DOCSLIB.ORG

The Problem of the Sakha People's Ethnogenesis: a New Approach

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Problem of the Sakha People's Ethnogenesis: a New Approach Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 8 (2016 9) 1822-1840 ~ ~ ~ УДК 930: 398 (=512.157) The Problem of the Sakha People’s Ethnogenesis: a New Approach Vasiliy V. Ushnitskiy* Institute for Humanitarian Research and Indigenous Peoples of the North SB RAS 1 Petrovskogo Str., Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), 677007, Russia Received 30.01.2016, received in revised form 28.02.2016, accepted 13.05.2016 The subject of the research is the problem of ethnogenesis and early ethnic history of the Sakha people. The issue of the research is interaction of the Sakha people’s ancestors with Turko-Mongol ethnic groups of the Baikal region, the comparative method being the methodology applied. The Sakha people’s tribal composition and ethnonyms are subject to the comparison with the names of the medieval Turko-Mongol tribes of the Baikal region and modern Turko-Mongol peoples. The main result of the research is the conclusion about an organic connection between the Sakha people’s origin with the ethnic history of the medieval tribes of Central Asia. The results of the research can be used in writing a new conception of Yakutia’s history. The conclusions obtained are the following ones. Firstly, the analysis of the Yakut ethnonyms helped to trace ethnocultural parallels with the neighboring nations: the Buryats, the Evenks and the Evens, and the Yukagirs. Secondly, the main role in the ethnogenesis of the Sakha people was played by the Usutu-Mangun tribe, the carriers of Ust’-Tal’kinsk culture of the Southern Angara Region of the XII-XIV centuries. Thirdly, the Usutu-Manguns descended from the Buir-Nur Tatars, defeated by the Mongols’ and Jurchens’ united army. Therefore, the article presents numerous parallels between the Central Asian Tatars and the Sakha people. Fourthly, along with the Angara River Tatars the Barga, the Khori-Tumats, the Batulin people, and, probably, the Merkits, etc. played a vital role in the Sakha people’s ethnogenesis. Keywords: ethnogenesis, the Sakha-Yakuts, Turkology, study of the Mongolian language, ethnic and cultural contacts, the Tungus-Evenks, the Buryats, the Baikal region history, archeology. DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-2016-9-8-1822-1840. Research area: history. Introduction to the problem interested in the Northern cattle-breeders’ origin The problem of the Sakha people’s origin has and their linguistic affiliation. They came to the been the subject of research since the Northern conclusion that the Sakha people’s motherland cattle-breeders were first mentioned. In the end was the Baikal region, the Sakha constituting of the XVII century N. Witsen (Witsen, 2010), one people with the Mongols and the Buryats I. Edes (Ivanov, 1978), foreign travelers, got until they were forced out by the latter. Folklore © Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved * Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected] – 1822 – Vasiliy V. Ushnitskiy. The Problem of the Sakha People’s Ethnogenesis: a New Approach information about the Sakha people’s origin belonging to different language families. was gathered by G.F. Miller (Miller, 1999) and Geneticists say that every ethnic group has its I. Lindenau (Lindenau, 1983), participants of genetic ancestor who lived several thousand the II Kamchatka expedition. According to I. years ago. They even claim mathematical Lindenau’s materials (Ibid.), the Sakha people precision in their studies and try to restore an were formed around the Baikal steppes, the ethnic picture of the past millennia. However, place where Ellei Bootur and Omogoi Baai, the certain haplogroups’ introduction to language legendary ancestors of the Sakha people, met. families and groups in compliance with the Every historic period, associated with the Klyosov method was repeatedly criticized in rise of the Sakha people’s national identity and scientific literature. For example, what does large-scale expeditions with the aim to study the assertion that the Yakuts belong to the the history of the region, advanced the interest Finno-Ugric haplogroup mean? The point is in this problem. Almost all the researchers that the paternal haplogroup inherits only one (ethnographers, folklorists, linguists, historians haplogroup, erasing the lines of other paternal and archaeologists), who studied the Sakha haplogroups; so, this leads to the idea that modern people, expressed their opinions about their ethnic groups descend from one specific father- ethnogenesis. The