Laser Technology Applications
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An Application of the Theory of Laser to Nitrogen Laser Pumped Dye Laser
SD9900039 AN APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF LASER TO NITROGEN LASER PUMPED DYE LASER FATIMA AHMED OSMAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Physics. UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS MARCH 1998 \ 3 0-44 In this thesis we gave a general discussion on lasers, reviewing some of are properties, types and applications. We also conducted an experiment where we obtained a dye laser pumped by nitrogen laser with a wave length of 337.1 nm and a power of 5 Mw. It was noticed that the produced radiation possesses ^ characteristic^ different from those of other types of laser. This' characteristics determine^ the tunability i.e. the possibility of choosing the appropriately required wave-length of radiation for various applications. DEDICATION TO MY BELOVED PARENTS AND MY SISTER NADI A ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Dr. AH El Tahir Sharaf El-Din, for his continuous support and guidance. I am also grateful to Dr. Maui Hammed Shaded, for encouragement, and advice in using the computer. Thanks also go to Ustaz Akram Yousif Ibrahim for helping me while conducting the experimental part of the thesis, and to Ustaz Abaker Ali Abdalla, for advising me in several respects. I also thank my teachers in the Physics Department, of the Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum and my colleagues and co- workers at laser laboratory whose support and encouragement me created the right atmosphere of research for me. Finally I would like to thank my brother Salah Ahmed Osman, Mr. -
Platinum Sponsor
We like to thank the Department of Biotechnology (Government of India) for financial support. We like to thank our sponsors for financial support: Platinum Sponsor: Gold Sponsor: Silver Sponsors: And Program Date Venue Timings Title OF MUSIC, MATH AND MEASUREMENT LH1 6pm M.W. Linscheid, Humbold Universitaet Berlin, Germany Dining Mixer 23/08 7pm Complex Concert by Ananth Menon Quartet Dining 8pm Dinner Complex LH1 9:00am Tutorial I MASS SPECTROMETRIC ESSENTIALS IN OMICS RESEARCH D.Schwudke LH1 9:30am Session I / Proteomics (Chair D. Schwud ke) MASS SPECTROMETRIC IDENTIFICATION OF A NOVEL TRANS- SPLICING EVENT IN GIARDIA LAMBLIA HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90 U.S. Tatu, IISC Bangalore, India REVISITING PROTEOMICS OF GLIOMAS: DIFFERENTIAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS AND MOLECULAR INSIGHTS R. Sirdeshmukh, IOB Bangalore, India NEW HIGH SELECTIVITY WORKFLOWS FOR TARGETED QUANTITATIVE PROTEOMICS 24/08 M. Cafazzo, AB Sciex, US Break ABSOLUTE QUANTIFICATION OF PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES - USE OF METAL CODING AND LC/MS WITH ICP AND ELECTROSPRAY M.W. Linscheid, Humbold Universitaet Berlin, Germany MATERNAL VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY INDUCED ALTERATION IN PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN RAT OFFSPRING S. Sengupta, IGIB New Dehli, India CLINICAL PROTEOMICS OF EYE DISEASES K. Dharmalingam, Madurai Kamaraj University, India Dining 1pm Lunch Complex Ope n 2pm Poster Session I Deck Date Venue Timings Title LH1 4pm Session II / Lipidomics (Chair S. Hebbar ) TOWARDS THE COMPLETE STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION OF COMPLEX LIPIDS BY MASS SPECTROMETRY: NOVEL APPROACHES TO ION ACTIVATION S. Blanksby et al., University of Wollongong, Australia LIPIDOMICS AT THE HIGH MASS RESOLUTION A. Shevchenko, MPI-CBG Dresden, Germany STRATEGIES FOR IMAGING BIOMOLECULES BY TOF-SIMS AND MALDI-TOF/TOF MASS SPECTROMETRY O. -
(Ruby 1960) • Uses a Solid Matrix Or Crystal Carrier • Eg Glass Or Sapphire
