DOCSLIB.ORG

Charles Hamilton Houston's Legal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Charles Hamilton Houston's Legal THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE BAR SPRING JOURNAL2004 IN THIS ISSUE Charles Hamilton Houston’s Legal Foundation for Dr. King page 6 Brown v. Board of Education: The State Bar Debates page 10 Women, Walter Clark, and the Law page 32 Ground to Stand On: Charles Hamilton Houston’s Legal Foundation for Dr. King 1 B Y J UDGE J AMES A. WYNN J R . AND E LI P AUL M AZUR artin Luther King was not a So, who was Charles Hamilton Houston? Perhaps the greatest sociological engineer of the twentieth century. What lawyer. But King’s debt to the law did he engineer? Brown itself. Brown was neither an ending nor a beginning; rather, Brown epitomizes the struggle for civil is no less great. Although King’s rights because few souls in America—save those like Charles Houston—could have imagined the Supreme Court’s holding 20 passionate activism carried the years earlier. Indeed, in the years preceding Brown, “a large number of social science studies warned,” and scientists and layper- civil rights movementM from American streets into America’s living room, we must not forget sons believed, “that African-Americans were permanently and inherently inferior . and that their close association with the legal revolution designed by Charles Hamilton Houston which provided the earth for whites could contaminate and weaken the white race.”4 This “wealth of science,” viewed in the context of social Darwinism, King’s vision. Fifty years ago, in 1954, Charles Hamilton Houston’s legal campaign to derail “created a situation in which strict racial segregation appeared to be socially pru- dent.”5 The Jim Crow legal regime main- de jure segregation secured its most famous victory in Brown v. Board of Education.2 One year tained this “natural order,” and African- American transgressions were met with public and private reprisals. From 1896 to later, Dr. Martin Luther King joined Rosa Parks in the Montgomery Bus Boycott and became 1954, spanning the time from Plessy to Brown, over 2,000 African-Americans were lynched.6 De jure racism did not end with a national figure in the struggle for civil rights. But, as Justice Thurgood Marshall—who Brown: For example, it was not until 1967, in Loving v. Virginia,7 that the Supreme Court struck down 16 state statutes pro- argued Brown before the Supreme Court—famously said: “We wouldn’t have been any place hibiting marriage between African- Americans and Caucasians. But the question is: How did this coun- if Charlie hadn’t laid the groundwork for it.”3 try move from lynching blacks to vindicating their rights in courts of law? Slowly, and with the help of Charles Hamilton Houston. 6 SPRING 2004 Biographical Sketch In 1895, one year before the Supreme Court issued its infamous “separate but equal” ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson,8 Charles Hamilton Houston was born into what UNC Professor Genna Rae McNeil describes as a “jungle of patent racism.”9 At the age of 15, Houston graduated from high school and matriculated to Amherst College. The only African-American in the Amherst class of 1915, Houston was elect- ed to Phi Beta Kappa and was chosen to deliver a commencement address. In 1917, Houston was commissioned as a first lieu- tenant in the United States Army; a feat which he engineered by forming the Central Committee for Negro College Men which successfully lobbied for the establishment of an African-American offi- cer’s training camp.10 While serving in the army, Houston was almost lynched in France by American soldiers. Thereafter, he helplessly watched as one of his black con- federates’ was unjustly court marshaled. After this experience, in Houston’s own words I made up my mind that I would never get caught again without knowing something about my rights; that if luck was with me, and I got through this war, I would study law and use my time fighting for men who could not strike back.11 To this end, in 1919 Houston enrolled at Harvard Law School. Despite the clear racial dividing lines at Harvard, Houston became the first African American to serve November 1939—Chief Council for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored as an editor on the Harvard Law Review. People Charles Hamilton Houston. Houston’s academic performance was so strong, and his personality so magnetic, Working under the direction of Felix of training African-American Lawyers, like that Dean Roscoe Pound and Professor Frankfurter, Houston completed his disser- Thurgood Marshall, that “[a] lawyer [is] Felix Frankfurter—a future Supreme tation and in 1923, Houston became the either a social engineer or . a parasite on Court justice—served as Houston’s men- first African-American in the United States society.”16 For Houston, the fundamental tors, recommenders, and advisors through- to earn an S.J.D.14 Thereafter, Houston responsibilities of a social engineer includ- out his career.12 After graduating from studied civil law for one more year at the ed avoiding unnecessary racial antagonism Harvard Houston applied for a S.J.D. In University of Madrid in Spain. and understanding that the Constitution’s his application, Houston wrote: structural “inertia against amendment My reasons for desiring graduate work The Man’s Work [provided] the lawyer wide room for exper- are both personal and civic . a deep Now, despite unimpeachable qualifica- imentation.”17 For his accomplishments, desire for further study in the history of tions, Houston could not find gainful Houston was appointed dean of the law the law and comparative jurisprudence . employment anywhere in Washington, school and led Howard’s path towards full . [and the belief that] there must be DC, as an attorney. He was just another accreditation. Negro lawyers in every community . Black man without a