discourse on this problem ancestor. Archaeologists base their guesses has recently focused on the issue of a native, about the change of ethnic groups while tracing local origin or an alien, migration nature of the the changes in the materials of archeological Sakha people’s ethnogenesis. Right up till the culture. Formation of a new culture takes 90-s of the XX century all the authors proceeded place in every historical epoch. It results from from the point of view considering the Sakha evolutionary changes in neighbouring regions people’s southern origin. After the Republic of and trade relations. Sometimes a new culture is Sakha (Yakutia) received its sovereignty in 1992 formed without a radical change in the ethno- the issue of the Sakha people’s origin became linguistic picture of the region. Linguistic politicized. Such a politicized attitude to the materials give information on a certain people’s scientific problem of ethnogenesis, focusing language affiliation to various representatives on autochthony of an indigenous people of a of language groups. And what if a language is particular national republic in the modern area of acquired as a result of the neighbours’ cultural residence, is generally characteristic of the entire influence? Thus, language can change over post-Soviet space. thousands of years. In the course of cultural exchange folklore data also tend to change due Conceptual foundation to ethnic contacts. Nevertheless they say about of the research an ethnic group’s identity, determining ethos to This raises the question of what be a people’s ethnic code. ethnogenesis and an ethnic group formed are. Thus, the habitat is one of the key factors What differs one ethnic group from another? in the people’s formation. An ethnic group is How are the people educated? Normal ethnic formed in a particular cultural landscape that is in identity establishes a fundamental difference a geographic environment determining particular between the Yakuts and the Tungus people, or features of economic activities and everyday between the Yakuts and the Buryats, considering life and also material and spiritual culture traits these peoples to be completely different and formed on their basis. – 1823 – Vasiliy V. Ushnitskiy. The Problem of the Sakha People’s Ethnogenesis: a New Approach Problem statement the Yakuts, dwelling in the lake areas, became The paper studies the problem of the Sakha fishermen. Thus, the Yakuts of the XVII century people’s ethnogenesis, and namely introduces a and those of the modern XIX-XX centuries are new approach to it that results from the analysis of not quite the same as per the territory of their ethno-cultural contacts and linkages with related habitat and housekeeping. Permafrost conditions Altai peoples within the frame of an integrated and unworthiness of most of its territory for cattle approach to the problem (folklore, archaeology, breeding should be considered by those researchers ethnology, oriental studies). who advocate for the Yakuts’ autochthonous origin and their appearance before the Russians Methodology arrived at Vilyuy and Northern areas. The comparative method is applied to the T he Tu rk ic cat tle breeder s’ fi r st appea r a nce research. The genesis of main ethnonymic groups in the Lena area, in its upper streams and down of the Sakha people is studied in the course of the to the Middle and Lower Lena river can be dated analysis of the issues of the origin of major tribal back to Old Turkic time (Alekseev, 1996). The groups of Central Asia and Siberia in the middle country of the Guligan tribe belonging to the ages and in modern times. Tiele people (they are Kurykans in the Orkhon inscriptions), the area of their habitat reached Discussion the Polar circle, the territory from which they Appropriate haying lands and pastures were brought mammoth bones. The researchers found by the Yakuts in three vast valleys of the also link the Guligan people with Hanghai- Middle Lena, the valleys being Ensieli, Tuimaada, desert area, the name being associated by the Erkeeni with their forest-steppe landscape. A researchers either with Lake Baikal or with large part of Yakutia’s territory cannot be used the Gobi (Kiuner, 1961). It is worth while for cattle breeding because of its cryosolic emphasizing a comparative accuracy of the landscape. S.I. Nikolaev-Somogotto divides the Chinese information about the ethno-territorial territory of Yakutia into lands that are good for geography of the North. Thus, according to cattle breeding – ‘doidu sire’ (homeland) – and the Chinese annals of the Ming dynasty, the lands that cannot be used for this – ‘iurekh basa’ Hamnigan Evenks live in