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JACK Mccullough JACK McCULLOUGH: WORKERS' REPRESENTATIVE ON THE ARBITRATION COURT A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History in the University of Canterbury by Melanie Nolan University of Canterbury 1985 J) 630.~, i /\6 .f\1' '/ 8 8 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE Contents i List of illustrations ii Abbreviations iv Abstract v Pref ace vii I McCULLOUGH's PATH TO THE ARBITRATION COURT, 1860-1907 1 II McCULLOUGH'S FACTION AND THE ARBITRATION COURT, 1908-1909 47 III McCULLOUGH AND UNION FACTIONALISM, 1909-1913 93 IV AN ARBITRATIONIST DURING THE WAR-TIME EPOCH, 1914-1921 147 v LIFE AFTER THE COURT, 1922-1947 199 VI CONCLUSION 212 Bibliography 222 ii LIST QF ILLUSTRATIONS between pages Jack McCullough,c 1920 (Kathleen Loveridge) Frontispiece Jack and Margaret McCullough and family, 1892 (Kathleen Loveridge) 5-6 Jack McCullough, his father, sisters and brother, 1904 (Sophia Ray) 5-6 Trades and Labour Councils' Conference delegates, 1900 (University of Canterbury Archives) 23-24 Trades and Labour Councils.' Conference delegates, 1903 (University of Canterbury Archives) 23-24 Canterbury Trades and Labour Council's Labour Day Committee, 1904 (Weekly Pre~s, 19 October 1904, Canterbury Museum Library) 35-36 Political Labour League of New Zealand's C0n£erence delegates, 1905 (Weekly Press, 10 May.196'5,C.iriterbury Museum Library) 35-36 Robert Slater, Workers' Representative on the Arbitration Court, 1906-1907 (University of Canterbury Archives) 39-40 Trades and Labour Councils' Conference delegates, 1907 (Canterbury Museum Library) 39-40 Addington Railway Workshops, clerical and administrative staff and smiths (Canterbury Times, 6 August 1902,Canterbury Public Library) 42-43 Participants in the Canterbury Farm Labourers' Dispute, 1908 (University of Canterbury Archives} 68-69 Christchurch Tinsmith and Sheetmetal Workers' Union, 1906 (New Zealand Engineers' Union, Wellington} 68-69 iii 'Bob' Semple, (n.d.) (Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington) 132-133 Jack McCullough among the delegation to protest at Ripa Island detainees, 1913 Unity Congress (National Film Archive, Wellington) 132-133 Delegates to the Unity Congress, ·1913 (Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington) 142-143 Delegates to the SDP Conference,1914 (Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington) 14 2-14 3 Jack McCullough, Parliamentary candidate, 1922 (Kathleen Loveridge) 207-208 Jack and Margaret McCullough in their eighties, 1940s, (Kathleen Loveridge) 207-208 iv. ABBREVIATIONS A.J.H.R. Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives AOL Alliance of Labour ASCJ Amalgamated Society of Car::penters and Joiner.s ASRS Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants AWU Australian Workers' Union BOA Book of Awards. CASRS Canterbury branch of the ASRS CDU Canterbury Drivers' Union CEA Canterbury Employers' Association CGLU Christchurch General Labourers' Union CTLC Canterbury Trades and Labour Council CTC Canterbury Trades Council DU Drivers' Union FLU Farm Labourers' Union FU Farmers' Union GLU General Labourers' Union IC and A Act Industrial, Conciliation and Arbitration Act ILP Independent Labour Party IPLL Independent Political Labour League IWW Industrial Workers of the World Lib-Lab Liberal-Labour L.T. Lyttelton Times McCP. McCullough Papers McCP/D. McCullough Papers, Diary M.W. Maoriland Worker NCFU North Canterbury Farmers' Union NZ FOL TLC's Federation of Labour N.Z.J.H. New Zealand Journal of History NZLP New Zealand Labour Party N. Z.• W. New Zealand Worker NZWPA New Zealand Workers' Political Association OEA Otago Employers' Association OTLC Otago Trades and Labour Council PRU Passive Resisters' Union P.S. Press Red Fed Federation of Labour formed by the New Zealand Miners' Federation in 1909 SDP Social Democratic Party TLC Trades and Labour Council ULP United Labour Party UFL United Federation of Labour WEA Workers' Educational Association WPA Workers' Political Association WRAC Workers' Representative on the Arbitration Court v. ABSTRACT This biography of Jack McCullough is also the chronicle of the Canterbury Trades and Labour Council coterie he helped to organize at the turn of the century. This group of class conscious unionists attempted to persuade the nascent trade union movement to adopt their socialist objectives. This thesis examines the opposition that McCullough's coterie faced. It experienced difficulty, first, in disting­ uishing itself from an 'advanced' Liberal establishment in Christchurch which assiduously cultivated its working class power base. Organized Labour in Christchurch divided into Lib-Lab and Independent Labour factions. The Independent Labour unionists' attempt to use the arbitration system to re­ build class conscious unions was also vigorously opposed locally by a new managerial elite which attempted to control relations in the workplace and who had their own expectations of the Arbitration Court. McCullough's coterie's objectives were also challenged from the left by the militant Red Feds. Ultimately, however, McCullough's ideal ran aground. It was the victim not so much of the