job. Shortly, however, In 1935, Houston left Howard to serve the great majority [of whom] must Roscoe Pound and Felix Frankfurter rec- as special counsel to the National come from Negro schools . [where] ommended Houston’s appointment as a Association for the Advancement of the training will be in the hands of Professor at Howard Law School.15 As a Colored People (NAACP). Houston Negro teachers.13 teacher, Houston implemented a program accepted the position with the NAACP “on THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE BAR JOURNAL 7 the condition that the program of litigation amalgamation are repugnant to the law whether white, brown, yellow, or black.”31 be conducted as a protracted legal struggle of nature. From social amalgamation it After Gong Lum, decided in 1927, the case based on . cases.”18 Houston opposed an is but a step to illicit intercourse, and law was crystal clear; Plessy v. Ferguson had immediate challenge to the “separate but but another to intermarriage. But to reached full maturity. equal doctrine, favoring a more methodical assert separateness is not to declare infe- So, Charles Hamilton Houston realized approach at the state and federal levels.”19 riority in either; it is not to declare one a that the Supreme Court would summarily He defended his approach on the grounds slave and the other a freeman that would dismiss any attempt to attack Plessy on its that it would: (1) “lay the groundwork for be to draw the illogical sequence of infe- four corners or in its entirety. Houston, the test cases that would ultimately come riority from difference only. It is simply using the ingenuity of an engineer, decided before the United States Supreme Court”20 to say that following the order of Divine that the NAACP would target cases in serving as the foundation for overturning Providence, human authority ought not which related issues could be decided Plessy, (2) provide the time necessary to to compel these widely separate races to destabilizing the very foundations of Plessy engage in broad and wide-ranging educa- intermix. The right of such to be free in a piecemeal fashion. For Houston, only tional efforts to change minds in the “court from social contact is as clear as to be an incremental and deliberate process of public opinion,” and (3) “allow Houston free from intermarriage. The former could generate the long term effects on time to develop competent Black lawyers to may be less repulsive as a condition, but legal precedent desired. Houston recog- ‘wage the fight that no white men could be not less entitled to protection as a right. nized that the “‘Law [is] . effective . expected to sustain.’”21 When, therefore, we declare a right to always within its limitations,” and it would Why did Houston choose not to wage maintain separate relations, so far as is be “too much to expect the court to go an immediate and direct attack on “separate reasonably practicable, but in a spirit of against the established and crystallized but equal”? Well, he knew that the Supreme kindness and charity, and with due social customs.”32 Accordingly, Houston Court would not strike down forced segre- regard to equality of rights, it is not prej- focused on areas where segregation was gation until forced segregation demanded udice, nor caste, nor injustice of any most vulnerable to attack and where segre- striking down, literally and practically. The kind, but simply to suffer men to follow gationists were unlikely to respond with moral argument, the ethical argument, the law of races established by the emphatic anger. vocalized by Dr. King, had died a slow and Creator himself, and not to compel For example, Houston chose to focus his painful death in the wake of Plessy v. them to intermix contrary to their efforts first on desegregating graduate and Ferguson. instincts.27 professional schools. By focusing on gradu- For instance, in 1899, in the case of After Berea College, states were ate and professional schools, Houston could Cumming v.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Supremes on Religion: How Do the Justicesâ•Ž Religious Beliefs
    Seton Hall University eRepository @ Seton Hall Law School Student Scholarship Seton Hall Law 2010 The uprS emes on Religion: How Do the Justices’ Religious Beliefs Influence their Legal Opinions? Leah R. Glasofer Seton Hall Law Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, and the Sexuality and the Law Commons Recommended Citation Glasofer, Leah R., "The uS premes on Religion: How Do the Justices’ Religious Beliefs Influence their Legal Opinions?" (2010). Law School Student Scholarship. 40. https://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship/40 Leah R. Glasofer Law and Sexuality AWR Final Draft May 2, 2010 The Supremes on Religion: How Do the Justices’ Religious Beliefs Influence their Legal Opinions? This discussion is essentially an inquiry into the effect which religious beliefs have on the jurisprudence of the highest court of the land, the United States Supreme Court. With regard to actually creating laws, the Supreme Court wields an incredible amount of influence over the judiciary by way of precedent in federal courts, and persuasive authority in state courts. However, decisions by the most famed court in the country also mold and form the political and social climate of eras. Supreme Court decisions have defined our nation’s history, for example in US v. Nixon1 or Roe v. Wade.2 Thus, it seems worthwhile to explore the considerations taken into account by the Justices when they craft opinions which will inevitably shape the course of our national and personal histories. It is true that the religious beliefs of the people of the United States and their elected officials also play a leading role in the creation of laws which affect our lives; and people are entitled to be governed and live by the rules which they chose for society.
