Walking Around the Zugspitze Bavaria Germany: Self-Guided Walking
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Moüjmtaiim Operations
L f\f¿ áfó b^i,. ‘<& t¿ ytn) ¿L0d àw 1 /1 ^ / / /This publication contains copyright material. *FM 90-6 FieW Manual HEADQUARTERS No We DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 30 June 1980 MOÜJMTAIIM OPERATIONS PREFACE he purpose of this rUanual is to describe how US Army forces fight in mountain regions. Conditions will be encountered in mountains that have a significant effect on. military operations. Mountain operations require, among other things^ special equipment, special training and acclimatization, and a high decree of self-discipline if operations are to succeed. Mountains of military significance are generally characterized by rugged compartmented terrain witn\steep slopes and few natural or manmade lines of communication. Weather in these mountains is seasonal and reaches across the entireSspectrum from extreme cold, with ice and snow in most regions during me winter, to extreme heat in some regions during the summer. AlthoughNthese extremes of weather are important planning considerations, the variability of weather over a short period of time—and from locality to locahty within the confines of a small area—also significantly influences tactical operations. Historically, the focal point of mountain operations has been the battle to control the heights. Changes in weaponry and equipment have not altered this fact. In all but the most extreme conditions of terrain and weather, infantry, with its light equipment and mobility, remains the basic maneuver force in the mountains. With proper equipment and training, it is ideally suited for fighting the close-in battfe commonly associated with mountain warfare. Mechanized infantry can\also enter the mountain battle, but it must be prepared to dismount and conduct operations on foot. -
MEILENSTEINE Bayerische Zugspitzbahn Bergbahn AG
MEILENSTEINE Bayerische Zugspitzbahn Bergbahn AG 1820 bis 2019 1820 Erstbesteigung der Zugspitze am 27. August durch Leutnant 1930 Eröffnung der Zahnradstrecke Eibsee-Schneefernerhaus am 8. Joseph Naus mit dem Ziel, topographische Aufnahmen vorzunehmen. Juli nach nur zwei Jahren Bauzeit und Herstellungskosten in Höhe von 22 Millionen Reichsmark. 1899 Erstes Konzessionsgesuch für den Bau einer Bahn auf die Zug- spitze. Prinzregent Luitpold von Bayern lehnt es mit der Begründung Bau des Fußgängerstollens zwischen der damaligen Bergstation eines nicht vorhandenen Verkehrsbedürfnisses ab. Zugspitzkamm der Tiroler Zugspitzbahn und dem Schneeferner- haus. 1907 Die Lokalbahn AG München erhält als Erste eine auf zwei Jahre befristete Projektierungs-Konzession. Im selben Jahr reicht der Dresd- 1931 Inbetriebnahme der Gipfelseilbahn und Eröffnung des Hotels ner Ingenieur W. A. Müller ein sehr ausführlich gehaltenes Projekt Schneefernerhaus am 20. Januar. mit Denkschrift ein, dessen Vorarbeiten bis zur Jahrhundertwende zurückgehen. Müller gelingt es aber nicht, das notwendige Geld zu 1937 Übernahme der Aktienmehrheit an der Österreichischen beschaffen. Zugspitzbahn AG durch die Bayerische Zugspitzbahn AG. Die Ge- sellschaft wird in die Tiroler Zugspitzbahn AG umbenannt und der 1909 Der österreichische Ingenieur Josef Cathrein erhält die Projek- Betriebsführung der Bayerischen Zugspitzbahn AG unterstellt. tierungs-Konzession für eine Seilschwebebahn vom Eibsee über die Riffelwand. Die Klausel eines Finanzierungsnachweises bleibt un- 1939 Bau und Inbetriebnahme von Europas längstem und steilstem erfüllt, sodass die Konzession, die 1911 erweitert wird, ihre Wirksam- Schlepplift auf den Hausberg durch die Marktgemeinde Gar- keit verliert. misch-Partenkirchen. 1914 Ein 1913 an den Prinzregenten Luitpold gerichtetes Konzessions- 1940 Übertragung des Hausbergschleppliftes von der Marktgemein- gesuch eines Konsortiums Schweizer Ingenieure, dem auch Ingenieur de an die Wankbahn AG. -
Chapter 4 Member States of the European Union and The