Khingan, and at the (distant rivers). The first type of land resembles the same time the area of their habitat stretches up former homeland and is good for pasturing cattle to the Lower Yenisei. and gathering summer grass. Cattle-breeders had The Khori people are generally thought to develop river and taiga lands stubbing up the to be the Kurykans’ descendants. According roots to release them from forests and digging the to the Buryat legends, Khoridoi-Mergen, their canals to drain lakes (Nikolaev, 2009). progenitor, and Bargu Bator, the Buryats’ ancestor, Thus, the area for cattle breeding and, went to Yakutia where they lived by hunting only consequently, the Yakuts’ habitat gradually and had only one dog. Khoridoi-Mergen even died expanded. At the same time assimilation of the on the Lower Lena (Baldaev, 1970).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Running Head: MONGOLIAN MORALITY in the EAST and THE
    1 Running head: MONGOLIAN MORALITY IN THE EAST AND THE WEST Mongolian Morality in the East and the West: Do Moral Values Change Through Acculturation? Master`s thesis Bulgan Altangerel ANR: 663219 Supervisors: Fieke Wagemans, Michael Bender Tilburg University 8th July, 2016 MONGOLIAN MORALITY IN THE EAST AND THE WEST 2 The journey of writing this thesis hasn’t been easy but it brought me a lot of thought, new wisdom and at the same time left with many questions. I couldn’t have gone through this process without the help of many people. First, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my sister Khulan Altangerel for her continuous support and confidence that she placed in me. I would like to thank my supervisors, Fieke Wagemans and Professor Michael Bender for all the advice and guidance that they gave me. My gratitude goes to Amantai Merkit, Khongorzul and Tunaljin Bat- erdene, who devoted their precious time to accurately translate the survey and supported the data collection. I am also grateful for the care and encouragement given by my family, Tsahimurtuu community and my friends. And lastly, I would like to thank all the people who participated in this study. MONGOLIAN MORALITY IN THE EAST AND THE WEST 3 Abstract Researchers have invested much effort in understanding the development of moral mind within the society one grows in. However, the dynamics of morals in response to environmental change in the case of immigration has received scarce attention in the literature. The present study aims to contribute in understanding to what extent moral standards acquired in the home culture gets modified as a result of acculturation and if yes, which contextual factors can help explain this change.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vocabulary of Inanimate Nature As a Part of Turkic-Mongolian Language Commonness
    ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 6 No 6 S2 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy November 2015 The Vocabulary of Inanimate Nature as a Part of Turkic-Mongolian Language Commonness Valentin Ivanovich Rassadin Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor, Department of the Kalmyk language and Mongolian studies Director of the Mongolian and Altaistic research Scientific centre, Kalmyk State University 358000, Republic of Kalmykia, Elista, Pushkin street, 11 Doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s2p126 Abstract The article deals with the problem of commonness of Turkic and Mongolian languages in the area of vocabulary; a layer of vocabulary, reflecting the inanimate nature, is subject to thorough analysis. This thematic group studies the rubrics, devoted to landscape vocabulary, different soil types, water bodies, atmospheric phenomena, celestial sphere. The material, mainly from Khalkha-Mongolian and Old Written Mongolian languages is subject to the analysis; the data from Buryat and Kalmyk languages were also included, as they were presented in these languages. The Buryat material was mainly closer to the Khalkha-Mongolian one. For comparison, the material, mainly from the Old Turkic language, showing the presence of similar words, was included; it testified about the so-called Turkic-Mongolian lexical commonness. The analysis of inner forms of these revealed common lexemes in the majority of cases allowed determining their Turkic origin, proved by wide occurrence of these lexemes in Turkic languages and Turkologists' acknowledgement of their Turkic origin. The presence of great quantity of common vocabulary, which origin is determined as Turkic, testifies about repeated ancient contacts of Mongolian and Turkic languages, taking place in historical retrospective, resulting in hybridization of Mongolian vocabulary.
