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http://wjst.wu.ac.th Natural Sciences Diversity Analysis of an Extremely Acidic Soil in a Layer of Coal Mine Detected the Occurrence of Rare Actinobacteria Megga Ratnasari PIKOLI1,*, Irawan SUGORO2 and Suharti3 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Ciputat, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia 2Center for Application of Technology of Isotope and Radiation, Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia 3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Computation, Universitas Pertamina, Simprug, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia (*Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]) Received: 7 September 2017, Revised: 11 September 2018, Accepted: 29 October 2018 Abstract Studies that explore the diversity of microorganisms in unusual (extreme) environments have become more common. Our research aims to predict the diversity of bacteria that inhabit an extreme environment, a coal mine’s soil with pH of 2.93. Soil samples were collected from the soil at a depth of 12 meters from the surface, which is a clay layer adjacent to a coal seam in Tanjung Enim, South Sumatera, Indonesia. A culture-independent method, the polymerase chain reaction based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, was used to amplify the 16S rRNA gene to detect the viable-but-unculturable bacteria. Results showed that some OTUs that have never been found in the coal environment and which have phylogenetic relationships to the rare actinobacteria Actinomadura, Actinoallomurus, Actinospica, Streptacidiphilus, Aciditerrimonas, and Ferrimicrobium. Accordingly, the highly acidic soil in the coal mine is a source of rare actinobacteria that can be explored further to obtain bioactive compounds for the benefit of biotechnology. -
Card Uses a Minor Groove Wedge Mechanism to Stabilize the RNA
1 CarD uses a minor groove wedge mechanism to stabilize the RNA 2 polymerase open promoter complex 3 4 Brian Bae1, James Chen1, Elizabeth Davis1, Katherine Leon1, Seth A. Darst1,*, 5 Elizabeth A. Campbell1,* 6 7 1The Rockefeller University, Laboratory for Molecular Biophysics, 1230 York Avenue, New York, 8 NY 10065, USA. 9 10 *Correspondence to: E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 11 12 Present Address: Elizabeth Davis, The University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 13 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Katherine Leon, Department of 14 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, GCIS 15 W219 Chicago, IL 60637, USA. 16 17 2 18 Abstract A key point to regulate gene expression is at transcription initiation, and 19 activators play a major role. CarD, an essential activator in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 20 is found in many bacteria, including Thermus species, but absent in Escherichia coli. To 21 delineate the molecular mechanism of CarD, we determined crystal structures of 22 Thermus transcription initiation complexes containing CarD. The structures show CarD 23 interacts with the unique DNA topology presented by the upstream double- 24 stranded/single-stranded DNA junction of the transcription bubble. We confirm that our 25 structures correspond to functional activation complexes, and extend our understanding 26 of the role of a conserved CarD Trp residue that serves as a minor groove wedge, 27 preventing collapse of the transcription bubble to stabilize the transcription initiation 28 complex. Unlike E. coli RNAP, many bacterial RNAPs form unstable promoter 29 complexes, explaining the need for CarD. -
Chemolithotrophic Nitrate-Dependent Fe(II)-Oxidizing Nature of Actinobacterial Subdivision Lineage TM3
The ISME Journal (2013) 7, 1582–1594 & 2013 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/13 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE Chemolithotrophic nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing nature of actinobacterial subdivision lineage TM3 Dheeraj Kanaparthi1, Bianca Pommerenke1, Peter Casper2 and Marc G Dumont1 1Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany and 2Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Department of Limnology of Stratified Lakes, Stechlin, Germany Anaerobic nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation is widespread in various environments and is known to be performed by both heterotrophic and autotrophic microorganisms. Although Fe(II) oxidation is predominantly biological under acidic conditions, to date most of the studies on nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation were from environments of circumneutral pH. The present study was conducted in Lake Grosse Fuchskuhle, a moderately acidic ecosystem receiving humic acids from an adjacent bog, with the objective of identifying, characterizing and enumerating the microorganisms responsible for this process. The incubations of sediment under chemolithotrophic nitrate- dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing conditions have shown the enrichment of TM3 group of uncultured Actinobacteria. A time-course experiment done on these Actinobacteria showed a consumption of Fe(II) and nitrate in accordance with the expected stoichiometry (1:0.2) required for nitrate- dependent Fe(II) oxidation. Quantifications done by most probable number showed the presence of 1 Â 104 autotrophic and 1 Â 107 heterotrophic nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidizers per gram fresh weight of sediment. The analysis of microbial community by 16S rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing showed that these actinobacterial sequences correspond to B0.6% of bacterial 13 16S rRNA gene sequences. -
