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Indian Diaspora to Spain Demo-Spatial Analysis and Immigrant Integration

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Indian Diaspora to Spain Demo-Spatial Analysis and Immigrant Integration ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Doctoral Dissertation Doctoral Programme in Demography Indian Diaspora to Spain Demo-spatial Analysis and Immigrant Integration Presented by Nachatter Singh Director and Tutor Andreu Domingo i Valls Geography Department / Center for Demographic Studies (CED) Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB) Bellaterra, 2018 ਮਃ ੨ ॥ mehlaa 2 Second Mehl: ਨਕਿ ਨਥ ਖਸਮ ਹਥ ਕਿਰਤੁ ਧਿੇ ਦੇ ॥ nak nath khasam hath kirat dhakē dē. The string through the nose is in the hand of the Lord Master; one’s own actions drive him on. ਜਹਾ ਦਾਣੇ ਤਹਾ拓 ਖਾਣੇ ਨਾਨਿਾ ਸਚੁ ਹੇ ॥੨॥ jahā dānē tahānh khānē nānakā sach hē ||2|| Wherever his food is, their he eats it; O Nanak, this is the truth. ||2|| (Shri Guru Granth Sahib Ji. Page: 653) To Sahibnoor ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is with immense gratitude that I acknowledge the support and assistance provided by the Honorary Director and Emeritus Professor Dr. Anna Cabré Pla and by the Director of the Centre for Demographic Studies (CED), Dr. Albert Esteve Palós, without their kind help this doctoral dissertation have remained a dream. Secondly, I would like to show my gratitude to the Geography Department of the Autonomous University of Barcelona and the Centre for Demographic Studies, for giving me this opportunity through this doctoral program in demography. I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Andreu Domingo i Valls, for the useful comments, suggestions and participation through the writing process of this doctoral dissertation and for the confidence he has shown in me by giving me the opportunity to works in his research group ‘GEDEM’ at the Centre for Demographic Studies. I also want to thank the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain for the scholarship (FPI). Without this scholarship this research work was not possible. I want to thank the organizers of the Master in Demography at the European Doctoral School in Demography in Rostock (Germany) and Rome (Italy). It increased my knowledge about population research and different tools for demographic analysis. I also want to thank Dr. Alessandra De Rose and Dr. Olivero Cassachia for their cordial welcome and support during my international academic stay at the University of Sapienza, Rome, Italy. I am also grateful to my co-authors for sharing their knowledge, the sincere and valuable guidance and encouragement they gave me. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all the members of the technical staff of the Centre for Demographic Studies for their kind help and support during the last three years. I also want to thank all those people who dedicated their time to be interviewed for this research project. Thanks also to all those who offered such a warm and hospitable introduction to Gurudwaras throughout Spain and Italy. A special thanks to the management committee of Barcelona Gurudwara, who helped me a lot during the field work. In the end, I want to thank my family and a close friend, Dr. Jatinderjit Singh, for their incessant encouragement, support and attention. I also thank each and every one who supported me directly or indirectly in this work. Nachatter Singh Index 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Presentation ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Antecedents and Origin of the Dissertation ..................................................... 4 1.3 Working Hypotheses ....................................................................................... 8 1.4 Research Objectives .......................................................................................10 1.5 Theoretical framework, Data sources and Methodology ............................... 11 1.6 Structure of the Dissertation .......................................................................... 13 2. THE INDIAN DIASPORA AND SPAIN ................................................................ 19 2.1 Indian Diaspora: National register, UN Global Migration Database and Big Data ...............................................................................................................21 2.2 Diaspora Communities in a Globalised World: A comparative study of Mexican and Indian diasporas .............................................................................61 2.3 Sikh diaspora and Spain: migration, hypermobility and space. ..................... 89 3. DEMO-SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF INDIAN IMMIGRATION IN SPAIN ....... 115 3.1 South Asian immigration to Spain: Socio-demographic profile and territorial distribution, 2000–2014. ............................................................. 117 3.2 Concentration and Diversity of South Asian Population in Spain .............. 133 3.3 Surasiáticos en Madrid y Barcelona: encarnando la diversidad. [South Asians in Madrid and Barcelona: Embodying Diversity]. ................................. 155 3.4 Cocooning and Precariousness among Indian Immigration to Spain: A demo-spatial analysis ......................................................................................... 181 4. THE INTEGRATION PROCESS OF INDIAN IMMIGRANTS IN SPAIN .... 213 4.1 Fragmented integration and transnational kinship networks: A case study of Indian immigration to Italy and Spain. ................................................ 215 4.2 Migration, religion and identity: A generational perspective on Sikh immigration to Spain. ........................................................................................ 241 5. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................... 261 5.1 Conclusions regarding the Indian diaspora .................................................. 261 5.2 Conclusions about the demo-spatial analysis of Indian immigrants in Spain ........................................................................................... 265 5.3 Conclusions about the integration process of Indians in Spain ................... 268 5.4 About Future Research ................................................................................ 271 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 273 ANNEX ......................................................................................................................... 275 1. Questionnaires of interviews ............................................................................. 275 2. Information and Consent Letters ....................................................................... 279 3. Geographical distribution of interviews ............................................................ 281 4. Selected interviews ............................................................................................ 282 5. List of codes used for the qualitative analysis ................................................... 334 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Presentation During the last two decades, accelerated globalization and neoliberal economic policies have contributed to the rapid movement of capital and people around the world. Due to the rapid means of transportation and communication, today's world is more mobile compared to any other period in human history. Most migratory movements are caused by economic and political reasons that force people to leave their homeland and live in other parts of the world. The regular entry of immigrants to different destinations results in the expansion of the traditional diaspora communities or the emergence of new diasporas. Large scale out migration of people from the developing world (which is the largest supplier of labour) to the developed countries, the increasing contribution of the emigrant population in the development of origin countries, and the significant role played by the diaspora members in the global politics, has revived the importance of ‘diasporas’ in academics and international relations debates. Since 1990s, the migrant sending countries, like India, China or Mexico, have identified the importance of diasporas and started to engage with their diaspora population to use them as a source of foreign direct investment and political power in the global context. It has raised my interest in studying ‘how the rapidly globalizing world is changing the meaning and significance of traditional diaspora communities for the governments and people of origin and host countries’. The term 'diaspora', which was used for the first time to explain 'the exodus of Jews from Jerusalem' and literally means the dispersion of people from their homeland to one or more countries (Safran 1991), has gradually expanded its meaning to include to all individuals who were born in a country and live in one or more countries (Vertovec, 1997). This expansion of the definition and data policy around the sensitivity of people living in different parts of the world and the governments
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