CHAPTER 4 membeR StAteS oF tHe EuroPean UnioN and tHe EuroPean EcoNomic AReA 4.1 Austria ............................................. 18 4.15 Latvia .............................................. 50 4.2 belgium ........................................... 20 4.16 lithuania ......................................... 52 4.3 Cyprus ............................................. 24 4.17 luxembourg ................................... 55 4.4 Czech Republic ............................... 26 4.18 Malta ............................................... 59 4.5 denmark ......................................... 29 4.19 Netherlands ..................................... 61 4.6 estonia ............................................. 31 4.20 Norway ............................................ 64 4.7 Finland ............................................ 33 4.21 Poland .............................................. 66 4.8 France.............................................. 35 4.22 Portugal ........................................... 69 4.9 Germany ......................................... 37 4.23 Slovakia ........................................... 71 4.10 Greece .............................................. 39 4.24 Slovenia ........................................... 74 4.11 Hungary .......................................... 41 4.25 Spain ................................................ 76 4.12 Iceland ............................................. 43 4.26 Sweden ............................................. 81 4.13 Ireland ............................................ -
1 Mountains and Their Climatological Study
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-68158-2 - Mountain Weather and Climate, Third Edition Roger G. Barry Excerpt More information 1 MOUNTAINS AND THEIR CLIMATOLOGICAL STUDY 1.1 INTRODUCTION It is the aim of this book to bring together the major strands of our existing knowledge of weather and climate in the mountains. The first part of the book deals with the basic controls of the climatic and meteorological phenomena and the second part with particular applications of mountain climatology and meteor- ology. By illustrating the general climatic principles, a basis can also be provided for estimating the range of conditions likely to be experienced in mountain areas of sparse observational data. In this chapter we introduce mountain environments as they have been perceived historically, and consider the physical characteristics of mountains and their global significance. We then briefly review the history of research into mountain weather and climate and outline some basic considerations that influence their modern study. 1.1.1 Historical perceptions The mountain environment has always been regarded with awe. The Greeks believed Mount Olympus to be the abode of the gods, to the Norse the Jotunheim¨ was the home of the Jotuns, or ice giants, while to the Tibetans, Mount Everest (Chomo Longmu) is the ‘‘goddess of the snows.’’ In many cultures, mountains are considered ‘‘sacred places;’’ Nanga Parbat, an 8125 m summit in the Himalaya, means sacred mountain in Sanskrit, for example. Conspicuous peaks are associated with ancestral figures or deities (Bernbaum, 1998) – Sengem Sama with Fujiyama (3778 m) in Japan and Shiva-Parvati with Kailas (6713 m) in Tibet – although at other times mountains have been identified with malevolent spirits, the Diablerets in the Swiss Valais, for example. -
Geological Excursion BASE-Line Earth
Geological Excursion BASE-LiNE Earth (Graz Paleozoic, Geopark Karavanke, Austria) 7.6. – 9.6. 2016 Route: 1. Day: Graz Paleozoic in the vicinity of Graz. Devonian Limestone with brachiopods. Bus transfer to Bad Eisenkappel. 2. Day: Visit of Geopark Center in Bad Eisenkappel. Walk on Hochobir (2.139 m) – Triassic carbonates. 3. Day: Bus transfer to Mezica (Slo) – visit of lead and zinc mine (Triassic carbonates). Transfer back to Graz. CONTENT Route: ................................................................................................................................... 1 Graz Paleozoic ...................................................................................................................... 