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Laser Produced Electromagnetic Pulses: Generation, Detection and Mitigation High Power Laser Science and Engineering, (2020), Vol. 8, e22, 59 pages. doi:10.1017/hpl.2020.13 REVIEW Laser produced electromagnetic pulses: generation, detection and mitigation Fabrizio Consoli 1, Vladimir T. Tikhonchuk 2;3, Matthieu Bardon4, Philip Bradford 5, David C. Carroll 6, Jakub Cikhardt 7;8, Mattia Cipriani 1, Robert J. Clarke 6, Thomas E. Cowan 9, Colin N. Danson 10;11;12, Riccardo De Angelis 1, Massimo De Marco13, Jean-Luc Dubois 2, Bertrand Etchessahar4, Alejandro Laso Garcia 9, David I. Hillier10;12, Ales Honsa 3, Weiman Jiang14, Viliam Kmetik3, Josef Krasa´ 15, Yutong Li 14;16, Fred´ eric´ Lubrano4, Paul McKenna 17, Josefine Metzkes-Ng 9, Alexandre Poye´ 18, Irene Prencipe9, Piotr Ra¸czka 19, Roland A. Smith 20, Roman Vrana3, Nigel C. Woolsey 5, Egle Zemaityte17, Yihang Zhang14;16, Zhe Zhang 14, Bernhard Zielbauer21, and David Neely 6;10;17 1ENEA, Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety Department, C.R. Frascati, 00044 Frascati, Italy 2CELIA, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, 33405 Talence, France 3ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25241 Doln´ı Breˇ zany,ˇ Czech Republic 4CEA, DAM, CESTA, 33116 Le Barp, France 5Department of Physics, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK 6Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, UKRI, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK 7Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, 166 27 Prague 6, Czech Republic 8Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic 9Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institut fur¨ Strahlenphysik, 01328 Dresden, Germany 10AWE plc, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, UK 11OxCHEDS, Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK 12CIFS, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK 13Centro de Laseres Pulsados (CLPU), 37185 Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain 14Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China 15Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic 16School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 17Department of Physics, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK 18Laboratory PIIM, University Aix-Marseille-CNRS, 13397 Marseille, France 19Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland 20The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK 21PHELIX Group, GSI Helmholtzzentrum fur¨ Schwerionenforschung, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany (Received 7 December 2019; revised 26 February 2020; accepted 10 March 2020) Correspondence to: F. Consoli, ENEA, Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety Department, C.R. Frascati, 00044 Frascati, Italy. Email: [email protected] © The Author(s) 2020. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. 01 Oct 2021 at 09:39:38, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use. 2 F. Consoli et al. Abstract This paper provides an up-to-date review of the problems related to the generation, detection and mitigation of strong electromagnetic pulses created in the interaction of high-power, high-energy laser pulses with different types of solid targets. It includes new experimental data obtained independently at several international laboratories. The mechanisms of electromagnetic field generation are analyzed and considered as a function of the intensity and the spectral range of emissions they produce. The major emphasis is put on the GHz frequency domain, which is the most damaging for electronics and may have important applications. The physics of electromagnetic emissions in other spectral domains, in particular THz and MHz, is also discussed. The theoretical models and numerical simulations are compared with the results of experimental measurements, with special attention to the methodology of measurements and complementary diagnostics. Understanding the underlying physical processes is the basis for developing techniques to mitigate the electromagnetic threat and to harness electromagnetic emissions, which may have promising applications. Keywords: electromagnetic pulses; high-power lasers; diagnostics; mitigation techniques 1. Introduction: why the electromagnetic pulses are so major EMP mitigation approach. The understanding of the important physics of EMP generation has substantially advanced very recently, and other mechanisms of EMP generation have Generation of electromagnetic waves was first demonstrated been identified. Among the related main research topics, by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and since then has become we mention: the excitation of chamber resonant modes; the a leading subject of research, with an enormous range characterization of secondary EMP sources; the scattered of applications covering radio communications, electronics, radiation. These processes are discussed in Sections 2.5 computing, radar technology and multi-wavelength astron- and 2.6 of this review. More accurate and efficient detection omy. The accessible spectrum of electromagnetic emissions methods have been developed and used to deliver improved continuously extends toward shorter waves from radio waves experimental data. At the same time, construction of a new to microwaves, to optical and X-rays[1], challenging now the generation of laser systems with pulse power exceeding the gamma-ray domain[2]. It is also well recognized that strong petawatt level[14] is opening the possibility of conducting electromagnetic waves could be dangerous for health and experiments with high repetition rates, creating the need for electronics. Methods of detection of electromagnetic waves more reliable and efficient EMP protection and mitigation and mitigation of their undesirable effects are also in full techniques. development[3–6]. A full comprehension of the physics of EMP generation Our review does not aim to cover all the issues related and the mechanisms of their operation will enable the with the development and applications of pulsed electro- creation of temporally and spatially controlled electro- magnetic sources. We address here the particular problem magnetic fields of high intensity and wide distribution. of microwaves generated during the interaction of powerful This would lead to the new and significant employment laser pulses with solid targets, in the domain extending from of laser–plasma interactions for powerful and versatile radiofrequencies (MHz) to terahertz. These electromagnetic radiofrequency–microwave sources, which will be of direct pulses (EMPs), which are regularly detected in laser–target interest to particle-acceleration schemes[15–18], for which interactions with laser pulses from the femtosecond to the this is indeed of primary importance, as well as to a mul- nanosecond range, are recognized as a threat to electronics tidisciplinary range of applications: biological and medical and computers, and have stimulated the development of studies of strong microwave interactions with cells[19]; various protective measures. This situation has, however, medical engineering[20]; space communication[21]; plasma significantly evolved since the invention of chirped pulse heating[22]; material and device characterization[23–25]; amplification (CPA) in lasers[7] and the rapid development EMP-radiation hardening of components[25]; and electro- of powerful sub-picosecond (sub-ps) laser systems[8]. Para- magnetic compatibility studies[25, 26]. Understanding and doxically, the interaction of sub-ps laser pulses with solid controlling the sources of EMP radiation is also important targets generates much stronger EMPs in the GHz domain for personnel protection[27]. than for nanosecond pulses of comparable energy. This fact This review paper summarizes the recent knowledge and has been reported in several publications during the past 15 experience gained by scientists working with high-power years[9–12], but an understanding of the underlying physics laser systems in many laboratories worldwide. Section2 is has been attained only recently[13]. dedicated to the theoretical understanding of the processes The main source of strong GHz emissions has been iden- of electric charge accumulation on the target, return current tified as the return current flowing through the support formation and electromagnetic emission. Section3 presents structure to the target, charged by the intense laser–target advancements in diagnostic techniques for the detection of interaction. Controlling the geometric and electrical char- EMPs, the experimental results obtained on different high- acteristics of the target support has therefore become the power laser facilities and their interpretation. Section4 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. 01 Oct 2021 at 09:39:38, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use. Laser produced electromagnetic pulses 3 discusses the known techniques of mitigation of EMP ef- target or the size of the ionized zone accumulating the charge fects, experience accumulated on several high-power laser in a dielectric target. The capacitance of metallic targets of facilities
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