Solid State Lasers • Was first type of laser (Ruby 1960) • Uses a solid matrix or crystal carrier • eg Glass or Sapphire • Doped with ~1%-0.001% transition metal or rear earth ions • eg Chromium (Cr) or Neodynmium (Nd) • Mirrors at cavity ends (either on the rod or separate) • Typically pumped with light • Most common a Flash lamp • Newer ones pumped by laser diodes (more efficient) • Light adsorbed by doped ion, emitted as laser light • Mostly operates in pulsed mode (newer CW) Flash Lamp Pumping • Use low pressure flash tubes (like electronic flash) • Xenon or Krypton gas at a few torr (mm of mercury pressure) • Electrodes at each end of tube • Charge a capacitor bank: 50 - 2000 µF, 1-4 kV • High Voltage pulse applied to tube • Ionizes part of gas • Makes tube conductive • Capacitor discharges through tube • Few millisec. pulse • Inductor slows down discharge Light Source Geometry • Earlier spiral lamp: inefficient but easy • Now use reflectors to even out light distribution • For CW operation use steady light sources Tungsten Halogen or Mercury Vapour • Use air or water cooling on flash lamps Q Switch Pulsing • Most solid states use Q switching to increase pulse power • Block a cavity with controllable absorber or switch • Acts like an optical switch • During initial pumping flash pulse switch off • Recall the Quality Factor of resonance circuits (eg RLC) 2π energy stored Q = energy lost per light pass • During initial pulse Q low • Allows population inversion to increase without lasing • No stimulated emission • Then turn switch on -
Population Inversion X-Ray Laser Oscillator
Population inversion X-ray laser oscillator Aliaksei Halavanaua, Andrei Benediktovitchb, Alberto A. Lutmanc , Daniel DePonted, Daniele Coccoe , Nina Rohringerb,f, Uwe Bergmanng , and Claudio Pellegrinia,1 aAccelerator Research Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025; bCenter for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg 22607, Germany; cLinac & FEL division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025; dLinac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025; eLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720; fDepartment of Physics, Universitat¨ Hamburg, Hamburg 20355, Germany; and gStanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 Contributed by Claudio Pellegrini, May 13, 2020 (sent for review March 23, 2020; reviewed by Roger Falcone and Szymon Suckewer) Oscillators are at the heart of optical lasers, providing stable, X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), first proposed in 1992 transform-limited pulses. Until now, laser oscillators have been (8, 9) and developed from the late 1990s to today (10), are a rev- available only in the infrared to visible and near-ultraviolet (UV) olutionary tool to explore matter at the atomic length and time spectral region. In this paper, we present a study of an oscilla- scale, with high peak power, transverse coherence, femtosecond tor operating in the 5- to 12-keV photon-energy range. We show pulse duration, and nanometer to angstrom wavelength range, that, using the Kα1 line of transition metal compounds as the but with limited longitudinal coherence and a photon energy gain medium, an X-ray free-electron laser as a periodic pump, and spread of the order of 0.1% (11). -
Chapter 2 HISTORY and DEVELOPMENT of MILITARY LASERS
History and Development of Military Lasers Chapter 2 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY LASERS JACK B. KELLER, JR* INTRODUCTION INVENTING THE LASER MILITARIZING THE LASER SEARCHING FOR HIGH-ENERGY LASER WEAPONS SEARCHING FOR LOW-ENERGY LASER WEAPONS RETURNING TO HIGHER ENERGIES SUMMARY *Lieutenant Colonel, US Army (Retired); formerly, Foreign Science Information Officer, US Army Medical Research Detachment-Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 7965 Dave Erwin Drive, Brooks City-Base, Texas 78235 25 Biomedical Implications of Military Laser Exposure INTRODUCTION This chapter will examine the history of the laser, Military advantage is greatest when details are con- from theory to demonstration, for its impact upon the US cealed from real or potential adversaries (eg, through military. In the field of military science, there was early classification). Classification can remain in place long recognition that lasers can be visually and cutaneously after a program is aborted, if warranted to conceal hazardous to military personnel—hazards documented technological details or pathways not obvious or easily in detail elsewhere in this volume—and that such hazards deduced but that may be relevant to future develop- must be mitigated to ensure military personnel safety ments. Thus, many details regarding developmental and mission success. At odds with this recognition was military laser systems cannot be made public; their the desire to harness the laser’s potential application to a descriptions here are necessarily vague. wide spectrum of military tasks. This chapter focuses on Once fielded, system details usually, but not always, the history and development of laser systems that, when become public. Laser systems identified here represent used, necessitate highly specialized biomedical research various evolutionary states of the art in laser technol- as described throughout this volume. -