2 Mesozoic of Northern Karavanke .......................................................................................... 6 Linking geology between the Geoparks Carnic and Karavanke Alps across the Periadriatic Line ....................................................................................................................................... 9 I: Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 9 II. Tectonic subdivision and correlation .............................................................................10 Geodynamic evolution ...................................................................................................16 Alpine history in eight steps ...........................................................................................17 -
“The Passion Play”
CREDIT RIVER PROBUS CLUB AND TOUR DESIGN PRESENTS OBERAMMERGAU & AUSTRIA “The Passion Play” September 19 – October 03, 2020 (15 days) Introduction Every decade a small German village in the remote Bavarian Alps continues a tradition that dates back four centuries to the time of the Bubonic Plague. All performers must be natives of the village, two thousand (nearly half the town’s population) stage a retelling of the life of Christ. Each production draws millions of visitors from around the world to the town of Oberammergau to experience the performance. This is a delightful, relaxing program featuring five nights in Bregenz, one night in Oberammergau, two nights in Innsbruck, and five nights in Graz. From the two centres Bregenz and Graz, we will explore the country of Austria as well as her neighbour countries including Germany, Liechtenstein, Switzerland and Slovenia. Oberammergau And Austria Itinerary DAY 1 / SEPT 19, 2020 DEPART CANADA Depart today for flight to Zurich. Transportation: Air Canada Tentative flight schedule: AC 878 / Toronto – Zurich / depart 6:25pm / arrive 7:50am next day DAY 2 / SEPT 20, 2020 ARRIVE IN ZURICH, SWITZERLAND – BREGENZ, AUSTRIA (L,D) We arrive in Zurich at 7:50 am where we meet our deluxe coach, driver and guide. Once we clear the airport, we transfer from the city of Zurich to our hotel in Bregenz (approximately 1.5 hours), then enjoy a lunch at the hotel. Tucked between Austria’s corner of Lake Constance and the green foothills of the Alps lies Bregenz, the largest city in western Austria and the capital of Vorarlberg. -
Leseprobe Alpinkletterführer Wetterstein Nord
Rolf Gemza Martin Oswald Christian Pfanzelt Kletterführer Alpin Wetterstein | Nord Meilerhütte | Oberreintal | Alpspitze | Waxensteinkamm panico Alpinverlag A1 Berg A Wetterstein | Nord Meilerhütte Oberreintal Reintal Alpspitze Waxensteinkamm Rolf Gemza Martin Oswald Christian Pfanzelt Impressum Inhalt Titelbild Erosionsrillen zum Verlieben! Julia Pfanzelt in Alpspitzplaisir (6+) an der Alpspitz-Nordwand. Seite 6 Vorwort [Foto: Christian Pfanzelt Photography | www.christian-pfanzelt.de] Seite 9 Danke! Seite 1 Eine gute Zeit mit Freunden verbringen: Hias Baudrexl und Peter Albert haben eine Mordsgaudi beim Einrichten des Hochempor-Wegs (8+/9-). [Foto: Julian Bückers | www.julian-bueckers.de] Seite 10 Aufbau und Gebrauch des Führers Seite 2 / 3 Höllisch schwer überm Höllental! Daniel Gebel in seiner Route Goldkäfig (10+), Östl. Riffelkopf. Seite 12 Absicherung und Ausrüstung, Umrechnungstabelle Klemmgeräte [Foto: Christian Pfanzelt Photography | www.christian-pfanzelt.de] Topos Johanna Widmaier Seite 14 Schwierigkeitsbewertung Seite 16 Gebietseinteilung Seite 18 Literatur, Spezialführer, Informationen im Internet Seite 20 Stützpunkte, Unterkunft Seite 22 Die Geschichte des Kletterns im Oberreintal Seite 34 Meilerhütte und Umgebung A Seite 80 Oberreintal B Seite 272 Reintal C Seite 292 Alpspitze und Umgebung D Seite 386 Höllental und Waxensteinkamm E Seite 424 Routenliste Seite 432 Topokartenliste Hintere Umschlagsklappe: Übersichtskarte 5. Auflage 2021 ISBN 3-978-3-95611-146-4 Wien 978-3-95611-146-4 München © by Panico Alpinverlag Gunzenhauserstraße 1 Salzburg D-73257 Köngen Überlingen Kempten Tel. +49 7024 82780 Friedrichshafen www.panico.de Konstanz Lindau Immenstadt printed Druckerei & Verlag Steinmeier GmbH & Co. KG Zürich St. Gallen Oberstdorf Garmisch Kitzbühel Gewerbepark 6 Zell a.S. D-86738 Deiningen Email: [email protected] Innsbruck Solothurn Imst Glarus Die Beschreibung aller Wege und Routen erfolgte nach bestem Wissen und Gewissen. -
