Perspective Formats for the Development of Decorative and Applied Art of the Indigenous Peoples of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
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Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 10 (2017 10) 1573-1593 ~ ~ ~ УДК 745.5 Perspective Formats for the Development of Decorative and Applied Art of the Indigenous Peoples of the Krasnoyarsk Territory Ksenia V. Reznikova*, Nataliya N. Seredkina* and Yulia S. Zamaraeva Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia Received 01.06.2017, received in revised form 03.10.2017, accepted 10.10.2017 The article analyzes contemporary decorative and applied art of the indigenous peoples of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Selkups, Yessey Yakuts, Nenets, Nganasans, Dolgans), in order to reveal perspective formats for the development of this cultural practice. The authors have obtained empirical data using methods of participant observation and expert in-depth interview during field research in historical places of the Krasnoyarsk Territory – in Noska, Farkovo, Dudinka, Khatanga, Yessey, etc. As a result, they allocated the main trends of contemporary decorative and applied art of the indigenous peoples in the territory that, on the one hand, are associated with partial preservation of traditional occupations (tailoring, shoe making, beadwork), the emergence of new practices of decorative and applied art (pike head finishing), and on the other hand, are connected with the loss of knowledge, mastery, tradition of transferring skills in the manufacture of items of decorative and applied art from generation to generation. In addition, on the basis of the analysis of the current situation in the field of decorative and applied art of the indigenous peoples of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the authors singled out a number of promising formats for the development of this practice of culture that are already used by the indigenous peoples and those that could be effectively used in the future. Keywords: decorative and applied art, Nenets, Selkups, Dolgans, Yessey Yakuts, Nganasans. The study was funded by the Krasnoyarsk Region Science and Technology Support Fund in accordance with the research project “Decorative and Applied Art of the Indigenous Peoples of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: Current Status, Prospects for Development”. The study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Government of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Krasnoyarsk Region Science and Technology Support Fund to the research project № 17-16-24601. DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0155. Research area: сulturology. © Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved * Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected]; [email protected] – 1573 – Ksenia V. Reznikova, Nataliya N. Seredkina,.. Perspective Formats for the Development of Decorative and Applied Art… Introduction Scientists analyze the decorative and Currently the traditional cultures of the applied art of the indigenous peoples from the indigenous peoples of the North are threatened perspective of its social purpose. Thus, the with dissolution in the global culture. This applies development of decorative and applied art, in to different components of culture – ethnic particular the production of pottery ware among cuisine, traditional medicine, traditional types of the indigenous peoples of Ghana (Sirigu), is economy management, etc. The article is devoted considered by E.A. Asante, N.A. Opoku-Asare, to the study of the current state of the decorative R. Wemegah (Asante et al., 2015). There is a and applied art of the indigenous peoples, in wide range of pottery ware that is manufactured particular – Dolgans, Selkups, Yessey Yakuts, both for household, religious and commercial etc. And not only it will analyzed the degree of purposes. Based on the analysis of raw materials, preservation of the decorative and applied art of production technology and decorating features, an individual people, but also it will attempt to the authors come to the conclusion that the art identify promising formats for the development of making pottery ware has a positive impact on of decorative and applied art. the quality of life of people, as well as on the art The article is written on the basis of the of Ghana in general. Traditional craftsmanship field research conducted in 2010-2016 in the contributes to the fact that a craftsman receives places of compact settlement of the indigenous recognition, endows himself with a special status peoples in the Krasnoyarsk Territory – in among members of his community (Tzanidaki, Noska, Farkovo, Dudinka, Khatanga, Yessey, Reynolds, 2011). C.K. Sahu studies the foundry etc. In addition to the participant observation, of the indigenous peoples of India (Sahu, 2015). the method of expert in-depth interview