Amplified Spontaneous Emission and Lasing in Lead Halide
applied sciences Review Amplified Spontaneous Emission and Lasing in Lead Halide Perovskites: State of the Art and Perspectives Maria Luisa De Giorgi and Marco Anni * Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0832-297540 Received: 9 October 2019; Accepted: 24 October 2019; Published: 29 October 2019 Abstract: Lead halide perovskites are currently receiving increasing attention due to their potential to combine easy active layers fabrication, tunable electronic and optical properties with promising performance of optoelectronic and photonic device prototypes. In this paper, we review the main development steps and the current state of the art of the research on lead halide perovskites amplified spontaneous emission and on optically pumped lasers exploiting them as active materials. Keywords: lead halide perovskite; thin film; nanocrystal; optical gain; amplified spontaneous emission; laser 1. Introduction In the frame of developing novel active materials for electronic, optoelectronic and photonic devices, lead halide perovskites are currently receiving great attention due to their capability to combine an easy realization procedure, widely tunable electronic properties and promising performance as active materials for a wide range of devices. In particular, perovskite-based solar cells demonstrated an impressively fast power conversion efficiency increase, from 3.8% in TiO2 sensitized photoelectrochemical cells [1], to the recent record value of 25.2% [2] in thin film solar cells. Lead halide perovskites also showed interesting photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence properties, which stimulated the research in light emitting devices, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) [3]. -
Rate Equations
Ultrafast Optical Physics II (SoSe 2019) Lecture 4, May 3, 2019 (1) Laser rate equations (2) Laser CW operation: stability and relaxation oscillation (3) Q-switching: active and passive 1 Possible laser cavity configurations The laser (oscillator) concept explained using a circuit model. 2 Self-consistent in steady state V.A. Lopota and H. Weber, fundamentals of the semiclassical laser theory 3 Laser rate equations Interaction cross section: [Unit: cm2] !") ") Spontaneous = −*") = − !$ τ21 emission § Interaction cross section is the probability that an interaction will occur between EM !" field and the atomic system. # = −'" ( !$ # § Interaction cross section only depends Absorption on the dipole matrix element and the linewidth of the transition !" ) Stimulated = −'")( !$ emission 4 How to achieve population inversion? relaxation relaxation rate relaxation Induced transitions Pumping rate relaxation Pumping by rate absorption relaxation relaxation rate Four-level gain medium 5 Laser rate equations for three-level laser medium If the relaxation rate is much faster than and the number of possible stimulated emission events that can occur , we can set N1 = 0 and obtain only a rate equation for the upper laser level: This equation is identical to the equation for the inversion of the two-level system: upper level lifetime equilibrium upper due to radiative and level population w/o non-radiative photons present processes 6 More on laser rate equations Laser gain material V:= Aeff L Mode volume fL: laser frequency I: Intensity vg: group velocity -
A Laser (From the Acronym Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) Is an Optical Source That Emits Photons in a Coherent Beam