    [Show full text]
  • Circuit Circuit
    November 2013 Featured In This Issue The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals Gets A New Chief Judge, by Brian J. Paul The Changing of the Guard in the Northern District of Illinois, by Jeffrey Cole Address to the Seventh Circuit Bar Association and the Seventh Circuit Judicial Conference Annual Joint TheThe Meeting May 6, 2013, by Senator Richard G. Lugar Through the Eyes of a Juror: A Lawyer's Perspective from Inside the Jury Room, by Karen McNulty Enright The Seventh Circuit Inters "Self-Serving" as an Objection to the Admissibility of Evidence, by Jeffrey Cole My Defining Experience as a Lawyer: Taking a Seventh Circuit Appeal, by Ravi Shankar CirCircuitcuit How 30 Women Changed the Course of the Nation’s Legal and Social History: Commemorating the First National Meeting of Women Lawyers in America, by Gwen Jordan J.D., Ph.D. Common Pleading Deficiencies in RICO Claims, by Andrew C. Erskine You Can Have It Both Ways: Fourth Amendment Standing in the Seventh Circuit, by Christopher Ferro and Marc Kadish RiderRiderT HE J OURNALOFTHE S EVENTH A Life Well Lived, by Steven Lubet C IRCUITIRCUIT B AR A SSOCIATION Significant Amendments to Rule 45, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, to Take Effect on December 1, 2013, by Jeffrey Cole Sealing Portions of the Appellate Record: A Guide for Seventh Circuit Practitioners, by Alexandra L. Newman Changes &Challenges The Circuit Rider In This Issue Letter from the President . .1 The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals Gets A New Chief Judge, by Brian J. Paul . 2-4 The Changing of the Guard in the Northern District of Illinois, by Jeffrey Cole .
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Reflection Within the Academy: the Absence of Women in Constitutional Jurisprudence Karin Mika
    Hastings Women’s Law Journal Volume 9 | Number 2 Article 6 7-1-1998 Self-Reflection within the Academy: The Absence of Women in Constitutional Jurisprudence Karin Mika Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hwlj Recommended Citation Karin Mika, Self-Reflection within the Academy: The Absence of Women in Constitutional Jurisprudence, 9 Hastings Women's L.J. 273 (1998). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hwlj/vol9/iss2/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Women’s Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. & Self-Reflection within the Academy: The Absence of Women in Constitutional Jurisprudence Karin Mika* One does not have to be an ardent feminist to recognize that the con­ tributions of women in our society have been largely unacknowledged by both history and education. l Individuals need only be reasonably attentive to recognize there is a similar absence of women within the curriculum presented in a standard legal education. If one reads Elise Boulding's The Underside of History2 it is readily apparent that there are historical links between the achievements of women and Nineteenth century labor reform, Abolitionism, the Suffrage Movement and the contemporary view as to what should be protected First Amendment speech? Despite Boulding's depiction, treatises and texts on both American Legal History-and those tracing the development of Constitutional Law-present these topics as distinct and without any significant intersection.4 The contributions of women within all of these movements, except perhaps for the rarely men- *Assistant Director, Legal Writing Research and Advocacy Cleveland-Marshall College of Law.
