DOCSLIB.ORG

Christoph Weiditz, the Aztecs, and Feathered Amerindians

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Christoph Weiditz, the Aztecs, and Feathered Amerindians Colonial Latin American Review ISSN: 1060-9164 (Print) 1466-1802 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ccla20 Seeking Indianness: Christoph Weiditz, the Aztecs, and feathered Amerindians Elizabeth Hill Boone To cite this article: Elizabeth Hill Boone (2017) Seeking Indianness: Christoph Weiditz, the Aztecs, and feathered Amerindians, Colonial Latin American Review, 26:1, 39-61, DOI: 10.1080/10609164.2017.1287323 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10609164.2017.1287323 Published online: 07 Apr 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 82 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ccla20 Download by: [Library of Congress] Date: 21 August 2017, At: 10:40 COLONIAL LATIN AMERICAN REVIEW, 2017 VOL. 26, NO. 1, 39–61 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10609164.2017.1287323 Seeking Indianness: Christoph Weiditz, the Aztecs, and feathered Amerindians Elizabeth Hill Boone Tulane University In sixteenth-century Europe, it mattered what one wore. For people living in Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, France, and Italy, clothing reflected and defined for others who one was socially and culturally. Merchants dressed differently than peasants; Italians dressed differently than the French.1 Clothing, or costume, was seen as a principal signifier of social identity; it marked different social orders within Europe, and it was a vehicle by which Europeans could understand the peoples of foreign cultures. Consequently, Eur- opeans became interested in how people from different regions and social ranks dressed, a fascination that gave rise in the mid-sixteenth century to a new publishing venture and book genre, the costume book (Figure 1). As the European world opened up to recognize newly encountered peoples from far-flung lands, the costume book became a medium by which Europeans came to see and thereby understand something of these foreigners. Not fashion manuals, costume books were proto ethnologies that brought information about other cultures and peoples into upper- and middle-class Euro- pean homes (Defert 1984; Jones 2006, 93). An early prototype of the costume book is the so-called Trachtenbuch (costume book) of Christoph Weiditz (Figures 2–7). Created c. 1529–1530, it pictures the dress, physical characteristics, and activities of people of varied social ranks and occupations from differ- ent regions of the Netherlands, Spain, and other parts of Europe, including some of the Aztecs who accompanied Hernando Cortés to Spain in 1528 and joined the court of Charles V.2 Weiditz’s paintings of the indigenous Americans, in particular, offered what has long been considered an eyewitness account, designed to reach Europeans eager to know more about the look and manners of peoples of the Americas. Although his paint- Downloaded by [Library of Congress] at 10:40 21 August 2017 ings remained unpublished until the twentieth century, they circulated and were copied, and some were replicated in published costume books. The thirteen paintings of Amerindians that Weiditz included are usually all said to rep- resent the Aztecs brought by Cortés to Spain. This essay argues, however, that although some figures do represent Aztecs from Central Mexico, most were accessorized more extravagantly, to produce exotics on display, with physical and sartorial features drawn from common stocks of prints, descriptions, and objects representing the Americas, which were circulating in Europe at the time. The dissonance between Weiditz’s painted images and the Aztecs who actually visited Charles’s court points up how difficult it was for Europeans then—and even for scholars until recently—to recognize real ethnic, cultural, and, indeed, social distinctions among the indigenous people of the Americas and how easy it was simply to blend them together as exotics. Weiditz’s ‘Aztec’ figures © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of CLAR 40 E. H. BOONE Figure 1. Italian woman, François Deserps, Recueil del la diversité des habits,p.9. Downloaded by [Library of Congress] at 10:40 21 August 2017 particularly exemplify the visual entanglement of diverse objects from and images of the Americas whose trajectories brought them together in early sixteenth-century Europe. European costume studies European interest in the dress of foreigners flowered especially in the second half of the sixteenth century and into the seventeenth, but it was well under way at least by the late fifteenth century. A celebrated early example is the Venetian painter Gentile Bellini, who served as painter for the Ottoman emperor in Istanbul between 1479 and 1481, where he executed a series of costume studies (Campbell and Chong 2005,89–119; Ilg 2004, 35). These prefigure the costume studies of the sixteenth century by featuring a single individual sitting or standing in an otherwise empty space, the details of clothing and adornment rendered with precision. More widely disseminated and therefore more COLONIAL LATIN AMERICAN REVIEW 41 Figure 2. Left, woman of Galicia going to the spinning room. Right, Castilian peasant going into a city to market. Christoph Weiditz, Trachtenbuch, pp. 18–19. Germanische Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg, Hs. 22474.4. Downloaded by [Library of Congress] at 10:40 21 August 2017 Figure 3. Indians brought by Cortés playing patolli, glossed ‘These are Indian people whom Ferdinand Cortez brought to His Imperial Majesty from India and they have played before His Imperial Majesty with wood and ball. With their fingers they gamble like Italians’ (Hampe 1994, 27). Christoph Weiditz, Trachtenbuch, pp. 12–13. Germanische Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg, Hs. 22474.4. 