LASER A laser (from the acronym Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is an optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. The verb to lase means "to produce coherent light" or possibly "to cut or otherwise treat with coherent light", and is a back- formation of the term laser. Laser light is typically near-monochromatic, i.e. consisting of a single wavelength or color, and emitted in a narrow beam. This is in contrast to common light sources, such as the incandescent light bulb, which emit incoherent photons in almost all directions, usually over a wide spectrum of wavelengths. Laser action is explained by the theories of quantum mechanics and thermodynamics. Many materials have been found to have the required characteristics to form the laser gain medium needed to power a laser, and these have led to the invention of many types of lasers with different characteristics suitable for different applications. The laser was proposed as a variation of the maser principle in the late 1950's, and the first laser was demonstrated in 1960. Since that time, laser manufacturing has become a multi- billion dollar industry, and the laser has found applications in fields including science, industry, medicine, and consumer electronics. Contents [hide] 1 Physics 2 History 2.1 Recent innovations 3 Uses 3.1 Popular misconceptions 3.2 "LASER" 3.3 Scientific misconceptions 4 Laser safety 5 Categories 5.1 By type 5.2 By output power 6 See also 7 Further reading 7.1 Books 7.2 Periodicals 8 References 9 External links [edit] Physics See also: Laser science Principal components: 1. -
Terahertz Sources
Terahertz sources Pavel Shumyatsky Robert R. Alfano Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 22 Mar 2011 to 128.59.62.83. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms Journal of Biomedical Optics 16(3), 033001 (March 2011) Terahertz sources Pavel Shumyatsky and Robert R. Alfano City College of New York, Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Physics Department, MR419, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031 Abstract. We present an overview and history of terahertz (THz) sources for readers of the biomedical and optical community for applications in physics, biology, chemistry, medicine, imaging, and spectroscopy. THz low-frequency vibrational modes are involved in many biological, chemical, and solid state physical processes. C 2011 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). [DOI: 10.1117/1.3554742] Keywords: terahertz sources; time domain terahertz spectroscopy; pumps; probes. Paper 10449VRR received Aug. 10, 2010; revised manuscript received Jan. 19, 2011; accepted for publication Jan. 25, 2011; published online Mar. 22, 2011. 1 Introduction Yajima et al.4 first reported on tunable far-infrared radiation by One of the most exciting areas today to explore scientific and optical difference-frequency mixing in nonlinear crystals. These engineering phenomena lies in the terahertz (THz) spectral re- works have laid the foundation and were used for a decade and gion. THz radiation are electromagnetic waves situated between initiated the difference-frequency generation (DFG), parametric the infrared and microwave regions of the spectrum. The THz amplification, and optical rectification methods. frequency range is defined as the region from 0.1 to 30 THz. The The THz region became more attractive for investigation active investigations of the terahertz spectral region did not start owing to the appearance of new methods for generating T-rays until two decades ago with the advent of ultrafast femtosecond based on picosecond and femtosecond laser pulses. -
Annual Report of Kansai Research Establishment 1999 October 1,1995-March 31,2000
JP0150335 ANNUAL REPORT OF KANSAI RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT 1999 OCTOBER 1,1995-MARCH 31,2000 i h Kansai Research Establishment Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Mi, m&mntimm (T319-1195 4 is, ^ - (T319-1195 This report is issued irregularly. Inquiries about availability of the reports should be addressed to Research Information Division, Department of Intellectual Resources, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki-ken T 319-1195, Japan. © Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, 2001 JAERI-Review 2001-003 Annual Report of Kansai Research Establishment 1999 October 1,1995~March 31,2000 Kansai Research Establishment Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Kizu-cho, Souraku-gun, Kyoto-fu (Received January 15,2001) This report is the first issue of the annual report of Kansai Research Establishment, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute. It covers status reports of R&D and results of