    [Show full text]
  • Schools by Ward Based on Chicago Public Schools - Progress Report Cards (2011-2012)
    Schools by Ward Based on Chicago Public Schools - Progress Report Cards (2011-2012) School ID Name of School Street Address Ward 609966 Charles G Hammond Elementary School 2819 W 21st Pl 12 610539 Marvin Camras Elementary School 3000 N Mango Ave 30 609852 Eliza Chappell Elementary School 2135 W Foster Ave 47 609835 Daniel R Cameron Elementary School 1234 N Monticello Ave 26 610521 Sir Miles Davis Magnet Elementary Academy 6730 S Paulina St 15 609818 Luther Burbank Elementary School 2035 N Mobile Ave 29 610298 Lenart Elementary Regional Gifted Center 8101 S LaSalle St 21 610200 James N Thorp Elementary School 8914 S Buffalo Ave 10 609680 Walter Payton College Preparatory High School 1034 N Wells St 27 610056 Roswell B Mason Elementary School 4217 W 18th St 24 609848 Ira F Aldridge Elementary School 630 E 131st St 9 610038 Abraham Lincoln Elementary School 615 W Kemper Pl 43 610123 William Penn Elementary School 1616 S Avers Ave 24 609863 Christopher Columbus Elementary School 1003 N Leavitt St 32 610226 Socorro Sandoval Elementary School 5534 S Saint Louis Ave 14 609722 Manley Career Academy High School 2935 W Polk St 28 610308 Wilma Rudolph Elementary Learning Center 110 N Paulina St 27 609749 Northside College Preparatory High School 5501 N Kedzie Ave 40 609958 Frank W Gunsaulus Elementary Scholastic Academy 4420 S Sacramento Ave 14 610121 Washington Irving Elementary School 749 S Oakley Blvd 25 Page 1 of 28 09/23/2021 Schools by Ward Based on Chicago Public Schools - Progress Report Cards (2011-2012) 610352 Durkin Park Elementary School
    [Show full text]
  • The Supreme Court, Segregation Legislation, and the African American Press, 1877-1920
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2007 Slipping Backwards: The Supreme Court, Segregation Legislation, and the African American Press, 1877-1920 Kathryn St.Clair Ellis University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Ellis, Kathryn St.Clair, "Slipping Backwards: The Supreme Court, Segregation Legislation, and the African American Press, 1877-1920. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2007. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/160 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Kathryn St.Clair Ellis entitled "Slipping Backwards: The Supreme Court, Segregation Legislation, and the African American Press, 1877-1920." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in History. W. Bruce Wheeler, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Ernest Freeberg, Stephen V. Ash,
    [Show full text]
  • The NAACP and the Black Freedom Struggle in Baltimore, 1935-1975 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillm
    “A Mean City”: The NAACP and the Black Freedom Struggle in Baltimore, 1935-1975 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By: Thomas Anthony Gass, M.A. Department of History The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Hasan Kwame Jeffries, Advisor Dr. Kevin Boyle Dr. Curtis Austin 1 Copyright by Thomas Anthony Gass 2014 2 Abstract “A Mean City”: The NAACP and the Black Freedom Struggle in Baltimore, 1935-1975” traces the history and activities of the Baltimore branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from its revitalization during the Great Depression to the end of the Black Power Movement. The dissertation examines the NAACP’s efforts to eliminate racial discrimination and segregation in a city and state that was “neither North nor South” while carrying out the national directives of the parent body. In doing so, its ideas, tactics, strategies, and methods influenced the growth of the national civil rights movement. ii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the Jackson, Mitchell, and Murphy families and the countless number of African Americans and their white allies throughout Baltimore and Maryland that strove to make “The Free State” live up to its moniker. It is also dedicated to family members who have passed on but left their mark on this work and myself. They are my grandparents, Lucious and Mattie Gass, Barbara Johns Powell, William “Billy” Spencer, and Cynthia L. “Bunny” Jones. This victory is theirs as well. iii Acknowledgements This dissertation has certainly been a long time coming.