    [Show full text]
  • CORE STRENGTH WITHIN MONGOL DIASPORA COMMUNITIES Archaeological Evidence Places Early Stone Age Human Habitation in the Southern
    CORE STRENGTH WITHIN MONGOL DIASPORA COMMUNITIES Archaeological evidence places early Stone Age human habitation in the southern Gobi between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago 1. While they were nomadic hunter-gatherers it is believed that they migrated to southern Asia, Australia, and America through Beringia 50,000 BP. This prehistoric migration played a major role in fundamental dispersion of world population. As human migration was an essential part of human evolution in prehistoric era the historical mass dispersions in Middle Age and Modern times brought a significant influence on political and socioeconomic progress throughout the world and the latter has been studied under the Theory of Diaspora. This article attempts to analyze Mongol Diaspora and its characteristics. The Middle Age-Mongol Diaspora started by the time of the Great Mongol Empire was expanding from present-day Poland in the west to Korea in the east and from Siberia in the north to the Gulf of Oman and Vietnam in the south. Mongols were scattered throughout the territory of the Great Empire, but the disproportionately small number of Mongol conquerors compared with the masses of subject peoples and the change in Mongol cultural patterns along with influence of foreign religions caused them to fell prey to alien cultures after the decline of the Empire. As a result, modern days Hazara communities in northeastern Afghanistan and a small group of Mohol/Mohgul in India, Daur, Dongxiang (Santa), Monguor or Chagaan Monggol, Yunnan Mongols, Sichuan Mongols, Sogwo Arig, Yugur and Bonan people in China are considered as descendants of Mongol soldiers, who obeyed their Khaan’s order to safeguard the conquered area and waited in exceptional loyalty.
    [Show full text]
  • BOOK REVIEWS/COMPTES RENDUS the History of Siberia: from Russian Conquest to Revolution. Edited and Introduced by Alan Wood
    BOOK REVIEWS/COMPTES RENDUS The History of Siberia: From Russian Conquest to Revolution. Edited and introduced by Alan Wood. London: Routledge, 1991. xiv, 192 pp. $49.95. This little book is the third volume of essays on Siberia emerging from the British Universities Siberian Studies Seminar founded at Lancaster University in 1981. Its title is something of a misnomer for it is not a history of Siberia continuously from conquest to revolution, but a collection of es- says devoted to particular aspects of the development of Siberia from the late sixteenth to the early twentieth century. No single-volume compre- hensive history of Siberia yet exists. Aware that Siberia is not just a land of a harsh and extremely cold climate and that its history is more than an ac- count of criminality generated by the exile system, the editor sees as the thrust of the essays the transformation of Siberia the colony into an integral partof the Russian state. The editor's "Introduction: Siberia's role in Russian history," is a well-informed statement setting the background for the essays which fol- low and challenging the negative view of Siberia held by many as an in- hospitable land peopled by political dissidents and criminals. Basil Dmytryshyn's essay, "The administrative apparatus of the Russian colony in Siberia and northern Asia, 1581-1700," provides a comprehensive description of that apparatus and at the same time notes the factors facili- tating the conquest of Siberia, which, he paints out, developed opportunisti - cally. David N. Collins' companion essay, "Subjugation and settlement in seventeenth and eighteenth century Siberia," describes the conquest of the native population, the factors facilitating it, and the beginnings of Russians settlement.
