hunting: as courtly pastime 19 Troilus and Criseyde by 239

‘I haue a gentil cook’ 214 lais, Breton: sources acknowledged in 175 ‘I synge of a mayden’: different Langland, William: a clerk? 115; editorial treatments of 215–16 critiques Church and clergy 44–6; images, religious see religious images in holy orders 115; and religious ‘Imago Pietatis’ 18 teaching 3, 32–3 ‘In a hestri stude I stod . . .’ 213 —: Piers Plowman 2, 86; Christ as ‘In noontyde of a somers day’ 19 knight in 21; Christ as reformer Incarnation: lyrics on 25–6 in 60; early printed edition of Instructions for a Devout and Literate 234, 237; Holy Church in 32; Layman 10 Langland’s authorial presence Isidore of Seville: on ‘interpretation’ in 126; marginalia/apparatus in 167 manuscripts of 228; and oral culture 102; pilgrimage symbolism Jack Upland: added to Chaucer’s œuvre in 27, 45; rewritings of 220; 236 salvation of the just in 45–6; Jacobus de Cessolis: De ludo scaccorum, satirizes corruption 115; scribal Hoccleve’s use of 136 input to text(s) of 222, 223, 224, Jean de Meun: translation of Boethius 228; texts of, conflated 224; textual 179; see also Roman de la Rose, Le problems/variants in 218–19, 220; John, King 82; loses Normandy 149 Victorian edition of 237 John of Grimestone 38 lapidaries: symbolism in 11 John of Salisbury: Policraticus 148 Latin: in Anglo-Saxon England 148, Jonson, Ben: warns against 151; and English vocabulary in ‘Chaucerisms’ 239 Renaissance 146; marginalia/ journeys see quests; pilgrimage apparatus in, to vernacular Julian of Norwich 2; ‘shewings’ of works 136–7, 227; knowledge 26–8, 41–3; as writer 74, 108 of, equated with literacy 73; Juliana, St 63 as language of learned 34; as language of record in medieval Katherine of Alexandria, St: life of 62, England 148, 166; as literary 63, 173 language 148; texts in 100, 101, Kempe, Margery 2; as author 74, 106–7; words in Middle English 137–8; devotional practices of 15, 151; ~ , mediated by French 152 16–17, 17–18; rediscovery of 74 Laurent de Premierfait: translates —: The Book of Margery Kempe 15; Boccaccio’s De casibus virorum dictated to priest 104, 138; illustrium 135 rediscovery of 74; subject matter Lamamon: Brut 81–3, 87, 174–5, 213, of 137 245; ~ , authorial presence in King Horn 213 125–6; ~ , edited by Madden Kittredge, G.L.: Chaucer and His Poetry 243–4; ~ , history and the 247 individual in 85; ~ , parallel texts knighthood: and love 70–1; and male of 217; and Wace 82, 83; writes identity 70 down his own text 104