    [Show full text]
  • IN HONOR of FRED GRAY: MAKING CIVIL RIGHTS LAW from ROSA PARKS to the TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY - Introduction
    Case Western Reserve Law Review Volume 67 Issue 4 Article 10 2017 SYMPOSIUM: IN HONOR OF FRED GRAY: MAKING CIVIL RIGHTS LAW FROM ROSA PARKS TO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY - Introduction Jonathan L. Entin Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Jonathan L. Entin, SYMPOSIUM: IN HONOR OF FRED GRAY: MAKING CIVIL RIGHTS LAW FROM ROSA PARKS TO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY - Introduction, 67 Case W. Rsrv. L. Rev. 1025 (2017) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev/vol67/iss4/10 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Law Review by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. Case Western Reserve Law Review·Volume 67·Issue 4·2017 —Symposium— In Honor of Fred Gray: Making Civil Rights Law from Rosa Parks to the Twenty-First Century Introduction Jonathan L. Entin† Contents I. Background................................................................................ 1026 II. Supreme Court Cases ............................................................... 1027 A. The Montgomery Bus Boycott: Gayle v. Browder .......................... 1027 B. Freedom of Association: NAACP v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson ....... 1028 C. Racial Gerrymandering: Gomillion v. Lightfoot ............................. 1029 D. Constitutionalizing the Law of
    [Show full text]
  • A HISTORICAL COMPARISON of FEMALE POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT in EARLY NATIVE AMERICA and the US O
    42838-elo_13 Sheet No. 169 Side B 12/23/2020 10:41:31 SULLIVAN_FINAL (APPROVED).DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 12/21/20 6:54 PM THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING A WOMAN:AHISTORICAL COMPARISON OF FEMALE POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT IN EARLY NATIVE AMERICA AND THE U.S. SPENSER M. SULLIVAN∗ “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.”1 I. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................335 II. REPUBLICAN MOTHERHOOD AND THE “SEPARATE SPHERES” DOCTRINE............................................................................................................................................338 A. Women in the Pre-Revolutionary Era ..............................338 B. The Role of Women in the U.S. Constitution.................339 C. Enlightenment Influences................................................340 D. Republican Mothers.........................................................341 III. WOMEN’S CITIZENSHIP AND THE BARRIERS TO LEGAL EQUALITY....343 A. Defining Female Citizenship in the Founding Era .........343 B. Women’s Ownership of Property–the Feme Covert Conundrum....................................................................344 C. Martin v. Commonwealth: The Rights of the Feme Covert .............................................................................346 D. Bradwell v. Illinois: The Privileges and Immunities of 42838-elo_13 Sheet No. 169 Side B 12/23/2020
    [Show full text]
  • National Black Law Journal
    UCLA National Black Law Journal Title Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2z4803q9 Journal National Black Law Journal, 14(1) ISSN 0896-0194 Author Mabry, Cynthia R. Publication Date 1994 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California BOOK REVIEW Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. By Professor J. Clay Smith, Jr. Foreword by Justice Thurgood Marshall. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1993. Pp. 703. $-. Reviewed by Cynthia R. Mabry* I. INTRODUCrION In Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944 ("Emancipation"), Dr. J. Clay Smith, Jr.,' a law professor and a prolific writer,2 pens a spellbinding factual narrative of the history of African American lawyers. Dr. Smith identifies hundreds of African American men and women who became lawyers between 1844 and 1944. The social and legal history chronicled in Emancipation begins with the first African American lawyer, Macon Boiling Allen, who was licensed to practice in Maine in 1844. It ends with Rachel E. Pruden-Herndon, the first African American woman admitted to the Georgia bar in 1943. With meticulous detail, Dr. Smith recounts African American attorneys' relent- less efforts to gain admittance to the bar; to earn the respect of white judges, opposing counsel, and jurors who controlled their client's fate; and to emancipate other African Americans. Notable lawyers, like Thurgood Marshall, as well as little-known lawyers, like Lutie Lytle-America's first female law professor-are mentioned. * Associate Professor, West Virginia University College of Law. B.A.
    [Show full text]
  • LEGACY Alliance of Black Women Attorneys of Maryland, Inc
    ___________________________________ LEGACY Alliance of Black Women Attorneys of Maryland, Inc. NEWSLETTER SPECIAL EDITION Vol. 2, No. 1 June 1, 2004 A MESSAGE FROM THE for not allowing education, income and PRESIDENT status to separate us. We honor these ladies for reminding us that we are all Dear Colleagues, cut from the same cultural cloth and we all have the same responsibility for This year, many Americans are continuing to knock down barriers which celebrating the 50th Anniversary of the have historically prevented the black historic decision of Brown v Board of community from receiving equal Education. Most importantly, we all treatment. Finally, we honor these will celebrate the heroic efforts of ladies for providing us with a forum to Thurgood Marshall and his team of cultivate change. attorneys. These individuals fought endlessly to ensure that blacks would be Yes, we pause today to celebrate given equal treatment in educational the many pioneers that have ensured that opportunities. However, this paramount we are properly equipped to continue the decision transformed society into an fight. arena of equal treatment in all public arenas. Robyn C. Scates, President 2003-2004 As America pauses to celebrate these individuals, the Alliance of Black LEGAL COMMUNITY MOURNS Women Attorneys pauses to honor and LOSS OF CHRISTANA celebrate the heroism of our founders. MARIA GUTIERREZ These women have forged a path to ensure that Black women attorneys have By Gus G. Sentementes a voice and that we stay connected to our Sun Staff community. They have taught us to Originally published January 31, 2004 never underestimate the community work that has brought us to these places Maria Cristina Gutierrez, a criminal of power.
