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O Tradutor Imaginário Pseudotradução UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS MODERNAS DIRCILENE FERNANDES GONÇALVES O tradutor imaginário Pseudotradução – um encontro secular entre tradução e literatura VERSÃO CORRIGIDA SÃO PAULO 2015 DIRCILENE FERNANDES GONÇALVES O tradutor imaginário Pseudotradução – um encontro secular entre tradução e literatura Tese apresentada ao Programa de Estudos Linguísticos e Literários em Inglês do Departamento de Letras Modernas da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Doutora Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Lenita Maria Rimoli Esteves VERSÃO CORRIGIDA SÃO PAULO 2015 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Esta autorização refere-se somente ao conteúdo textual e não se estende às ilustrações aqui reproduzidas. I hereby authorize the reproduction and dissemination of this work, in full or in part, through conventional and electronic means, for the purpose of study and research, provided the source is mentioned. This authorization is limited to the textual content, not being extensive to the images here reproduced. GONÇALVES, Dircilene Fernandes. O tradutor imaginário : Pseudotradução – um encontro secular entre tradução e literatura. Tese apresentada ao Programa de Estudos Linguísticos e Literários do Departamento de Letras Modernas da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Doutor. Aprovada em: Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr__________________________ Instituição: __________________________ Julgamento: ______________________ Assinatura: __________________________ Prof. Dr__________________________ Instituição: __________________________ Julgamento: ______________________ Assinatura: __________________________ Prof. Dr__________________________ Instituição: __________________________ Julgamento: ______________________ Assinatura: __________________________ Prof. Dr__________________________ Instituição: __________________________ Julgamento: ______________________ Assinatura: __________________________ Prof. Dr__________________________ Instituição: __________________________ Julgamento: ______________________ Assinatura: __________________________ A minha mãe À memória de meu pai AGRADECIMENTOS Tempos difíceis os anos desta pesquisa. Tempos de árido aprendizado; de educação pela pedra, como diria João Cabral. Pedra cortante, pedra dura, caminho de pedra, porém com nítida direção. Na chegada, os agradecimentos devidos são muitos. À própria vida, por seu simples milagre e pelas lições diárias de tolerância, paciência, convivência, que me apoiaram, me empurraram e me fizeram chegar. Aos muitos que pelo caminho deixaram suas marcas de incentivo, de coragem, de afeto, de fé. À Lenita, minha orientadora, cuja importância neste trabalho se resume em uma palavra: confiança. Palavra única, palavra fundamental. Ao Professor Julio César Santoyo, da Universidade de León, Espanha, cujo trabalho é fundamental para esta pesquisa, pela sempre cordial disponibilidade em contribuir com informações e opiniões. Ao escritor capixaba Reinaldo Santos Neves, pela pronta disposição e colaboração. Aos membros do GTG (Get Together Group ), que começou como um grupo de pessoas com interesses acadêmicos comuns e se tornou um grupo de amigos no qual ninguém é mais, maior ou melhor, mas todos são únicos e absolutamente necessários. Àqueles que, de alguma maneira – às vezes mesmo sem o saber – contribuíram para o fervilhar das ideias que resultaram neste trabalho. À minha família, principalmente minha tia Hercília e meu tio José, cuja companhia neste caminho foi absolutamente fundamental. Por fim, propositalmente, a meu pai, cujo caminho em sua reta final me mostrou como a vida é frágil e como é necessário e urgente aprender a viver e a conviver. E a minha mãe, que me mostra todos os dias como a vida é forte e como somos capazes de transformar as pedras do caminho em diamantes. Muito obrigada. Ésas son las fuerzas de la imaginación, en quien suelen representarse las cosas con tanta vehemencia, que se aprehenden de la memoria, de manera que quedan en ella, siendo mentiras, como si fueran 1 verdades. 1 Essas são as forças da imaginação, na qual se costuma representar as coisas com tanta veemência, que estas se prendem à memória, de modo que nela se fixam, sendo mentiras, como se fossem verdades. CERVANTES, Persiles , II, 15, citado por Martín de Riquer na introdução à edição espanhola de Don Quijote de la Mancha utilizada nesta pesquisa. Tradução minha. Falsity is not, except in the most formal or internally systematic sense, a mere miscorrespondence with a fact. It is itself an active, creative agent. The human capacity to utter falsehood, to lie, to negate what is the case, stands at the heart of speech and of the reciprocities between words and world. It may be that ‘truth’ is the more limited, the more special of the two conditions. We are a mammal who can bear false witness. How has this potentiality arisen, what 2 adaptive needs does it serve? 