The Life-Span of a Small High Mountain Lake, the Vordere Blaue Gumpe in the Bavarian Alps
Sediment Dynamics and the Hydromorphology of Fluvial Systems (Proceedings of a symposium held in 72 Dundee, UK, July 2006). IAHS Publ. 306, 2006. The life-span of a small high mountain lake, the Vordere Blaue Gumpe in the Bavarian Alps DAVID MORCHE1, CHRISTIAN KATTERFELD2, SEBASTIAN FUCHS1 & KARL-HEINZ SCHMIDT1 1 Department of Geography, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle, Germany [email protected] 2 Department of Geography, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland Abstract The Reintal valley in the Wetterstein Mountains in Upper Bavaria has been dammed by large rockslide deposits in some localities. Behind one of the dams a small lake, the Vordere Blaue Gumpe, was still in existence until 23 August 2005. The lake was a natural sediment sink, decoupling an area of about 1.6 km2 from fluvial sediment export out of the sediment cascade of the Reintal valley. The bergsturz event occurred about 200 years ago. It was dated by evaluating historical maps, paintings, photographs and sketches. Present research is focused on multi-temporal changes of the alluvial deposits of the delta by analysis of aerial photos and geodetic surveying. Volume loss of the lake is closely related to bed load input during extreme events and shows the geomorphic coupling of hillslope and channel systems. From regression analyses of the annual volumetric change of the lake volume, the life-expectancy of the lake was estimated to be about 15 years, before an extreme high magnitude event in August 2005 filled the lake completely with sediment. Now, after the filling of the lake, with the coupling of the catchment area of the Vordere Blaue Gumpe to downstream fluvial sediment export, higher solid load transport is expected in the lower reaches with possible negative effects on infrastructure. -
Passion Play Tour – Oberammergau, Germany June 12 - 19, 2020 $4,295 Per Person, Double Occupancy from Chicago
The Northern Illinois University Alumni Association Presents Passion Play Tour – Oberammergau, Germany June 12 - 19, 2020 $4,295 Per Person, Double Occupancy from Chicago This is an exclusive travel program presented by the Northern Illinois University Alumni Association Day by Day Itinerary Friday, June 12 – CHICAGO / EN ROUTE (I) while enjoying one of Bavaria’s most beautiful mountain We depart Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport this views. This afternoon, we’ll travel to nearby Eibsee for a evening by scheduled service of Lufthansa German Airlines railway and cable car journey to the summit of the Zugspitze, on the overnight transatlantic flight to Munich, Germany. almost 10,000 feet above sea level! Enjoy the magnificent panorama over the Alps and relax with a drink at the Saturday, June 13 – MUNICH / GARMISCH- mountain cafe. The descent will take us by cable car PARTENKIRCHEN (I,HD) to the town of Ehrwald, Austria, before returning to As the sun begins to rise on the German heartland we will Garmisch-Partenkirchen. arrive in Munich where we’ll meet our Tour Escort who will accompany us on vacation. From Munich Airport we’ll travel Tuesday, June 16 – GARMISCH-PARTENKIRCHEN by autobahn across the Bavarian countryside on our way to (Fairytale Bavaria) (B,L) the best-known resort in the Bavarian Alps, the twin villages This morning we travel to the forests, meadows and peat of Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Typical south German houses bogs whose gentle undulations characterize the final slopes with ornately carved balconies line the streets running along of the Ammergau Alps. Here we’ll visit Linderhof Palace, the Alpine panorama, characterized by rich customs and perhaps the most interesting of the castles built towards the traditions, and impressive scenery. -
Yourmunichtour We Emphasize Munich!