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Les Echecs amoureux: and Lydgate’s —: Reson and Sensuallyte: Latin Reson and Sensuallyte 135 marginalia to 135–6 ‘Lily Crucifixion’ 15 —: Testament, The 17 Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English —: Troy Book, The 90; character of 158 Medea in 91, 92–3; early printed literacy: and education 102, 106; of editions of 234; illustrated the laity 33, 103, 105–6; of the manuscript of 214 religious 102–3, 106 —: ‘Vppon the cross nailid I was for Lollards: attacked by Love 48; the’: as carol 221 legislation (De heretico comburendo) Lynne, Margaret and Beatrice 67 against 47, 200; rejection of lyrics: antifeminist 54–5; authorship of Church doctrines by 47; and 125; in Findern family manuscript vernacular texts 109–10; and 73; in MS Harley 2253 213; voices of the disempowered religious 25–6; written in long 199–201 lines 216 London: as New Troy 191 Love, Nicholas: Mirror of the Blessed Life Macaulay, G.C.: edition of Gower 246 of Jesus Christ 16, 33, 34, 39; as Machan, Tim: on scribal priorities 222 translation of Meditationes vitae Madden, Frederic: and rediscovery of Christi 173 Middle English literature 243–4, Lydgate, John: on Chaucer’s 245 translations from Dante 183; and Magna Carta: written in Latin 148; concept of authorship 122, 134–5; translated into Anglo-Norman 148 decline of interest in 238; diction ‘maker’ (poet): concept of 40 of 135, 151; female readership of Malory, Sir Thomas 2, 49; 73; marginalia/apparatus added imprisonment of 203, 204; to manuscripts of 135, 228; and requests readers’ prayers 127; patronage 73, 105, 107, 112; and sources of Le Morte Darthur and pietà 17; reputation of, post- 50, 175–6 medieval 233; transmission of, —: Le Morte Darthur: diction of and printing 1, 237; and women rupture in 204, 205–6; doctrinal 90, 91, 92 orthodoxy of 51; editions of, early —: Fall of Princes, The 90, 122; copies printed 234, 237; ~ , nineteenth- of 108; early printed edition of century 246; as model for 120–2, 138; and Boccaccio’s De conduct 235, 236; ‘The Healing casibus virorum illustrium 135; of Sir Urry’ 204–5; ‘The Most marginalia/apparatus added by Piteous Tale of the Morte Arthur scribes to 226; woodcut title page Saunz Guerdon’ 50; sexual of (1527) 120–2, 121, 123 morality in 58; social context —: Life of St Alban, The 105 and 202, 204, 205; ‘Tale of the —: Life of St Edmund, The: copies of Sankgreal’ 28, 205; ~ , Real 108 Presence in 50–1; ~ , sacrament —: Life of St Margaret, The 73 of penance in 50; ~ , symbolism —: Lyf of Our Lady, The: marginalia/ in 21–5; and Wars of the Roses apparatus added by scribes to 202, 203 226 Man of Sorrows see ‘Imago Pietatis’

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Mandeville’s Travels: popularity of, in Michael of Northgate: Ayenbite of Inwyt seventeenth century 239; text in 107 MS Cotton Titus C.xvi, edition of Middle English language: adaptations 241, 242 in 4, see also translation and Mannyng, Robert: Handlyng Synne 107; adaptation; challenging to early ~ , title of, as translation of modern readers 238, 239, 245, Manuel des péchés 169; verse 248; characteristics of 3–4, chronicle 84; ~ , authorial 145–6; defined 145, 232; dialects presence in 125, 126 in 159–61, 162; and French manuscript miscellanies 112, 113, 146, 151–3; French grammatical 213 influences on 153–4; functions manuscripts: Middle English literary of 149, 162–3; historical context 211–12, 216–22, see also at MSS of 147–9; inflections reduced for individual manuscripts; of the in 145–6, 155, 156; and Latin Bible 35; copying of 5, 116; 146, 149, 151, 152; as literary editing of 213–19; illustrated 214; language 163; and Norse 149–51; marginalia/apparatus in 135–7, phonology of 146; pronouns 226–8; miscellaneous contents in 150–1; in public documents of 214; modern editions of 4, 162–3; spelling of 158–9; spoken 211–13, 217, 219, 228; ownership by majority 149; standardization of, by laywomen 66–7, 214; of 163; status of 146, 166, 176; reproduction of 226–8; scribal translations into 4, see also input to 221–2; textual variation translation and adaptation; between 216–17, 219–26 variability of 149; verb forms Margaret of Antioch, St 62, 63 in 155–6; vocabulary of 145, Marie de France: Guigemar 70, 71; lais 149–53 70 Middle English literature: marriage: as political symbol 56; antiquarianism and 241, 243; re-evaluation of 65; and social authors’ role in 5, 100, 122–38; order 58; and virginity 62, 67 ~ , and oral culture 102, Marshe, Thomas: edition of Lydgate’s 105, 189; availability of, to Troy Book 234 contemporaries 105, 108–9; Mary, the Virgin: apocryphal stories of ‘best-text’ editions of 218; 36; at Crucifixion 38; devotion to contexts for 2–3, 4; decline 15–16; in mystery plays 93, 94–5; of interest in 237–9, 240; as opposite of Eve 55 development of 5; dialect in Mary of Oignies 15 159–62; diplomatic editions of Matthew of Paris 107 212–13; facsimile editions of 212; Mechtild of Hackeborn, St 40 and historical events 189–206; medievalism: nineteenth-century 243, illustrations in manuscripts of 244–5 214; and literary histories 248–9; Meditationes vitae Christi 33, 39, 173 manuscript miscellanies and 213; men: as category 68; identity of 70–1 manuscripts of see manuscripts, mendicant orders 107 Middle English literary; parallel Mercers’ guild (London): Petition ... texts of 217; perceptions of, 163 modern 4, 249–50; periodization