employers or the Red Feds as of a groundswell of more moderate Labour opinion which found its home in the Labour Party formed in July 1916. McCullough's coterie eventually failed in its attempt to create a democratic socialist revolution in its own lifetime based on either the trade union movement or the Labour Party. McCullough himself was thus left with his role as Workers' Representative on the Arbitration Court. Increasingly, he was vi. to find this role impossible to sustain and resigned. His resignation and his entire career as workers' representat~ve before the Court illustrates the difficulties faced by socialist reformers who chose to attempt to bring about reform from within the apparatus of the capitalist state. vii. PREFACE The aim of this thesis was to write a biography of Jack McCullough and to investigate his position as an arbitration­ supporting trade unionist. There are too few biographies of New Zealand working class people. The usual problem of the scarcity of sources does not apply in McCullough's case because of the collection of papers he left. These were stored in a garage for a number of years. Bert Roth took some of the material into safe keeping but unfortunately much of McCullough's original collection which survived up until the 1950s has been subsequently lost. What remains is substantial, nevertheless, and has been deposited in the Canterbury Museum Library. McCullough's papers are significant because he was the only union diaryist of his period. It is to be hoped that these diaries will be published to make them more accessible. This biography has been shaped by the nature of the prime sources. McCullough himself intended his diaries and letter­ books to be accounts of his work as an arbitrationist. They indicate the cross-section of personalities and trade unionists he associated with in his fourteen years on the Arbitration Court. The Court is usually approached in the context of the militant attack by Red Feds and Alliance of Labour trade unionists. McCullough gives the historian another perspective. He was a radical trade unionist who gave the Court qualified support. He has been regarded by some historians, however, as a whole-hearted moderate who was ideologically opposed to viii. the militants. McCullough's career raises important questions, then, about~the relationship between trade union factions, about the ·re1·ationship of the trade union movement with the Arbitration Court and about the approach historians have adopted when dealing with the Arbitration Court. Any thesis writer incurs many debts in the course of research. I would like to acknowledge the help given to me by the staff of the libraries I have used and, particularly, the Canterbury Museum Library staff. The Christchurch Chamber of Commerce, the Canterbury and Otago branches of the Employers' Federation and the Christchurch Workers' Educational Association kindly madB their records available to me. I found interviews and correspondence with Bert Roth and Noel Parsloe most useful. Bert Roth's references pointed me in the right direction at the start. Similarly, members of McCullough's family could not have been more helpful. His grand-daughter, Kathleen Loveridge, and his niece, Sophia Ray, (who is also Tommy Taylor's niece which was most convenient for a researcher) produced huge files of family photos and valuable reminiscences. Most importantly, I would like to thank Dr Len Richardson, my supervisor, for suggesting I make Jack McCullough the subject of a thesis in the first place. He persevered while I laboured at the craft of producing written work. I have my friends to thank for sustaining me while I worked and especially Brett and my mother, Alison, for their loving support. 1 CHAPTER ONE McCullough's path to the Arbitration Court, 1860 - 1907 McCullough was elected Workers' Representative on the Arbitration Court (WRAC) at the end of 1907. The few accounts of his election have concentrated on the controversy which has surrounded his dismissal by the Railway Department for his political involvement immediately before the WRAC elections. very little has been recorded about McCullough's participation in the local Christchurch movement before 1907 which led to both his dismissal from the Addington Railway Workshops and his election as WRAC. In particular, McCullough was close to the centre of disputes which saw the local labour movement splinter into rival Lib-Lab and Independent Labour unionists. The long-serving WRAC, Robert Slater, was overthrown for McCullough as a result of this internal union division. This early period of McCullough's life when he progressed from being an anonymous colonist to become a leading figure in theChristchurchunion movement can be divided into four phases. As a colonist, McCullough looked forward to finding employment and building a better life in New Zealand when he arrived in 1880. However, he had a rude awakening in the colonies between 1880 and 1888 experiencing unemployment and depression. By the end of the 1880s McCullough's life had become materially settled but as a result of his experiences during the depression he did not become compLacent.
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