    [Show full text]
  • Lost for Words Maria Mikulcova
    Lost for Words Effects of Soviet Language Policies on the Self-Identification of Buryats in Post-Soviet Buryatia Maria Mikulcova A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of MA Russian and Eurasian Studies Leiden University June 2017 Supervisor: Dr. E.L. Stapert i Abstract Throughout the Soviet rule Buryats have been subjected to interventionist legislation that affected not only their daily lives but also the internal cohesion of the Buryat group as a collective itself. As a result of these measures many Buryats today claim that they feel a certain degree of disconnection with their own ethnic self-perception. This ethnic estrangement appears to be partially caused by many people’s inability to speak and understand the Buryat language, thus obstructing their connection to ancient traditions, knowledge and history. This work will investigate the extent to which Soviet linguistic policies have contributed to the disconnection of Buryats with their own language and offer possible effects of ethnic language loss on the self-perception of modern day Buryats. ii iii Declaration I, Maria Mikulcova, declare that this MA thesis titled, ‘Lost for Words - Effects of Soviet Language Policies on the Self-Identification of Buryats in Post-Soviet Buryatia’ and the work presented in it are entirely my own. I confirm that: . This work was done wholly while in candidature for a degree at this University. Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed. Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given. With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely my own work.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomadic Incursion MMW 13, Lecture 3
    MMW 13, Lecture 3 Nomadic Incursion HOW and Why? The largest Empire before the British Empire What we talked about in last lecture 1) No pure originals 2) History is interrelated 3) Before Westernization (16th century) was southernization 4) Global integration happened because of human interaction: commerce, religion and war. Known by many names “Ruthless” “Bloodthirsty” “madman” “brilliant politician” “destroyer of civilizations” “The great conqueror” “Genghis Khan” Ruling through the saddle Helped the Eurasian Integration Euroasia in Fragments Afro-Eurasia Afro-Eurasian complex as interrelational societies Cultures circulated and accumulated in complex ways, but always interconnected. Contact Zones 1. Eurasia: (Hemispheric integration) a) Mediterranean-Mesopotamia b) Subcontinent 2) Euro-Africa a) Africa-Mesopotamia 3) By the late 15th century Transatlantic (Globalization) Africa-Americas 12th century Song and Jin dynasties Abbasids: fragmented: Fatimads in Egypt are overtaken by the Ayyubid dynasty (Saladin) Africa: North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa Europe: in the periphery; Roman catholic is highly bureaucratic and society feudal How did these zones become connected? Nomadic incursions Xiongunu Huns (Romans) White Huns (Gupta state in India) Avars Slavs Bulgars Alans Uighur Turks ------------------------------------------------------- In Antiquity, nomads were known for: 1. War 2. Migration Who are the Nomads? Tribal clan-based people--at times formed into confederate forces-- organized based on pastoral or agricultural economies. 1) Migrate so to adapt to the ecological and changing climate conditions. 2) Highly competitive on a tribal basis. 3) Religion: Shamanistic & spirit-possession Two Types of Nomadic peoples 1. Pastoral: lifestyle revolves around living off the meat, milk and hides of animals that are domesticated as they travel through arid lands.
    [Show full text]
  • N.I.Il`Minskii and the Christianization of the Chuvash
    Durham E-Theses Narodnost` and Obshchechelovechnost` in 19th century Russian missionary work: N.I.Il`minskii and the Christianization of the Chuvash KOLOSOVA, ALISON,RUTH How to cite: KOLOSOVA, ALISON,RUTH (2016) Narodnost` and Obshchechelovechnost` in 19th century Russian missionary work: N.I.Il`minskii and the Christianization of the Chuvash, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11403/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 1 Narodnost` and Obshchechelovechnost` in 19th century Russian missionary work: N.I.Il`minskii and the Christianization of the Chuvash PhD Thesis submitted by Alison Ruth Kolosova Material Abstract Nikolai Il`minskii, a specialist in Arabic and the Turkic languages which he taught at the Kazan Theological Academy and Kazan University from the 1840s to 1860s, became in 1872 the Director of the Kazan Teachers‟ Seminary where the first teachers were trained for native- language schools among the Turkic and Finnic peoples of the Volga-Urals and Siberia.