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of 1–2, 248–9; philology in study Cambridge, Cambridge University of 245, 246, 247; popularization Library, Ff.1.6 see Findern of, stalled 248; printed editions of manuscript 4, 211–12, 213; production of Cambridge, Magdalene College, 3, 5, see also book production; Pepys 2006 113 readership of 100–1; reception Cambridge, Trinity College, R.3.8: of, in post-medieval period Midland English text of Cursor 232–8; revisions of 219–20; Mundi 159, 160–1 revival of interest in 240–6; London, British Library, Additional status of, under Normans 79; ~ , 37049: illustration in 214 debased in seventeenth century London, British Library, Additional 239–40; study of 2, 233, 244, 60577 (the ‘Winchester 245, 246–50; texts of, dignified Anthology’) 212 by marginalia/apparatus 227; ~ , London, British Library, Cotton owned by religious 109; textual Caligula A.ix: varied contents of criticism and editing of 218–19; 213 use of sources in 50–1, 132–5, London, British Library, Cotton 166–86; voices of the Nero A.x 162 disempowered in 199–201 London, British Library, Cotton Minnis, Alastair 125 Titus C.xvi: editions of Mandeville’s Minot, Laurence: poems on Hundred Travels based on 241 Years War 194–5 London, British Library, Cotton minstrels 101–2 Vespasian A.iii: Northern English Mirk, John: Instructions for Parish Priests text of Cursor Mundi 159–60, 44 161 Mirror of Simple Souls, The 173; Latin London, British Library, Harley version of 173 2253: contents of 112–13, 213; misogyny: in medieval literature 55, scribal convention relating to 90, 93 lyrics in 216; and trilingualism Monk of Farne: on Christ’s body 214 13 London, British Library, Sloane monks: textual production by 106–7, 2593 213–14; carol in 222 108; criticized 78 Oxford, Bodleian Library, Douce Moone, Hawisia: queries sacraments 302 127; carol in 222 of Church 47 Oxford, Bodleian Library, Eng. poet. Morris, Richard: and definition a.1 see Vernon manuscript of Middle English 232, 244; San Marino, CA, Huntington Specimens of Early English 244 Library, Ellesmere 26.C.9 see Morris, William: Defence of Guenevere Ellesmere manuscript 245 San Marino, CA, Huntington Mort le roi Artu, La 50 Library, HM 114 222, 223–4 Mortimer, Anne, Countess of March: Mum and the Sothsegger: author of, as Lydgate’s patron 73 a scrivener? 115 MSS: Aberystwyth, National Library of ‘My deh ich loue my lyf ich hate’ Wales, Peniarth 392D see Hengwrt 213 manuscript Mystère d’Adam, Le 35–6, 37