Systema Naturae. the Classification of Living Organisms
Systema Naturae. The classification of living organisms. c Alexey B. Shipunov v. 5.601 (June 26, 2007) Preface Most of researches agree that kingdom-level classification of living things needs the special rules and principles. Two approaches are possible: (a) tree- based, Hennigian approach will look for main dichotomies inside so-called “Tree of Life”; and (b) space-based, Linnaean approach will look for the key differences inside “Natural System” multidimensional “cloud”. Despite of clear advantages of tree-like approach (easy to develop rules and algorithms; trees are self-explaining), in many cases the space-based approach is still prefer- able, because it let us to summarize any kinds of taxonomically related da- ta and to compare different classifications quite easily. This approach also lead us to four-kingdom classification, but with different groups: Monera, Protista, Vegetabilia and Animalia, which represent different steps of in- creased complexity of living things, from simple prokaryotic cell to compound Nature Precedings : doi:10.1038/npre.2007.241.2 Posted 16 Aug 2007 eukaryotic cell and further to tissue/organ cell systems. The classification Only recent taxa. Viruses are not included. Abbreviations: incertae sedis (i.s.); pro parte (p.p.); sensu lato (s.l.); sedis mutabilis (sed.m.); sedis possi- bilis (sed.poss.); sensu stricto (s.str.); status mutabilis (stat.m.); quotes for “environmental” groups; asterisk for paraphyletic* taxa. 1 Regnum Monera Superphylum Archebacteria Phylum 1. Archebacteria Classis 1(1). Euryarcheota 1 2(2). Nanoarchaeota 3(3). Crenarchaeota 2 Superphylum Bacteria 3 Phylum 2. Firmicutes 4 Classis 1(4). Thermotogae sed.m. 2(5). -
Thermophilic and Alkaliphilic Actinobacteria: Biology and Potential Applications
REVIEW published: 25 September 2015 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01014 Thermophilic and alkaliphilic Actinobacteria: biology and potential applications L. Shivlata and Tulasi Satyanarayana * Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India Microbes belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria are prolific sources of antibiotics, clinically useful bioactive compounds and industrially important enzymes. The focus of the current review is on the diversity and potential applications of thermophilic and alkaliphilic actinobacteria, which are highly diverse in their taxonomy and morphology with a variety of adaptations for surviving and thriving in hostile environments. The specific metabolic pathways in these actinobacteria are activated for elaborating pharmaceutically, agriculturally, and biotechnologically relevant biomolecules/bioactive Edited by: compounds, which find multifarious applications. Wen-Jun Li, Sun Yat-Sen University, China Keywords: Actinobacteria, thermophiles, alkaliphiles, polyextremophiles, bioactive compounds, enzymes Reviewed by: Erika Kothe, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Introduction Germany Hongchen Jiang, The phylum Actinobacteria is one of the most dominant phyla in the bacteria domain (Ventura Miami University, USA et al., 2007), that comprises a heterogeneous Gram-positive and Gram-variable genera. The Qiuyuan Huang, phylum also includes a few Gram-negative species such as Thermoleophilum sp. (Zarilla and Miami University, USA Perry, 1986), Gardenerella vaginalis (Gardner and Dukes, 1955), Saccharomonospora -
Comparison of Actinobacterial Diversity in Marion Island Terrestrial
Comparison of actinobacterial diversity in Marion Island terrestrial habitats Walter Tendai Sanyika A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape. Supervisor: Prof D. A. Cowan November 2008 DECLARATION I declare that “Comparison of actinobacterial diversity in Marion Island terrestrial habitats” is my own work, that it has not been submitted for any degree or examination in any other university, and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by complete references. Walter Tendai Sanyika November 2008 -------------------------------------- ii Abstract Marion Island is a sub-Antarctica Island that consists of well-characterised terrestrial habitats. A number of previous studies have been conducted, which involved the use of culture-dependent and culture-independent identification of bacterial communities from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic soils. Previous studies have shown that actinobacteria formed the majority of microorganisms frequently identified, suggesting that they were adapted to cold environments. In this study, metagenomic DNA was directly isolated from the soil and actinomycete, actinobacterial and bacterial 16S rRNA genes were amplified using specific primers. Hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling were used to relate the microbiological diversity to the habitat plant and soil physiochemical properties. The habitats clusters obtained were quite similar based on the analysis of soil and plant characteristics. However, the clusters obtained from the analysis of environmental factors were not similar to those obtained using microbiological diversity. The culture- independent studies were based on the 16S rRNA genes. Soil salinity was the major factor determining the distribution of microorganisms in habitats based on DGGE and PCA. -
Contents Topic 1. Introduction to Microbiology. the Subject and Tasks