    [Show full text]
  • THE SUN, the MOON and FIRMAMENT in CHUKCHI MYTHOLOGY and on the RELATIONS of CELESTIAL BODIES and SACRIFICE Ülo Siimets
    THE SUN, THE MOON AND FIRMAMENT IN CHUKCHI MYTHOLOGY AND ON THE RELATIONS OF CELESTIAL BODIES AND SACRIFICE Ülo Siimets Abstract This article gives a brief overview of the most common Chukchi myths, notions and beliefs related to celestial bodies at the end of the 19th and during the 20th century. The firmament of Chukchi world view is connected with their main source of subsistence – reindeer herding. Chukchis are one of the very few Siberian indigenous people who have preserved their religion. Similarly to many other nations, the peoples of the Far North as well as Chukchis personify the Sun, the Moon and stars. The article also points out the similarities between Chukchi notions and these of other peoples. Till now Chukchi reindeer herders seek the supposed help or influence of a constellation or planet when making important sacrifices (for example, offering sacrifices in a full moon). According to the Chukchi religion the most important celestial character is the Sun. It is spoken of as an individual being (vaúrgún). In addition to the Sun, the Creator, Dawn, Zenith, Midday and the North Star also belong to the ranks of special (superior) beings. The Moon in Chukchi mythology is a man and a being in one person. It is as the ketlja (evil spirit) of the Sun. Chukchi myths about several stars (such as the North Star and Betelgeuse) resemble to a great extent these of other peoples. Keywords: astral mythology, the Moon, sacrifices, reindeer herding, the Sun, celestial bodies, Chukchi religion, constellations. The interdependence of the Earth and celestial as well as weather phenomena has a special meaning for mankind for it is the co-exist- ence of the Sun and Moon, day and night, wind, rainfall and soil that creates life and warmth and provides the daily bread.
    [Show full text]
  • Manchu Grammar (Gorelova).Pdf
    HdO.Gorelova.7.vw.L 25-04-2002 15:50 Pagina 1 MANCHU GRAMMAR HdO.Gorelova.7.vw.L 25-04-2002 15:50 Pagina 2 HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES HANDBUCH DER ORIENTALISTIK SECTION EIGHT CENTRAL ASIA edited by LILIYA M. GORELOVA VOLUME SEVEN MANCHU GRAMMAR HdO.Gorelova.7.vw.L 25-04-2002 15:50 Pagina 3 MANCHU GRAMMAR EDITED BY LILIYA M. GORELOVA BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON • KÖLN 2002 HdO.Gorelova.7.vw.L 25-04-2002 15:50 Pagina 4 This book is printed on acid-free paper Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Gorelova, Liliya M.: Manchu Grammar / ed. by Liliya M. Gorelova. – Leiden ; Boston ; Köln : Brill, 2002 (Handbook of oriental studies : Sect.. 8, Central Asia ; 7) ISBN 90–04–12307–5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gorelova, Liliya M. Manchu grammar / Liliya M. Gorelova p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section eight. Central Asia ; vol.7) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9004123075 (alk. paper) 1. Manchu language—Grammar. I. Gorelova, Liliya M. II. Handbuch der Orientalis tik. Achte Abteilung, Handbook of Uralic studies ; vol.7 PL473 .M36 2002 494’.1—dc21 2001022205 ISSN 0169-8524 ISBN 90 04 12307 5 © Copyright 2002 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by E.J. Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Bee Round 1 Bee Round 1 Regulation Questions
    NHBB Nationals Bee 2018-2019 Bee Round 1 Bee Round 1 Regulation Questions (1) This man, as Public Safety Director of Cleveland, controversially ordered the burning of its shanty towns in response to the Cleveland Torso Murderer. This man co-wrote a memoir with Oscar Farley which was named for a term coined by Charles Schwarz. George Johnson appointed this man to head a group dedicated to prosecuting criminals under the Volstead Act. This man's inability to be bribed by the Chicago Outfit led him and his men to be labeled the \Untouchables." For the point, name this Prohibition-era crime fighter who helped bring down Al Capone. ANSWER: Eliot Ness (2) One woman during this period was strangled after her infant son, nicknamed “offspring of the thief," was hanged. Jacob De La Gardie helped defeat the Rebel of Tushino during this period, but defected when Dmitri Shuisky failed to lift the Siege of Smolensk after being defeated by winged hussars at the Battle of Klushino. This period began after Feodor the Bellringer was briefly succeeded by Boris Gudonov. At least four pretenders to the throne named False Dmitris appeared during, for the point, what tumultuous era which ended with the accession of Michael Romanov? ANSWER: Time of Troubles (3) During this conflict, Wilhelm II requested Abdul Hamid II to stop Muslim troops from fighting. Those forces murdered Sugiyama Akira during this conflict and repelled the Seymour expedition. The Militia United in Righteousness fought alongside those forces, the Gansu Braves, in this conflict, where their siege of the Legation Quarter was lifted by the Eight-Nation Army.