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mystery play cycles 3; as aid to biblical Ovid: and Chaucer 177; and Gower instruction 35; and Latin liturgical 177; Heroides, and Chaucer 129, drama 93–4; as salvation history 185 80, 93; women in 93; see also Owl and the Nightingale, The 213; N-Town Play; Wakefield mystery author’s self-naming in 127–8 cycle; York mystery cycle Oxford English Literary History 249 mythology, classical: and Christian symbolism 11 Palladius: translation of 177 Parker-Library-on-the-Web project N-Town Play, The: stage direction 212 in 16 Passion of Christ: as battle 20; Nativity: apocryphal details of 36; Instruments of 12; meditations carol on 25–6, 28–9 on 38, 64 Navigatio Sancti Brendani: translated pastimes: symbolism of 11 into Anglo-Norman 170 Patience 37; rediscovered 243 Neckham, Alexander: De naturis rerum patronage 83, 99–100, 105, 107, 148 111–12, 115; as influence on Nicholas of Guildford 127–8 representation of historical events Norman French 145; in England 148, 193–4 see also Anglo-Norman dialect of Peacham, Henry: recommends French Chaucer 238–9, 240 Norse: in medieval Britain 147, 148, Pearl 37; dialect in 162; editions of 149–51; phrasal verbs in 156; 246; rediscovered 243; spiritual grammar of, as influence on love in 72 English 154, 156 Pearsall, Derek: Chaucer to Spenser numerology 11 249; Poetry from Chaucer to Spenser 249 ‘O man unkynde’ 214 Peasants’ Revolt 115, 190, 193; Old English language: adjectival contemporary accounts of 190–1, paradigms in 155; Anglian dialect 193 of 149, 150; defined 145; dialects Pecham, Archbishop John: of 147, 149; inflections in 145; ~ , Constitutions of 44; and lay and word order 154–5, 156; Latin education 106, 108, 109 words in 151; Norse words in pelican: symbolism of 23–4 149–50; standardization of, to penance 43; sacrament of, rejected by West Saxon 147, 149–50; studied Lollards 47 in sixteenth century 232; verb Peter Lombard: commentary on forms in 155–6 Psalms 171 Old English literature 147; in Middle Petrarch: Chaucer’s use of, in Troilus English period 1, 83, 147 and Criseyde 133, 134, 182; and Oldcastle, Sir John 85 cult of the author 129 oral culture, medieval 101, 105 Petrus Comestor (Manducator) 34: Orm: Ormulum 35, 170; ~ , spelling- Historia scholastica 34 system in 158; on problems of Philip (VI) of Valois, King of France: ‘rime’ and verbatim translation vilified by Minot 194 179 phoneme: defined 157

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pietà images: and devotional practice 17 Richard Cœur de Lyon: representation of pilgrimage: as penance 43, 44; Richard I in 84 symbolism of 11, 27 Richard the Redeless: author of, a Pinkhurst, Adam (scribe) 116, 163 scrivener? 115; figure of Richard Plowman’s Tale, The: added to II in 197, 199 Chaucer’s œuvre 236 Robert of Basevorn: Forma praedicandi ‘poesye’ 80, 86; concept of 5 123 Porete, Marguerite: burned for heresy Robert of Gloucester: Hearne’s edition 173 of 241, 242 prayers for the dead 78 Rolle, Richard 108; on Christ’s body Pre-Raphaelites: medievalism of 243 13; edited by Horstmann 246; Pricke of Conscience, The 108–9; Incendium amoris 137; translation manuscripts of 223 of Psalter 171 printing 1, 101; and religious Roman d’Enéas, Le 80, 87; female role institutions 108; and reproduction in 80–1, 89 of texts 226 Roman de la Rose, Le 178 Priscian: Institutiones grammaticae 157 Roman de Thèbes, Le 80 prose fiction 176 romances: historical matter in 83–4; Psalms 34; translated 171 interest in 1, 242; and patronage Pynson, Richard: edition of Canterbury 83; popular appeal of English Tales 109, 233; edition of 174; in prose 176; in translation Lydgate’s Fall of Princes 120, 173–4; see also Grail romances; 122, 138; edition of Lydgate’s Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Troy Book 234 Root, R.K.: The Poetry of Chaucer 247 quests: symbolism of 11 Ruskin, John: promotes medieval Quintilian: Hoccleve’s use of 136 architecture 243