Contents Topic 1. Introduction to microbiology. The subject and tasks of microbiology. A short historical essay………………………………………………………………5 Topic 2. Systematics and nomenclature of microorganisms……………………. 10 Topic 3. General characteristics of prokaryotic cells. Gram’s method ………...45 Topic 4. Principles of health protection and safety rules in the microbiological laboratory. Design, equipment, and working regimen of a microbiological laboratory………………………………………………………………………….162 Topic 5. Physiology of bacteria, fungi, viruses, mycoplasmas, rickettsia……...185 TOPIC 1. INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY. THE SUBJECT AND TASKS OF MICROBIOLOGY. A SHORT HISTORICAL ESSAY. Contents 1. Subject, tasks and achievements of modern microbiology. 2. The role of microorganisms in human life. 3. Differentiation of microbiology in the industry. 4. Communication of microbiology with other sciences. 5. Periods in the development of microbiology. 6. The contribution of domestic scientists in the development of microbiology. 7. The value of microbiology in the system of training veterinarians. 8. Methods of studying microorganisms. Microbiology is a science, which study most shallow living creatures - microorganisms. Before inventing of microscope humanity was in dark about their existence. But during the centuries people could make use of processes vital activity of microbes for its needs. They could prepare a koumiss, alcohol, wine, vinegar, bread, and other products. During many centuries the nature of fermentations remained incomprehensible. Microbiology learns morphology, physiology, genetics and microorganisms systematization, their ecology and the other life forms. Specific Classes of Microorganisms Algae Protozoa Fungi (yeasts and molds) Bacteria Rickettsiae Viruses Prions The Microorganisms are extraordinarily widely spread in nature. They literally ubiquitous forward us from birth to our death. Daily, hourly we eat up thousands and thousands of microbes together with air, water, food. -
Biology 1015 General Biology Lab Taxonomy Handout
Biology 1015 General Biology Lab Taxonomy Handout Section 1: Introduction Taxonomy is the branch of science concerned with classification of organisms. This involves defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics and giving names to those groups. Something that you will learn quickly is there is a lot of uncertainty and debate when it comes to taxonomy. It is important to remember that the system of classification is binomial. This means that the species name is made up of two names: one is the genus name and the other the specific epithet. These names are preferably italicized, or underlined. The scientific name for the human species is Homo sapiens. Homo is the genus name and sapiens is the trivial name meaning wise. For green beans or pinto beans, the scientific name is Phaseolus vulgaris where Phaseolus is the genus for beans and vulgaris means common. Sugar maple is Acer saccharum (saccharum means sugar or sweet), and bread or brewer's yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae (the fungus myces that uses sugar saccharum for making beer cerevisio). In taxonomy, we frequently use dichotomous keys. A dichotomous key is a tool for identifying organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characters. Taxonomy has been called "the world's oldest profession", and has likely been taking place as long as mankind has been able to communicate (Adam and Eve?). Over the years, taxonomy has changed. For example, Carl Linnaeus the most renowned taxonomist ever, established three kingdoms, namely Regnum Animale, Regnum Vegetabile and Regnum Lapideum (the Animal, Vegetable and Mineral Kingdoms, respectively). -
The Metal Oxides of Abandoned Tin Mining Pit Waters As an Indicator for Bacterial Diversity Andri Kurniawan
The metal oxides of abandoned tin mining pit waters as an indicator for bacterial diversity Andri Kurniawan Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agricultural, Fishery, and Biology, University of Bangka Belitung, Bangka, Bangka Belitung Archipelago Province, Indonesia. Corresponding author: A. Kurniawan, [email protected] Abstract. This study aimed to provide information about the form of metal oxides of heavy metals identified in abandoned tin mining pit waters with different ages and explain their relationship to the diversity of acidophilic bacteria and the presence of fish in acid mine waters in Bangka Regency, Indonesia. The analysis of metal oxides was carried out using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The 16 oxide forms of heavy metals identified showed that iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3), tantalum (V) oxide (Ta2O5), tin (IV) oxide (SnO2), manganese (II) oxide (MnO) were found in high concentrations in all mine waters of different ages. The presence of heavy metals and their oxides affected the water quality, especially the pH value, decreasing it by oxidation processes. This condition contributed to the presence of acidophilic bacterial groups such as phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Chlorobi, Acidobacteria, Cyanobacteria, etc. They play the important role in biogeochemical processes, changing the environment. The changes of chronosequences in the ecosystem can support the life of organisms such as fish (Aplocheilus sp., Rasbora sp., Betta sp., Puntius sp., Channa sp., Oreochromis sp., Belontia sp., Anabas sp., and Trichopodus sp.). Furthermore, the fish produce organic material. The organic material was decomposed by bacteria in anions and functional groups, which react to protons and cause the neutralization pH. -
Deep Phylogeny, Ancestral Groups and the Four Ages of Life