42 E. H. BOONE Figure 4. Left, Indian log juggler, glossed ‘Thus he throws the log above him with the feet.’ Right, Indian warrior, glossed ‘Thus they go in India with their arms two thousand miles away, where gold is found in the water.’ Christoph Weiditz, Trachtenbuch, pp. 6–7. Germanische Nationalmuseum, Nur- emberg, Hs. 22474.4. Downloaded by [Library of Congress] at 10:40 21 August 2017 Figure 5.. Indian men, respectively glossed ‘Thus the Indians go, have costly jewels let into their face, can take them out when they want to and can put then in again,’ and ‘This is also an Indian man.’ Chris- toph Weiditz, Trachtenbuch, pp. 2–3. Germanische Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg, Hs. 22474.4. COLONIAL LATIN AMERICAN REVIEW 43 Figure 6. Indian woman, glossed ‘In this manner the Indian women go. Not more than one of them has come out’ (Hampe 1994, 28). Christoph Weiditz, Trachtenbuch, p. 1. Germanische Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg, Hs. 22474.4 influential was Bernhard von Breydenbach’s popular Perigrinatio in terram sanctam of 1486, which reported on his pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Considered to be the first printed travel account, and extensively illustrated with woodcuts by Erhard Reuwich, it included city views and prints representing the distinctive dress of Turks, Saracens, Downloaded by [Library of Congress] at 10:40 21 August 2017 Greeks, Ethiopians, Jews, and Syrians (Ross 2014,74–86). Voyages of discovery and exploration exposed Europe to even more distant peoples in Asia, Africa, and the Americas, which broke the boundaries of what Europeans knew about the world. The Ottoman threat along Europe’s eastern border highlighted the need also to recognize and negotiate foreign cultures at its very doors. These phenomena opened the minds of Europeans to previously unimagined worlds and people of different customs and manners, which now had to be comprehended and regularized. Information about these foreign peoples had to be categorized and organized in a way that could make sense of all the incoming data and allow principal cultural features to stand out. In par- ticular, attention was paid to the visage and dress of peoples as signs of their cultural iden- tity, for clothes were seen as markers of social rank and behavioral habits, windows onto the customs and identity of people (Jones 2006, 93). In the 1510s artists like Albrecht Dürer and Hans Burgkmair began to record the features and dress of people from 44 E. H. BOONE Figure 7. Indian men, respectively glossed ‘This is an Indian, a noble of their kind’ and ‘This is also the Indian manner, how they have brought wood jugs with them out of which they drink.’ Christoph Weiditz, Trachtenbuch, pp. 4–5. Germanische Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg, Hs. 22474.4 Africa and Brazil; Dürer had already been drawing Turks after a trip to Venice in 1494– 1495 (Levinson 1991, 212–13). Also in the 1510s the emperor Maximilian assembled images of people from vastly different parts of the world for his allegorical Triumph, a project of monumental woodcuts intended to be circulated among his royal allies and sub- jects.3 It is within this climate that Christoph Weiditz created his own compilation of the dress, occupation, and customs of folk from the Netherlands, Spain, and other regions of Europe (the Trachtenbuch). The growing interest in habits, and thus the costumes, of diverse people eventually gave birth in the late 1550s to a new publishing venture, the costume book.4 They were collec- Downloaded by [Library of Congress] at 10:40 21 August 2017 tions of usually full-page illustrations of people and their clothing, with identifying cap- tions and sometimes a short commentary. The first, François Deserps’s Recueil de la diversité des habits que sont de present en usage dans les pays d’Europe, Asia, Affrique et Islas sauvages le tout fait après le naturel, published in Paris in 1562, exemplifies the genre. It is a small, octavo-sized book of 121 woodcut plates that feature a single standing or striding figure above a label and four lines of descriptive verse (Figure 1). 5 Its coverage begins locally with the French Chevalier, followed by French people from different occu- pations and stations in life (e.g.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • "Comments on the Historicity of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, Tollan, and the Toltecs" by Michael E