Real Presence: in Grail Quest in Sainte-Maure, Benoît de: Le Roman de Le Morte Darthur 50; see also Troie 80, 87 transubstantiation saints’ lives 62, 67, 172–3, see also Reformation 32; as break with Middle virgin martyrs Ages 233, 237; mystery plays Salih, Sarah 63 ended at 93; and prayers for the Sawles Ward: audience of 39 dead 78 Scott, Walter: Ivanhoe 243, 244 religious images 12–13; contemplation scribes: adaptations of texts by, for of 13–17, 26; printed 14; see also target readership 226; carefulness Annunciation; Crucifixion of 223–4, 225, 228; changes to religious truth: Church as source of texts by 159, 221–2, 225–6; 32–3 and collation of texts 225; Renaud de Louens: Le Livre de exemplars used by, unique to Melibée ...180 them 223; corrections by 224–5; Richard II 196–9; deposition of 196–7; and difficiliores lectiones 222; and London 191; and Peasants’ marginalia/apparatus added by Revolt 190; Westminster Abbey 226–7; range of work produced portrait of 198, 199 by 163

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scriptoria 108 Stanzaic Morte Arthur, The 50 Scripture, Holy see Bible Storie of Asneth, The: manuscript of 67; Secreta secretorum (Pseudo-Aristotle): and spiritual value of marriage Hoccleve’s use of 136 65–7 senses: symbolism of 10 Stansby, William: edition of Le Morte sexual morality: and social order Darthur 239 57–9 Steele, Richard: disparages Canterbury Shakespeare: Pericles 177; ~ , character Tales 240 of Gower in 237; Two Noble Stow, John: edition of Chaucer 233 Kinsmen, and Chaucer’s Knight’s Strang, Barbara: on Middle English Tale 238 dialects 159 Shirley, John: and Storie of Asneth Straw, Jack 129 manuscript 67 Strohm, Paul 56 sickness: symbolism of 9, 10 Sudbury, Archbishop Simon: murder Simpson, James: volume in Oxford of 190, 191 English Literary History 249 Summit, Jennifer: on ‘lost woman sin: symbolism of 10 writer’ 74 Sir Degrevaunt: parallel texts of 217 Sweet, Henry: and definition of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 2, 28; Middle English 232 absence of direct French source symbolism: in ME literature 9–28; and for 174; editions of 245, 246; authority 11; as memory prompt girdle as symbol in 28, 87–8, 92; 12–13; of nature 11; see also language of 174; manuscript of colour symbolism 37, 243, 245; matter of Troy in 86–7; women vilified in 92; Tale of Beryn, The 12 see also Gawain-poet Tennyson, Alfred: Idylls of the King Sir Percyvell of Galles 175 244, 245 Sir Tristrem 174 ‘Ther is no rose’ 226 Skeat, Walter William: and definition Thomas of Chobham: Summa de arte of Middle English 232, 244; praedicandi, quoted 10–11 editions of Chaucer and Langland Thomas of Hales: Luve Ron 107 246; Specimens of Early English Thorpe, William 202, 206; Testimony of 244 200–1 Skelton, John: authorial persona of Three Dead Kings, The 19 123, 138; Dolorus Dethe . . . 138; Three Living and the Three Dead, the translation of Diodorus Siculus’ (topos) 19 Bibliotheca historica 138 Thynne, William: edition of Chaucer Somer Soneday 19 233, 237 speech–writing relationship 157–9; Tolkien, J.R.R.: diplomatic edition of and orthography 158–9 Ancrene Wisse 212 Speght, Thomas: and Chaucer 234, tombs: as memento mori 18 235, 237; editions of Chaucer translation and adaptation 166–86; 234, 237, 238; glosses Chaucerian of Bible see Bible, translations of; language 238 of classical (Latin) sources 176–7; Spenser, Edmund: Faerie Queene, and and interpretation 167, 168, 170; medieval literature 237 and originality 167; patronage of