experiments conducted at the Advanced Photon Research Center and the Synchrotron Radiation Research Center during the period from October 1,1995 to March 31, 2000. Keywords: Annual Report, Kansai Research Establishment, JAERI, R&D, Advanced Photon Research Center, Synchrotron Radiation Research Center Board of Editors for Annual Report Editors: Takashi ARISAWA (Chief editor), Osamu SfflMOMURA, AMra NAGASfflMA, Norio OGIWARA, Mitsuru YAMAGIWA, Masato KOIKE, Kazuhisa NAKAJIMA, Eisuke MINEHARA, TeiMchi SASAKI, Jun-ichiro MZUKI, Yuji BABA, Atsushi FUJIMORI Editorial assistants: Noboru TSUCHIDA, Sayaka HARAYAMA, Shuichi FUJITA, Tsutomu WATANABE, Hironobu OGAWA JAERI-Review 2001-003 1999 1995 ¥ 10 J! 1 H-2000¥3^ 31 0 (2001 ¥U! 15 V s 1995 ¥ 10 M frh 2000 ¥ 3 31 : T 619-0215 •8-1 JAERI-Review 2001-003 Contents * OUXXXULXdl V —————————————————————————————--—————"-•-————•-•-——--——•-•-•---—--————————————————————•-———————————————————— a 2. -
CAE-111616-Materials
HEALTH LICENSING OFFICE Kate Brown, Governor 700 Summer St NE, Suite 320 Salem, OR 97301-1287 Phone: (503)378-8667 Fax: (503)585-9114 www.oregon.gov/oha/hlo WHO: Health Licensing Office Board of Certified Advanced Estheticians WHEN: November 16, 2016 at 10 a.m. WHERE: Health Licensing Office Rhoades Conference Room 700 Summer St. NE, Suite 320 Salem, Oregon 97301 What is the purpose of the meeting? The purpose of the meeting is to conduct board business. A working lunch may be served for board members and designated staff in attendance. A copy of the agenda is printed with this notice. Please visit http://www.oregon.gov/oha/hlo/Pages/Board -Certified-Advanced-Estheticians-Meetings.aspx for current meeting information. May the public attend the meeting? Members of the public and interested parties are invited to attend all board/council meetings. All audience members are asked to sign in on the attendance roster before the meeting. Public and interested parties’ feedback will be heard during that part of the meeting. May the public attend a teleconference meeting? Members of the public and interested parties may attend a teleconference board meeting in person at the Health Licensing Office at 700 Summer St. NE, Suite 320, Salem, OR. All audience members are asked to sign in on the attendance roster before the meeting. Public and interested parties’ feedback will be heard during that part of the meeting. What if the board/council enters into executive session? Prior to entering into executive session the board/council chairperson will announce the nature of and the authority for holding executive session, at which time all audience members are asked to leave the room with the exception of news media and designated staff. -
A History of High-Power Laser Research and Development in the United Kingdom
High Power Laser Science and Engineering, (2021), Vol. 9, e18, 86 pages. doi:10.1017/hpl.2021.5 REVIEW A history of high-power laser research and development in the United Kingdom Colin N. Danson1,2,3, Malcolm White4,5,6, John R. M. Barr7, Thomas Bett8, Peter Blyth9,10,11,12, David Bowley13, Ceri Brenner14, Robert J. Collins15, Neal Croxford16, A. E. Bucker Dangor17, Laurence Devereux18, Peter E. Dyer19, Anthony Dymoke-Bradshaw20, Christopher B. Edwards1,14, Paul Ewart21, Allister I. Ferguson22, John M. Girkin23, Denis R. Hall24, David C. Hanna25, Wayne Harris26, David I. Hillier1, Christopher J. Hooker14, Simon M. Hooker21, Nicholas Hopps1,17, Janet Hull27, David Hunt8, Dino A. Jaroszynski28, Mark Kempenaars29, Helmut Kessler30, Sir Peter L. Knight17, Steve Knight31, Adrian Knowles32, Ciaran L. S. Lewis33, Ken S. Lipton34, Abby Littlechild35, John Littlechild35, Peter Maggs36, Graeme P. A. Malcolm OBE37, Stuart P. D. Mangles17, William Martin38, Paul McKenna28, Richard O. Moore1, Clive Morrison39, Zulfikar Najmudin17, David Neely14,28, Geoff H. C. New17, Michael J. Norman8, Ted Paine31, Anthony W. Parker14, Rory R. Penman1, Geoff J. Pert40, Chris Pietraszewski41, Andrew Randewich1, Nadeem H. Rizvi42, Nigel Seddon MBE43, Zheng-Ming Sheng28,44, David Slater45, Roland A. Smith17, Christopher Spindloe14, Roy Taylor17, Gary Thomas46, John W. G. Tisch17, Justin S. Wark2,21, Colin Webb21, S. Mark Wiggins28, Dave Willford47, and Trevor Winstone14 1AWE Aldermaston, Reading, UK 2Oxford Centre for High Energy Density Science, Department of Physics,