    [Show full text]
  • 60459NCJRS.Pdf
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov.1 1 ------------------------ 51st Edition 1 ,.' Register . ' '-"978 1 of the U.S. 1 Department 1 of Justice 1 and the 1 Federal 1 Courts 1 1 1 1 1 ...... 1 1 1 1 ~~: .~ 1 1 1 1 1 ~'(.:,.:: ........=w,~; ." ..........~ ...... ~ ,.... ........w .. ~=,~~~~~~~;;;;;;::;:;::::~~~~ ........... ·... w.,... ....... ........ .:::" "'~':~:':::::"::'«::"~'"""">X"10_'.. \" 1 1 1 .... 1 .:.: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .:~.:.:. .'.,------ Register ~JLst~ition of the U.S. JL978 Department of Justice and the Federal Courts NCJRS AUG 2 1979 ACQlJ1SfTIOI\fS Issued by the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 'U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1978 51st Edition For sale by the Superintendent 01 Documents, U.S, Government Printing Office WBShlngton, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 027-ootl-00631Hl Contents Par' Page 1. PRINCIPAL OFFICERFI OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 1 II. ADMINISTRATIV.1ll OFFICE Ul"ITED STATES COURTS; FEDERAL JUDICIAL CENTER. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 19 III. THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY; UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS AND MARSHALS. • • • • • • • 23 IV. FEDERAL CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS 107 V. ApPENDIX • • • • • • • • • • • • • 113 Administrative Office of the United States Courts 21 Antitrust Division . 4 Associate Attorney General, Office of the 3 Attorney General, Office of the. 3 Bureau of Prisons . 17 Civil Division . 5 Civil Rights Division . 6 Community Relations Service 9 Courts of Appeals . 26 Court of Claims . '.' 33 Court of Customs and Patent Appeals 33 Criminal Division . 7 Customs Court. 33 Deputy Attorney General, Offico of. the 3 Distriot Courts, United States Attorneys and Marshals, by districts 34 Drug Enforcement Administration 10 Federal Bureau of Investigation 12 Federal Correctional Institutions 107 Federal Judicial Center • .
    [Show full text]
  • Informing the Public About the U.S. Supreme Court's Work Ruth Bader Ginsberg Supreme Court of the United States
    Loyola University Chicago Law Journal Volume 29 Article 2 Issue 2 Winter 1998 1998 Informing the Public about the U.S. Supreme Court's Work Ruth Bader Ginsberg Supreme Court of the United States Follow this and additional works at: http://lawecommons.luc.edu/luclj Part of the Legal Education Commons Recommended Citation Ruth B. Ginsberg, Informing the Public about the U.S. Supreme Court's Work, 29 Loy. U. Chi. L. J. 275 (1998). Available at: http://lawecommons.luc.edu/luclj/vol29/iss2/2 This Speech is brought to you for free and open access by LAW eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola University Chicago Law Journal by an authorized administrator of LAW eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Address Informing the Public about the U.S. Supreme Court's Work Ruth Bader Ginsburg* My remarks this afternoon concern informing the public about the work the Supreme Court does. I will speak of efforts simply to describe the Court's actions (both in-house efforts and press reports), and also of feedback on the Court's dispositions-comment on, or criticism of, the Court's work from people who keep us alert to our fallibility, reviewers who stimulate us to try harder, especially to write more comprehensibly. I. The Court speaks primarily through its opinions. It holds no press conferences and its members appear on no talk shows. But we try, in several ways, to advance public understanding of the Court's role and judgments. On mornings when decisions are announced, opinion authors read aloud in the Courtroom short bench statements, running three to ten minutes in length, summarizing what the Court held and the principal reasons for the decision.
    [Show full text]