Downloaded from rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org on July 31, 2010 Deep phylogeny, ancestral groups and the four ages of life Thomas Cavalier-Smith Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2010 365, 111-132 doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0161 References This article cites 73 articles, 28 of which can be accessed free http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1537/111.full.html#ref-list-1 Article cited in: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1537/111.full.html#related-urls This article is free to access Rapid response Respond to this article http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/letters/submit/royptb;365/1537/111 Subject collections Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections evolution (1878 articles) Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article - sign up in the box at the top Email alerting service right-hand corner of the article or click here To subscribe to Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B go to: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/subscriptions This journal is © 2010 The Royal Society Downloaded from rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org on July 31, 2010 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (2010) 365, 111–132 doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0161 Review Deep phylogeny, ancestral groups and the four ages of life Thomas Cavalier-Smith* Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK Organismal phylogeny depends on cell division, stasis, mutational divergence, cell mergers (by sex or symbiogenesis), lateral gene transfer and death. The tree of life is a useful metaphor for organis- mal genealogical history provided we recognize that branches sometimes fuse. Hennigian cladistics emphasizes only lineage splitting, ignoring most other major phylogenetic processes. -
Distribution of Acidophilic Microorganisms in Natural and Man- Made Acidic Environments Sabrina Hedrich and Axel Schippers*
Distribution of Acidophilic Microorganisms in Natural and Man- made Acidic Environments Sabrina Hedrich and Axel Schippers* Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Resource Geochemistry Hannover, Germany *Correspondence: [email protected] https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.040.025 Abstract areas, or environments where acidity has arisen Acidophilic microorganisms can thrive in both due to human activities, such as mining of metals natural and man-made environments. Natural and coal. In such environments elemental sulfur acidic environments comprise hydrothermal sites and other reduced inorganic sulfur compounds on land or in the deep sea, cave systems, acid sulfate (RISCs) are formed from geothermal activities or soils and acidic fens, as well as naturally exposed the dissolution of minerals. Weathering of metal ore deposits (gossans). Man-made acidic environ- sulfdes due to their exposure to air and water leads ments are mostly mine sites including mine waste to their degradation to protons (acid), RISCs and dumps and tailings, acid mine drainage and biomin- metal ions such as ferrous and ferric iron, copper, ing operations. Te biogeochemical cycles of sulfur zinc etc. and iron, rather than those of carbon and nitrogen, RISCs and metal ions are abundant at acidic assume centre stage in these environments. Ferrous sites where most of the acidophilic microorganisms iron and reduced sulfur compounds originating thrive using iron and/or sulfur redox reactions. In from geothermal activity or mineral weathering contrast to biomining operations such as heaps provide energy sources for acidophilic, chemo- and bioleaching tanks, which are ofen aerated to lithotrophic iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and enhance the activities of mineral-oxidizing prokary- archaea (including species that are autotrophic, otes, geothermal and other natural environments, heterotrophic or mixotrophic) and, in contrast to can harbour a more diverse range of acidophiles most other types of environments, these are ofen including obligate anaerobes. -
Evolution of Microbial “Streamer” Growths in an Acidic, Metal-Contaminated Stream Draining an Abandoned Underground Copper Mine
Life 2013, 3, 189-210; doi:10.3390/life3010189 OPEN ACCESS life ISSN 2075-1729 www.mdpi.com/journal/life Article Evolution of Microbial “Streamer” Growths in an Acidic, Metal-Contaminated Stream Draining an Abandoned Underground Copper Mine Catherine M. Kay 1, Owen F. Rowe 2, Laura Rocchetti 3, Kris Coupland 4, Kevin B. Hallberg 5 and D. Barrie Johnson 6,* 1 College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; E-mail: [email protected] 4 College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK; E-Mail: [email protected] 5 College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK; E-Mail: [email protected] 6 College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-1248-382358; Fax: +44-1248-370731. Received: 29 November 2012; in revised form: 22 January 2013 / Accepted: 23 January 2013 / Published: 7 February 2013 Abstract: A nine year study was carried out on the evolution of macroscopic “acid streamer” growths in acidic, metal-rich mine water from the point of construction of a new channel to drain an abandoned underground copper mine. The new channel became rapidly colonized by acidophilic bacteria: two species of autotrophic iron-oxidizers (Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans and “Ferrovum myxofaciens”) and a heterotrophic iron-oxidizer (a novel genus/species with the proposed name “Acidithrix ferrooxidans”).