    [Show full text]
  • Loanwords in Sakha (Yakut), a Turkic Language of Siberia Brigitte Pakendorf, Innokentij Novgorodov
    Loanwords in Sakha (Yakut), a Turkic language of Siberia Brigitte Pakendorf, Innokentij Novgorodov To cite this version: Brigitte Pakendorf, Innokentij Novgorodov. Loanwords in Sakha (Yakut), a Turkic language of Siberia. In Martin Haspelmath, Uri Tadmor. Loanwords in the World’s Languages: a Comparative Handbook, de Gruyter Mouton, pp.496-524, 2009. hal-02012602 HAL Id: hal-02012602 https://hal.univ-lyon2.fr/hal-02012602 Submitted on 23 Jul 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Chapter 19 Loanwords in Sakha (Yakut), a Turkic language of Siberia* Brigitte Pakendorf and Innokentij N. Novgorodov 1. The language and its speakers Sakha (often referred to as Yakut) is a Turkic language spoken in northeastern Siberia. It is classified as a Northeastern Turkic language together with South Sibe- rian Turkic languages such as Tuvan, Altay, and Khakas. This classification, however, is based primarily on geography, rather than shared linguistic innovations (Schönig 1997: 123; Johanson 1998: 82f); thus, !"erbak (1994: 37–42) does not include Sakha amongst the South Siberian Turkic languages, but considers it a separate branch of Turkic. The closest relative of Sakha is Dolgan, spoken to the northwest of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
    [Show full text]
  • The 200-Years Crisis in Relation Between Parhae and Silla
    Vol. 2, No. 1 Asian Culture and History Ritual and Diplomacy: The 200-Years Crisis in Relation between Parhae and Silla Alexander A. Kim Faculty of history, Ussuriysk State Pedagogic institute 692000, Russian Federation, t. Ussuriysk, Nekrasova St. 35, Russia Tel: 7-4234-346787 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The state of Parhae (in Chinese reading- Bohai) existed in what is now Russian Maritime region, North Korea and Northeastern China from the late 7th to the early 10th centuries AD. Parhae played a major role at relations between Silla, Japan and Chinese empire Tang. Of course, Parhae was subjected to important cultural influence from other countries and in some cases followed their ritual and diplomatic tradition. Many specialists from Japan, Russia, China and both Korean states have done research of different aspects of Parhae history and culture. However, many scholars have not paid attention to influence of ritual system at international relation of Parhae. In opinion of author, Parhae and Silla had antagonistic relation during 200 years because they could not agree about their respective vis-à-vis status each other. For example, Silla did not want to recognize Parhae as a sovereign state, which by recognized and independence state from China, but Silla was vassal of empire Tang. This article critically analyzes relation between Parhae and Silla for of the origin of conflict of between countries using Russian and Korean materials (materials by South and North Korean works). Keywords: History, Parhae (Bohai), Silla, Korea, Khitan 1. Situation before establishment of Bohai state and earliest periods of Bohai and Silla relations Parhae (in Chinese and Russian readings – Bohai, in Japanese reading- Bokkai) can be seen as a first state which existed in what is now Russian Far East, and this alone makes Parhae historically important.
    [Show full text]