    31 COMMENTARY "Comments on the Historicity of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, Tollan, and the Toltecs" by Michael E. Smith University at Albany, State University of New York Can we believe Aztec historical accounts about Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, Tollan, and other Toltec phenomena? The fascinating and important recent exchange in the Nahua Newsletter between H. B. Nicholson and Michel Graulich focused on this question. Stimulated partly by this debate and partly by a recent invitation to contribute an essay to an edited volume on Tula and Chichén Itzá (Smith n.d.), I have taken a new look at Aztec and Maya native historical traditions within the context of comparative oral histories from around the world. This exercise suggests that conquest-period native historical accounts are unlikely to preserve reliable information about events from the Early Postclassic period. Surviving accounts of the Toltecs, the Itzas (prior to Mayapan), Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, Tula, and Chichén Itzá all belong more to the realm of myth than history. In the spirit of encouraging discussion and debate, I offer a summary here of my views on early Aztec native history; a more complete version of which, including discussion of the Maya Chilam Balam accounts, will be published in Smith (n.d.). I have long thought that Mesoamericanists have been far too credulous in their acceptance of native historical sources; this is an example of what historian David Fischer (1970:58-61) calls "the fallacy of misplaced literalism." Aztec native history was an oral genre that employed painted books as mnemonic devices to aid the historian or scribe in their recitation (Calnek 1978; Nicholson 1971).
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond the Bosphorus: the Holy Land in English Reformation Literature, 1516-1596
    BEYOND THE BOSPHORUS: THE HOLY LAND IN ENGLISH REFORMATION LITERATURE, 1516-1596 Jerrod Nathan Rosenbaum A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English and Comparative Literature. Chapel Hill 2019 Approved by: Jessica Wolfe Patrick O’Neill Mary Floyd-Wilson Reid Barbour Megan Matchinske ©2019 Jerrod Nathan Rosenbaum ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Jerrod Rosenbaum: Beyond the Bosphorus: The Holy Land in English Reformation Literature, 1516-1596 (Under the direction of Jessica Wolfe) This dissertation examines the concept of the Holy Land, for purposes of Reformation polemics and apologetics, in sixteenth-century English Literature. The dissertation focuses on two central texts that are indicative of two distinct historical moments of the Protestant Reformation in England. Thomas More's Utopia was first published in Latin at Louvain in 1516, roughly one year before the publication of Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses signaled the commencement of the Reformation on the Continent and roughly a decade before the Henrician Reformation in England. As a humanist text, Utopia contains themes pertinent to internal Church reform, while simultaneously warning polemicists and ecclesiastics to leave off their paltry squabbles over non-essential religious matters, lest the unity of the Church catholic be imperiled. More's engagement with the Holy Land is influenced by contemporary researches into the languages of that region, most notably the search for the original and perfect language spoken before the episode at Babel. As the confusion of tongues at Babel functions etiologically to account for the origin of all ideological conflict, it was thought that the rediscovery of the prima lingua might resolve all conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bilimek Pulque Vessel (From in His Argument for the Tentative Date of 1 Ozomatli, Seler (1902-1923:2:923) Called Atten- Nicholson and Quiñones Keber 1983:No
    CHAPTER 9 The BilimekPulqueVessel:Starlore, Calendrics,andCosmologyof LatePostclassicCentralMexico The Bilimek Vessel of the Museum für Völkerkunde in Vienna is a tour de force of Aztec lapidary art (Figure 1). Carved in dark-green phyllite, the vessel is covered with complex iconographic scenes. Eduard Seler (1902, 1902-1923:2:913-952) was the first to interpret its a function and iconographic significance, noting that the imagery concerns the beverage pulque, or octli, the fermented juice of the maguey. In his pioneering analysis, Seler discussed many of the more esoteric aspects of the cult of pulque in ancient highland Mexico. In this study, I address the significance of pulque in Aztec mythology, cosmology, and calendrics and note that the Bilimek Vessel is a powerful period-ending statement pertaining to star gods of the night sky, cosmic battle, and the completion of the Aztec 52-year cycle. The Iconography of the Bilimek Vessel The most prominent element on the Bilimek Vessel is the large head projecting from the side of the vase (Figure 2a). Noting the bone jaw and fringe of malinalli grass hair, Seler (1902-1923:2:916) suggested that the head represents the day sign Malinalli, which for the b Aztec frequently appears as a skeletal head with malinalli hair (Figure 2b). However, because the head is not accompanied by the numeral coefficient required for a completetonalpohualli Figure 2. Comparison of face date, Seler rejected the Malinalli identification. Based on the appearance of the date 8 Flint on front of Bilimek Vessel with Aztec Malinalli sign: (a) face on on the vessel rim, Seler suggested that the face is the day sign Ozomatli, with an inferred Bilimek Vessel, note malinalli tonalpohualli reference to the trecena 1 Ozomatli (1902-1923:2:922-923).