2 A falsidade não é, exceto no sentido mais formal ou mais internamente sistemático, uma mera falta de correspondência com um fato. Ela é em si um agente ativo, criativo. A capacidade humana de proferir falsidades, de mentir, de negar qual seja o caso, está no coração do discurso e das reciprocidades entre as palavras e o mundo. Talvez a “verdade” seja a mais limitada, a mais especial das duas condições. Somos mamíferos que podem prestar falso testemunho. Como surgiu essa potencialidade, a que necessidades de adaptação isso serve? STEINER, 1976, p. 214. Tradução minha. RESUMO GONÇALVES, Dircilene Fernandes. O Tradutor Imaginário : Pseudotradução – um encontro secular entre tradução e literatura. 2015. 262 f. Tese (Doutorado) – Departamento de Letras Modernas, Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. A definição básica de pseudotradução é: um texto apresentado como tradução, mas que, na verdade, é um texto original. Nela, um tradutor imaginário afirma estar traduzindo uma obra inexistente: tanto tradutor como obra são produtos de ficção. Um recurso utilizado há muitos séculos de diversas maneiras e com diferentes motivações, ela é, muitas vezes, considerada farsa, fraude, falsificação ou mesmo mero gracejo narrativo sem grandes consequências. Entretanto, ao contrário do que essa visão simplória pode sugerir, ela tem estado presente em momentos importantes da história ocidental. Em sua relação com a literatura, a pseudotradução tem sido utilizada ao longo dos séculos como um poderoso recurso narrativo na composição de obras que concorreram para a transformação de sistemas culturais e literários. A partir da perspectiva do potencial criador e transformador da pseudotradução, este trabalho apresenta cinco obras produzidas em diferentes épocas da história ocidental, as quais, de alguma maneira, contribuíram para a dinâmica dos sistemas literários de suas épocas. Em todas elas, o fato de terem sido concebidas como pseudotraduções foi elemento fundamental e decisivo para seus efeitos. Cada uma dessas obras, distribuídas em períodos pontuais entre os séculos XII e XX, utilizou o recurso da pseudotradução de maneira diferente; todavia, todas elas promoveram transformações de paradigmas literários e questionamentos sobre questões humanas e sobre a própria ficção. São elas: The History of the Kings of Britain , de Geoffrey of Monmouth, século XII; Don Quijote de la Mancha , de Miguel de Cervantes, século XVII; O castelo de Otranto , de Horace Walpole, século XVIII; O nome da rosa , de Umberto Eco, e o conto “Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius”, de Jorge Luis Borges, ambas produções do século XX. A observação dessas obras desde a perspectiva do uso da pseudotradução permite considerar a tradução além do processo de versão de uma língua para outra, como processo de escritura per se . Palavras-chave: Pseudotradução, tradução, literatura, ficção, sistema literário ABSTRACT GONÇALVES, Dircilene Fernandes. O Tradutor Imaginário : Pseudotradução – um encontro secular entre tradução e literatura. 2015. 262 f. Tese (Doutorado) – Departamento de Letras Modernas, Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. The basic definition of pseudotranslation is: a text introduced as a translation, but that is actually an original text. In this process, an imaginary translator claims to be translating a work that does not exist: both translator and work are products of fiction. A resource used for centuries in different ways and for various reasons, it has been frequently considered as sham, fraud, fakery, or even sheer witticism without serious consequences. However, instead of what this naïve view may suggest, it has been present in important moments of western history. As far as its connection to literature is concerned, pseudotranslation has been used along the centuries as a powerful narrative resource in the composition of works that contributed to the transformation of cultural and literary systems. From the perspective of the creative and transformative potential of pseudotranslation, this study introduces five works written in different periods of western history, which somehow contributed to the dynamics of the literary systems of their ages. In all of them, the fact of having been conceived as pseudotranslations was fundamental and decisive for their effects.
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