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170; problems of 168–9; range of Vulgate 34, 35; apocrypha found relationships between original and in 36; exegesis of, and translation 168; of religious texts imaginative writing 39; 172–3; sensus versus sententia in manuscripts of 36; see also Bible 180; source texts for 167; and textual difficulties 169; word-for- Wace: French version of Historia word 167–8; see also Chaucer, regum Britanniae 82, 174–5; and Geoffrey, as translator patronage 105, 111; Le Roman de transubstantiation 18; Love’s treatise Brut 148; Le Roman de Rou 105, on 48; rejected by Lollards 47 148 Trevet, Nicholas: Latin glosses on Wakefield mystery cycle: Crucifixion Boethius 179 in 21; Play of the Resurrection 18; Trigg, Stephanie: on appreciation of Salutation of Elizabeth, language of Chaucer 248 94 Tudor dynasty 77, 233 Walter of Bibbesworth: Le Tretiz de Turberville, George: disparages langage 149 Canterbury Tales 240 Walter of Oxford: fictitious source for typology 11–12, 36 Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Tyrwhitt, Thomas: edition of regum Britanniae 174 Canterbury Tales 242 Walton, John: translation of Boethius 177 universities: foundation of 107 Warenne, Isabel de, Countess of Ursula, St: legend of 79 Arundel 107 Usk, Thomas 115–16; Appeal 163; Warton, Thomas: promotes medieval Testament of Love 115; and Troilus romances 242–3 and Criseyde 115, 116 Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of (the Kingmaker) 202–3 Vegetius: translations of 177 William of Palerne: rediscovered 243 Vernicle, cult of the 26 William Thorpe, Testimony of see Thorpe, Vernon manuscript (Oxford, Bodleian William Library, MS Eng. poet. a.1): and Winstead, Karen: on female readers of oral performance 105 saints’ lives 73 ‘vierge ouvrante’ images 16 Wohunge of Ure Lauerd, Ge 64, 65, 71 Virgil: Æneid, and Le Roman d’Enéas 81; women: Aristotelian views on 55–6; ~ , Chaucer and 129, 184–5, 193 and authorship 137; as book virgin martyrs: legends of 62, 67, 71; owners 73; constancy of 58–9; and eroticism 63; as models for and drama 73; and literary wives, 67, 68 culture 72–3; and marriage see virginity: and eroticism 63–5; marriage; in Middle Ages 3; in medieval views on 56, 63; as Middle English literature 54–5, protest against social norms 67–72; and misogyny 55, 93; 62–3; as spiritual marriage 63, patience of 60–1, 62; as patrons 65 105; as readers 66–7, 72–3; visions 40–3; see also Julian of role of, in medieval historical Norwich; Kempe, Margery; narratives 85, 89; stereotyping of Mechtild of Hackeborn 55, 68–9, 70; as visionaries 40–1,

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women (cont’d) Wulfstan (Anglo-Saxon writer) see also Julian of Norwich; Kempe, 147 Margery; Mechtild of Hackeborn; Wyclif, John: Bible translation 34–5, as writers 74 171–2, 173, 200; ~ , edited by Woolf, Virginia: and Chaucer 248 Madden 244; condemned as Worcester: as centre of Anglo-Saxon heretical 110; dissemination of culture 147; ‘tremulous hand’ views of 199–200; Latin works scribe of 147 by 109; rejects Church’s teachings Worcester, William: Boke of Noblesse, 46–7; vernacular works by 109; revisions of 220 see also Lollards Worde, Wynkyn de: edition of Wynter, Simon: life of St Jerome Canterbury Tales 233; edition of 111–12 Le Morte Darthur 234, 235 writing, and speech see speech–writing York mystery cycle: opening of relationship 39–40 Wu, Duncan: Poetry from Chaucer to Ywain and Gawain: and Chrétien de Spenser 249 Troyes’ Yvain 168, 174

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