    [Show full text]
  • CARIM India Series Developing Evidence Based Management and Operations in India-EU Migration and Partnership (DEMO: India-EU Map )
    CARIM INDIA SERIES DEVELOPING EVIDENCE BASED MANAGEMENT AND OPEraTIONS IN INDIA-EU MIGraTION AND PARTNERSHIP (DEMO: INDIA-EU MAP ) Indian retailing entrepreneurs An analysis of migrant entrepreneurship in the Spanish market for retail payment services Iñigo Moré Martinez DEMO-India Research Report 2015/11 EUI is Partner Institution of ICM for the DEMO-India Project Co-financed by the European Union DEMO-India Developing Evidence based Management and Operations in India-EU Migration and Partnership Research Report Thematic Report DEMO-India RR 2015/11 Indian retailing entrepreneurs An analysis of migrant entrepreneurship in the Spanish market for retail payment services Iñigo Moré Martinez Founder of the research Centre Remesas.org This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Any additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. Requests should be addressed to [email protected] If cited or quoted, reference should be made as follows: Iñigo Moré Martinez, Indian retailing entrepreneurs – An analysis of migrant entrepreneurship in the Spanish market for retail payment services, DEMO-India RR 2015/11, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI): European University Institute, 2015. The opinions expressed are those of the author(s) only and should not be considered as representative of the official position of the European Commission or of the European University Institute. © 2015, European University
    [Show full text]
  • Viewer—Qualities That Both Appealed to an International Market, Particularly Spain, and Correlated with Contemporary Devotional Practices
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2011 Fashioning Schongauer: The Appropriation of Martin Schongauer's Engravings in Aragón Carolina Alarcon Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF VISUAL ARTS, THEATRE AND DANCE FASHIONING SCHONGAUER: THE APPROPRIATION OF MARTIN SCHONGAUER’S ENGRAVINGS IN ARAGÓN By CAROLINA ALARCON A Thesis submitted to the Department of Art History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2011 The members of the committee approve the thesis of Carolina Alarcon defended on April 4, 2011. ____________________________ Stephanie Leitch (Professor Directing Thesis) ____________________________ Paula Gerson (Committee Member) ____________________________ Jack Freiberg (Committee Member) Approved: ____________________________ Adam Jolles, Chair, Department of Art History ____________________________ Sally McRorie, Dean, College of Visual Arts, Theatre and Dance The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr. Stephanie Leitch for introducing me to the world of prints. Her continued support, sage advice and enthusiastic encouragement made this project possible and enjoyable. The other two members of my committee, Dr. Paula Gerson and Dr. Jack Freiberg, provided valuable advice at the beginning of this study and again during the defense. Their participation is much appreciated. I would also like to thank two scholars working in Spain, Dr.a Maria del Carmen Lacarra Ducay and Alberto Aceldegui Apesteguia, both of whom were extremely generous with their time and advice for this project.