was Products made by craftsmen are in great demand, also used. Experts were the representatives both in the local and external markets. According of the authorities specializing in the sphere of to the author, this is due to their special religious culture, as well as cultural workers of various purpose. Moreover, there is an expansion of the ranks – from specialists and masters to directors design solution for the manufacture of foundry of centres of folk art. products. In addition to the traditional images, door handles, boxes, hangers and other new Review of literature products are being produced, which is evidence Decorative and applied art is to some extent to the development of this craft. an integral part of the culture of every indigenous A number of studies are devoted to certain people. The only difference is that some specific types of decorative and applied art as a strategy ethnoses develop a certain kind of activity that of identifying oneself as a member of community. serves as a marker for their sovereignty against Thus, J. McGaw carries out the analysis of the art the background of a situation of multiculturalism of making raincoats from the skin of possums (Krmpotich, Howard, Knight, 2016). The (marsupial mammals living in Australia) and analysis of the most common types of decorative the specifics of its decoration (McGaw, 2014). and applied art of individual indigenous peoples The researcher notes a tendency of revival of has been conducted by foreign scientists – this practice among the indigenous peoples E.A. Asante, N.A. Opoku-Asare, R. Wemegah, of south-eastern Australia in the 21st century. C.K. Sahu, J. McGaw, D. Tzanidaki, F. Reynolds, The author interprets the image in the form of G.N. Varavina. symbols of knowledge about the country as a – 1574 – Ksenia V. Reznikova, Nataliya N. Seredkina,.. Perspective Formats for the Development of Decorative and Applied Art… way of identifying oneself with the clan and the the preservation of an ethnic group (Koptseva, tribe. Pursuing traditional craft as a way of self- Pimenova, Seredkina, 2013). The article by identification of oneself as a member of community N.P. Koptseva, N.N. Nevol’ko, K.V. Reznikova is also analyzed by D. Tzanidaki, F. Reynolds analyzes the Evenki decorative and applied art (Tzanidaki, Reynolds, 2011). In the study of the as one of the mechanisms for the formation of ornamental art of the indigenous peoples of the a positive ethnic identity (Koptseva, Nevol’ko, Arctic Region (Evens and Evenks) G.N. Varavina Reznikova, 2013). N.M. Libakova analyzes the notes that the ornament reflects the harmonious mechanisms for the formation of a positive ethnic interconnection of a human and nature, expresses and cultural identity among the indigenous small- the characteristics of nomadic culture and serves numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the as a protective amulet. The author points out the Far East on the basis of the analysis of art works relevance of studying the traditional decorative of decorative and applied art made by craftsmen culture of the indigenous small-numbered peoples and representatives of the indigenous small- of the North and Siberia. One of the perspectives numbered peoples of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. of preserving the decorative and applied heritage The author believes that the craftsmen – bone of the autochthonous ethnic groups is the carvers living in Taymyr embody ethnic ideals, activity of employees of the Buryat Institute of values, etalons in their art works, thus solving Natural Sciences: through digitizing traditional the problem of ethnic identity and self-identity ornaments of Mongolian people, it becomes among representatives of their ethnic group possible to compose a particular encyclopedia of (Libakova, 2015). symbols that can be used to create new models As for other sources, it is possible to based on the existing prototypes (Varavina, single out a research work by V.Kh. Ivanov 2016). who devoted a year to the system analysis of Decorative and applied art of the decorative and applied art of the peoples of the indigenous peoples of the North and Siberia North-East of Russia. The researcher examines has been studied by such Russian scientists, as the interconnection of the decorative and applied N.P. Koptseva, N.N. Pimenova, N.N. Seredkina, art of the Evenkis, Evens, Yukaghirs, Chukchi K.V. Reznikova, N.M. Libakova, V.Kh. Ivanova, and Koryaks in the northeast of Russia, describes E.V. Vorozhtsova, etc. Most of the research works the archetypes of typological models, identifies belong to Siberian scholars in cultural studies who common features of ethnoses and determines study decorative and applied art of the indigenous the nature of this community (convergence, peoples as a factor in formation of a positive genetic ties and direct contacts) (Ivanov, 1999). ethnic identity. In their article, N.P. Koptseva, E.V. Vorozhtsova