YourMunichTour We emphasize Munich! Day trip Garmisch-Partenkirchen / Zugspitze Mountain Munich Garmisch / Zugspitze Munich City Center >>> lake Eibsee / Zugspitze mountain >>> approx. 1:30 h >>> approx. 62 miles Your Tour What’s included: • Transfer from your hotel or address in Munich and back • All routes to other destinations as part of the booked tour • All parking fees / tolls • Bottled water in the car for every guest What’s not included • Tickets for historic cogwheel railway / cable car • Snacks, food, and drinks • All other activities which are subject to a fee YourMunichTour We emphasize Munich! Important information for your day trip to Garmisch Booking: You book the tour on your desired date - we will do the rest! • Departure time from Munich between 08:00 and 09:30 (the sooner the better especially during high season!) • Tickets for the ascent to the summit will be bought on site / no pre-booking necessary Accessibility of the summit: After purchasing your ticket, you have two options for reaching the Zugspitze summit: • By Bavarian Zugspitzbahn: cogwheel railway, hourly to Zugspitzplatt, then continue by glacier railway to the summit, total travel time approx. 50 min • With the new cable car of superlatives: every half hour, travel time only 10 min directly to the summit On the summit: • View from Germany’s highest mountain up at 9.718 feet • During good weather, view of more than 400 peaks in Germany, Austria, Italy, and Switzerland! • Also, during good weather 250 km visibility in all directions! • "Crossing the border" -
Effects of Aspect and Altitude on Carbon Cycling Processes in a Temperate Mountain Forest Catchment
Landscape Ecol https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00769-z (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) RESEARCH ARTICLE Effects of aspect and altitude on carbon cycling processes in a temperate mountain forest catchment Johannes Kobler . Bernhard Zehetgruber . Thomas Dirnbo¨ck . Robert Jandl . Michael Mirtl . Andreas Schindlbacher Received: 18 July 2018 / Accepted: 7 January 2019 Ó The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Results NEP was higher at the SW facing slope Context Varying altitudes and aspects within small (6.60 ± 3.01 t C ha-1 year-1), when compared to distances are typically found in mountainous areas. the NE facing slope (4.36 ± 2.61 t C ha-1 year-1). Such a complex topography complicates the accurate SR was higher at the SW facing slope too, balancing quantification of forest C dynamics at larger scales. out any difference in NEP between aspects (NE: Objectives We determined the effects of altitude and 1.30 ± 3.23 t C ha-1 year-1, SW: 1.65 ± 3.34 t C aspect on forest C cycling in a typical, mountainous ha-1 year-1). Soil organic C stocks significantly catchment in the Northern Limestone Alps. decreased with altitude. Forest NPP and NEP did not Methods Forest C pools and fluxes were measured show clear altitudinal trends within the catchment. along two altitudinal gradients (650–900 m a.s.l.) at Conclusions Under current climate conditions, alti- south-west (SW) and north-east (NE) facing slopes. tude and aspect adversely affect C sequestering and Net ecosystem production (NEP) was estimated using releasing processes, resulting in a relatively uniform a biometric approach combining field measurements forest NEP in the catchment. -
Bavaria + Oktoberfest
Exclusive Journeys BAVARIA + OKTOBERFEST Berchtesgaden Visit AAA.com/TravelAgent for the AAA Travel Consultant nearest you 17 GERMANY 4 Munich AUSTRIA Salzburg 3 Tegernsee Neuschwanstein Berchtesgaden Join our AAA Host and professional German guides for this once-in-a-lifetime journey... delight in DAY 4 | Travel to Munich the history and beauty of the Bavarian Alps and A guided tour of Neuschwanstein offers fascinating insight into experience Munich at the height of Oktoberfest! King Ludwig II. Also known as the Fairytale King, Ludwig’s love of Wagner’s operas is much in DAY 1 | Welcome to Germany evidence as you explore this From Munich Airport, it’s a magnificent and somewhat INSPIRING unusual castle. Continue to the EXPERIENCES scenic 1-hour drive to beautiful Lake Tegernsee, cradled in the 4-star Pullman Munich Hotel AUTHENTIC Bavarian Alps. You’ll have time before dining at the Augustiner ENCOUNTERS to relax in your room at the 5-star Brau Beer Hall. meals b+d Althoff Seehotel Überfahrt before DAY 5 | Discover Munich ONLY FROM AAA a welcome dinner accompanied Your tour of Old Town includes by fine German wine. meals d • Begin your trip in style... the landmarks that grace the our deluxe hotel on the DAY 2 | Excursion to Salzburg Marienplatz and the imposing shores of Lake Tegernsee Join our guide for a scenic drive Frauenkirche Cathedral. Enjoy a has been welcoming across the border to Austria. On free afternoon and dinner tonight distinguished guests for your tour of Salzburg, you’ll see at the Hofbräuhaus. meals b+d more than a century.