    [Show full text]
  • The-Gutenberg-Museum-Mainz.Pdf
    The Gutenberg Museum Mainz --------------------------------------------------------------------- Two original A Guide Gutenberg Bibles and many to the other documents from the dawn of the age of printing Museum ofType and The most beautiful Printing examples from a collection of 3,000 early prints Printing presses and machines in wood and iron Printing for adults and children at the Print Shop, the museum's educational unit Wonderful examples of script from many countries of the world Modern book art and artists' books Covers and illustrations from five centuries Contents The Gutenberg Museum 3 Johannes Gutenberg- the Inventor 5 Early Printing 15 From the Renaissance to the Rococo 19 19th Century 25 20th Century 33 The Art and Craftmanship of the Book Cover 40 Magic Material Paper 44 Books for Children and Young Adults 46 Posters, Job Printing and Ex-Libris 48 Graphics Techniques 51 Script and Printing in Eastern Asia 52 The Development of Notation in Europe and the Middle East 55 History and Objective of the Small Press Archives in Mainz 62 The Gutenberg Museum Print Shop 63 The Gutenberg Society 66 The Gutenberg-Sponsorship Association and Gutenberg-Shop 68 Adresses and Phone Numbers 71 lmpressum The Gutenberg Museum ~) 2001 The Cutcnlx~rg Museum Mainz and the Cutcnbc1g Opposite the cathedral in the heart of the old part ofMainz Spons01ship Association in Germany lies the Gutenberg Museum. It is one of the oldest museums of printing in the world and This guide is published with tbc kind permission of the attracts experts and tourists from all corners of the globe. Philipp von Zahc1n publisher's in Mainz, In r9oo, soo years after Gutenberg's birth, a group of citi­ with regard to excLrpts of text ;md illustrations zens founded the museum in Mainz.
    [Show full text]
  • A First Edition of Breydenbach's Itinerary Author(S): William M. Ivins, Jr
    A First Edition of Breydenbach's Itinerary Author(s): William M. Ivins, Jr. Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, Vol. 14, No. 10 (Oct., 1919), pp. 215-221 Published by: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3253592 Accessed: 05/09/2009 07:56 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mma. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin.
    [Show full text]
  • Fragmented Integration and Transnational Networks: a Case Study of Indian Immigration to Italy and Spain Nachatter Singh Garha1* and Angela Paparusso2
    Garha and Paparusso Genus (2018) 74:12 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-018-0037-7 Genus ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access Fragmented integration and transnational networks: a case study of Indian immigration to Italy and Spain Nachatter Singh Garha1* and Angela Paparusso2 * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract 1Centre for Demographic Studies, UAB, Carrer de Can Altayo, Edifici According to 2016 municipal register data, Italy has the highest number of Indians in E2, Campus de UAB, Bellaterra, continental Europe (151,000), followed by Spain (41,000). Mass immigration from India 08193 Barcelona, Spain to Italy and Spain started in the 1990s, but economic and political environments more Full list of author information is available at the end of the article conducive to the entry and permanent settlement of immigrants have resulted in more rapid growth of the Indian immigrant community in Italy than Spain. Due to the unskilled and irregular nature of Indian immigration and the lack of integration policies for unskilled labour in both countries, the level of integration of Indian immigrants remains unexplored. In this research, we used a qualitative methodology to explore the integration level of Indian immigrants into different spheres of these host societies. We conducted 86 semi-structured interviews with Indian immigrants in seven cities with high concentration of Indian immigrants in both countries over 2016–2017. We found that the level of integration of Indian immigrants into the host societies is fragmented: some segments of the Indian community are integrated into specific spheres of the host societies, while the rest remain excluded. The main reasons for this fragmented integration are the absence of integration policies for unskilled immigrants, Indians’ provisional attitudes towards permanent settlement in these countries, the internal diversity of the Indian immigrant community and frequent international mobility through transnational networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc
    Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. 7407 La Jolla Boulevard www.raremaps.com (858) 551-8500 La Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] Damiata (Egypt) Stock#: 33955 Map Maker: Schedel Date: 1493 Place: Nuremberg Color: Uncolored Condition: VG Size: 9.5 x 5.5 inches Price: SOLD Description: Interesting fanciful view of Damiata in Egypt, from the Latin edition of Schedel's Liber Chronicarum. Hartmann Schedel's Liber Chronicarum: Das Buch der Croniken und Geschichten (commonly referred to as the Nuremberg Chronicle, based upon the city of its publication), was the first secular book to include the style of lavish illustrations previously reserved for Bibles and other liturgical works. The work was intended as a history of the World, from Creation to 1493, with a final section devoted to the anticipated Last Days of the World. It is without question the most important illustrated secular work of the 15th Century and its importance rivals the early printed editions of Ptolemy's Geographia and Bernard von Breydenbach's Perengrinatio in Terram Sanctam, in terms of its importance in the development and Drawer Ref: Poland Stock#: 33955 Page 1 of 3 Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. 7407 La Jolla Boulevard www.raremaps.com (858) 551-8500 La Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] Damiata (Egypt) dissemination of illustrated books in the 15th Century. Published in Nuremberg by Anton Koberger, the book was printed in Latin and 5 months later in German (translated by George Alt), and enjoyed immense commercial success. A reduced size version of the book was published in 1497, in Augsburg, by Johann Schonsperger.
