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Lincoln University Digital Thesis Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. The relationship between the early New Zealand Labour Party and Socialism 1900 - 1935 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University by Quentin Findlay Lincoln University 2019 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosphy Abstract The relationship between the early New Zealand Labour Party and Socialism 1900 - 1935 by Quentin Findlay Abstract: The New Zealand Labour Party had a stated objective of the socialisation of the means of production, distribution and exchange or as popularly stated, socialism. However, the definition of the term differed between individuals or groups due to the many variations of socialism. This thesis seeks to examine the relationship of socialism to the Labour party, by exploring its development and relationship with political labour and its later influence upon policy development in the NZLP after that party’s offical establishment in 1916 until it became Government in 1935. Keywords: New Zealand Labour Party, socialism, labour movement, politics 2 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the help provided to me by my friends, who have persevered through this project with me; Mark Baxter, Fiona Bowker, Carol Nelson, Dave and Cathy Taylor, Chris Ford, John Kerr and Chris Trotter. I, additionally want to acknowledge my work colleagues and my comrades in the labour movement and, my supervisors, Bob Gidlow and Greg Ryan. 3 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction: The Relationship between the NZLP and Socialism .......................................................... 7 Labour’s Path to Socialism .................................................................................................................. 7 The New Zealand Labour Party and its relationship to Socialism ....................................................... 8 Socialism and the Socialisation Objective ........................................................................................... 9 A Party of Ideological Contradictions ................................................................................................ 10 Socialism through Constitutional and Educational Reform .............................................................. 10 Labour separates from Socialism ...................................................................................................... 11 Outline of Thesis ............................................................................................................................... 11 Note on Terminology ........................................................................................................................ 13 Literature .......................................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter One: The Development of Progressive Politics in New Zealand ............................................. 15 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Colony into Dominion - The Increasing Role of the State in New Zealand‘s Economic and Industrial Development..................................................................................................................................... 15 Industrial Development and Unions ................................................................................................. 17 New Zealand’s Political Development .............................................................................................. 18 “…The Wave of Socialistic Feeling” – The Alliance between Liberalism and Labour........................ 20 The Liberal Government – Progressives in Power ............................................................................ 21 Socialism and the Liberal Party ......................................................................................................... 22 Socialism without Doctrine – Liberalism in New Zealand ................................................................. 24 Disenchantment within the Liberal Party ......................................................................................... 25 Labour Disenchantment and Disappointment with the Liberal Party .............................................. 26 Conclusion – The Victory of State Ownership and Parliamentarism ................................................ 27 Chapter Two: Labour Strikes out Alone: The Establishment of Labour and Socialist Parties ............... 29 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 29 Independence: The Growth of Political Labour and the Road to 1915 ............................................ 29 The First Attempts at Labour Unity: Political Labour Leagues (PLL) ................................................. 30 A Party for Apologists: The First NZ Labour Party (1910) ................................................................. 31 Realising the Ideals of True Liberalism: The United Labour Party (ULP) .......................................... 32 Socialism in ‘Willow-Calf Boots’: The New Zealand Socialist Party (SP) ........................................... 33 Parliamentary Socialism Revisited: The Formation of the Social Democratic Party ......................... 37 Social Democratic Objectives: Socialism and Socialisation ............................................................... 38 SDP Fighting Platform: Practical socialism ........................................................................................ 38 Moderates and Militants: The Illusion of Programmatic Difference ................................................ 39 4 The Electoral Performance of the SDP and ULP ............................................................................... 40 Conclusion: The Construction of New Zealand’s Parliamentary Road to Socialism (1910 - 1915) ... 40 Chapter Three: The Journey to the Holy City ........................................................................................ 43 Introduction – The Relationship of Socialism with the New Zealand Labour Party ......................... 43 Labour as a Militant Socialist Party – Socialism and the Labour Party? ........................................... 43 Socialist Differences within Labour Parties – Socialism as a fluid Doctrine ...................................... 45 Socialism as a ‘Concrete’ Doctrine .................................................................................................... 46 The Growth of Labour Parties ........................................................................................................... 48 Labour Parties as the Representative of the Workers ...................................................................... 49 Communist and Left Criticism of Labour Parties .............................................................................. 50 ‘As extreme as any other Socialist Party’ – Comparisons with Australian and British Labour Parties .......................................................................................................................................................... 51 ‘As extreme as any other Socialist Party’ – Comparisons with the European Social Democratic Parties ............................................................................................................................................... 52 Chapter Four: His Majesty’s (Disgruntled) Loyal Opposition: The Formation of the Parliamentary Labour Caucus and the Labour Party .................................................................................................... 54 Introduction: The Establishment of the Labour Party ...................................................................... 54 An Exercise in Moderation: The New Labour Caucus ....................................................................... 54 Labour Unity means Certain Success: The PLP and Labour Unity: ................................................... 56 The Pursuit of Freedom and Liberty: The Labour Caucus and the War ............................................ 57 The Question of Equality of Sacrifice and Conscription .................................................................... 59 The Red Tide: Labour’s Changing Political Culture ........................................................................... 62 Conclusion: The PLP as an exercise in Liberal-Labourism ................................................................
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