    [Show full text]
  • Protestants in Palestine: Reformation of Holy Land Pilgrimage in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
    Protestants in Palestine: Reformation of Holy Land Pilgrimage in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Clark, Sean Eric Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 23:45:51 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/312483 PROTESTANTS IN PALESTINE: REFORMATION OF HOLY LAND PILGRIMAGE IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES by Sean Eric Clark ____________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2013 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Sean Eric Clark, titled Protestants in Palestine: Reformation of Pilgrimage in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: (18 October, 2013) Susan C. Karant-Nunn _______________________________________________________________________ Date: (18 October, 2013) Ute Lotz-Heumann _______________________________________________________________________ Date: (18 October, 2013) Paul Milliman Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement.
    [Show full text]
  • An Exploration of the Aztec Fetishized Female Body William L
    Partitioning the Parturient: An Exploration of the Aztec Fetishized Female Body William L. Barnes Sixteenth-century Spanish missionary Bernardino de “celestial women. .those who are always, forever glad, con- Sahagún spent many years collecting ethnographic information tent, joyous, happy by [and] near our mother, our father, the among the Aztecs of Central Mexico. Perhaps the most com- sun, whom they gladden, to whom they cry out.”3 However, as prehensive of his works is the Florentine Codex, a twelve vol- a group these goddesses caused widespread fear and trepida- ume manuscript originally entitled General History of the Things tion in Aztec society, for they would return to earth and tor- of New Spain. Among a myriad of other topics covered in this ment the living. monumental work, Father Sahagún discusses a curious phe- The cihuateteo are usually depicted in Aztec pre-conquest nomenon which I call the Fetishized Female Body.1 As described art as partially skeletonized figures with upraised claws (Fig- by Sahagún, the body of a woman who had died in childbirth ure 1). These women are seated in the proper Aztec female became a holy relic to the Aztecs, its individual components fashion, with their legs tucked up under their bodies.4 Imagery imbued with portentous magical power. At various times the differs slightly from sculpture to sculpture, from bare breasted woman’s severed fingers, hair, hands and arms, became skeletal women, bare breasts being typical of the non-noble fetishized objects, affording supernatural power and protection Aztec woman’s costume, to more elaborate examples with or- for the bearers who were invariably male.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Culture and Religion Before and Since the Conquest
    Review: Indigenous Culture and Religion before and since the Conquest Reviewed Work(s): Legends of the Plumed Serpent: Biography of a Mexican God by Neil Baldwin; The Myth of Quetzalcoatl by Enrique Florescano and Lysa Hochroth; Time and Sacrifice in the Aztec Cosmos by Kay Almere Read; Inka Bodies and the Body of Christ: Corpus Christi in Colonial Cuzco, Peru by Carolyn Dean; Indigenous South Americans of the Past and Present: An Ecological Perspective by David J. Wilson; Native Traditions in the Postconquest World by Elizabeth Hill Boone and Tom Cummins; Indian Slavery, Labor, Evangelization, and Captivity in the Americas: An Annotated Bibliography by Russell M. Magnaghi Review by: Anna L. Peterson Source: Latin American Research Review, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2001), pp. 237-254 Published by: The Latin American Studies Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2692098 Accessed: 16-08-2017 17:50 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms The Latin American Studies Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Latin American Research Review This content downloaded from 128.227.229.73 on Wed, 16 Aug 2017 17:50:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms INDIGENOUS CULTURE AND RELIGION BEFORE AND SINCE THE CONQUEST Anna L.
    [Show full text]